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An orthogonal mixture woven composites with aramid yarns and carbon yarns are investigated in this work. A dual-scale computational homogenization algorithm is also proposed to address the cross-scale numerical problems. Models and methods for mesoscale and macroscale are illustrated separately. Two types of meso-structures are selected for comparison, which are termed as representative unit cell (RUC) and equivalent cross-ply laminate (ECPL), and the corresponding macro-structures are referred to as RUCs and equivalent cross-ply laminate plain-woven composites (ECPL-PWC). The key finds clarified that the ECPL-PWC takes more computational expenses compared with the RUCs, but the RUCs is in acceptable agreement with testing results, as well as the evaluation results of the ECPL-PWC would obtain very satisfactory accuracy through minor numerical adjustments. The final finite element damage results reveals that the RUCs is more accurate for local damage assessment, while the ECPL-PWC is better for global damage analysis.

Objective To optimize a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) formulation for psoralen and isopsoralen (PSO and IPSO) isolated from Psoraleae Fructus. Methods A D-optimal design was used to investigate the influence of oil percentage, surfactant percentage and cosurfactant percentage on several properties of SEDDS including particle size, polydispersity, equilibrium solubility, in situ intestine absorption rate and intestinal permeability. Furthermore, the desirability function approach was applied to obtain the optimal formulation for the system. Results The oil percentage, surfactant percentage and cosurfactant percentage were optimized to be 53.6%, 35.7% and 10.7%, respectively, which means the model is available. Conclusions The D-optimal design is valuable to optimize the SEDDS formulation and understand formulation compositions’ functions on SEDDS properties.

To investigate the effect of acrolein on the proliferation of pulmonary epithelial cells and its possible mechanism.Two strains of pulmonary epithelial cells, A549 cells and MLE15 cells, were used asThe proliferation of A549 cells and MLE15 cells decreased significantly after being treated with 80 μmol/L acrolein for 30 min, and the expression of Per1 protein was also downregulated significantly (Acrolein treatment resulted in the decreased proliferation of pulmonary epithelial cells and the Per1 expression in pulmonary epithelial cells. Although TGF-β addition did not reverse the reduction of cell proliferation after acrolein treatment, the Per1 expression levels were recovered to a certain extent compared to that in cells restored in medium without TGF-β after acrolein treatment.

The phase behavior of the mixtures of crude oil/aqueous solutions has been well studied to screen appropriate surfactants in the aqueous solution to improve oil production. Several microemulsion types present when aqueous surfactant solution mixes with oils in the presence of electrolytes. By varying the salinity from low to high values, the microemulsion type could pass from Winsor Type I, and Winsor Type III to Winsor Type II. This study looked into the phase behavior properties of an amphoteric surfactant, OCT-9, with a light crude oil from a Middle East representative carbonate reservoir and its interfacial tension (IFT) reduction capability in high temperature and high salinity conditions. The phase behavior study was conducted under salinities ranged from 10,700 mg/L to 185,900 mg/L, containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ at 90 °C with a light crude oil. IFT was estimated using the oil and water solubilization ratios obtained from phase behavior results. Winsor Type III micoemulsion appeared in the salinity ranging from 85,500 mg/L to 138,900 mg/L. The solubilization ratio was 4.7 at the optimum salinity of 128,000 mg/L. This leads to an IFT of 0.014 mN/m by Chun Huh’s equation (Huh 1979). The fitting results modified by the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Deviation-Net Average Curvature (HLD-NAC) model were in good agreement with the experimental data, which further determined the salinity range of Winsor Type III. IFT was also measured by spinning drop tensiometer. The result was consistent with the value calculated based on phase behavior tests. These results show significant oil production potential using this surfactant for the high temperature and high salinity reservoir.

Drug particle physical properties are critical for the efficiency of a drug delivered to the lung. Budesonide, as one of the inhaled glucocorticosteroids, is widely used in the treatment of asthma by pulmonary delivery. The purpose of this study was to produce high-performance ultrafine budesonide particles suitable for inhalation using high pressure homogenization (HPH) combined with spray drying (SD). An aqueous suspension of budesonide was passed through a high pressure homogenizer to prepare submicron particles, and SD was employed to obtain dry powders. The effects of HPH and SD process parameters such as pressure, cycle time, initial particle size and concentration were explored. The results indicated that the initial budesonide particles with a volume median diameter (VMD) of 640 nm could be achieved after HPH of 1000 bar and 60 cycle times, and low-density porous spherical budesonide agglomerates with a VMD of 2.90 μm could be generated after spray drying of 1.0% 640 nm (VMD) particle concentration. The as-prepared agglomerates had the same stable crystalline structure as the commercial budesonide product. In vitro evaluation with an Aerolizer inhaler and a multistage liquid impinger (MSLI) showed that they had an excellent aerosol performance, achieving high FPFloaded and FPFemitted values of 42 ± 2% and 81 ± 3%. The technique may be applicable for the production of other high-performance pharmaceutical products for inhalation.

Previous studies reported the oral administration ofNaja naja atravenom (NNAV) reduced adriamycin-induced chronic kidney damage. This study investigated the effects of intragastric administrated cardiotoxin fromNaja naja atravenom on chronic kidney disease in rats. Wistar rats were injected with adriamycin (ADR; 6 mg/kg body weight) via the tail vein to induce chronic kidney disease. The cardiotoxin was administrated daily by intragastric injection at doses of 45, 90, and 180 μg/kg body weight until the end of the protocol. The rats were placed in metabolic cages for 24 hours to collect urine, for determination of proteinuria, once a week. After 6 weeks, the rats were sacrificed to determine serum profiles relevant to chronic kidney disease, including albumin, total cholesterol, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine. Kidney histology was examined with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson’s trichrome staining. The levels of kidney podocin were analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. We found that cardiotoxin reduced proteinuria and can improve biological parameters in the adriamycin-induced kidney disease model. Cardiotoxin also reduced adriamycin-induced kidney pathology, suggesting that cardiotoxin is an active component of NNAV for ameliorating adriamycin-induced kidney damage and may have a potential therapeutic value on chronic kidney disease.

To suppress the fluctuation effect due to laser power instability and terahertz radiation fluctuation, a homomorphic filtering method is proposed to process the terahertz images obtained from a pulsed terahertz raster scanning imaging system. The physical model of homomorphic filtering for terahertz imaging is established. The mathematical expressions are given with the specific physical meaning in accordance with the imaging principle. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method, a homomorphic filtering experiment based on two raw terahertz images selected from the literature using a continuous-wave (CW) terahertz source is also performed. The effect of the method is compared with those described in the literature, and the advantages of homomorphic filtering are discussed. The pulsed- and CW-terahertz image processing results both show that in addition to suppressing the fluctuation effect, the method can also enhance target imaging.

Based on the software of traditional Chinese medicine inheritance support system (TCMISS), this article aims to analyze the experience and composition rules for cough from the descendant of Meng He Medical School, Xu Di-hua. The cough cases treated by Xu Di-hua were collected, and recorded into TCMISS (V2.0). Data mining methods such as Apriori algorithm and complex system entropy cluster were used to analyze the medication principles of Xu Di-hua for cough from pathogenesis and therapeutie aspects, and dig out the frequency of the herbs in prescription, core medicine and new combinations. The experience of curing cough from Professor Xu Di-hua were well found in the research. He is good at choosing prescriptions accurately, and pays attention to simultaneous use of cold and moisture drugs with combination of tonification and purgation. He is skilled in adding or reducing materia medica flexibly, as well as regulating lung to relieve cough and eliminating phlegm by clearing heat.

The hysteresis of saturation−capillary pressure (S−p) relations was investigated in a fine sandy medium under consecutive drainage−imbibition cycles, which resulted from scheduled water level fluctuations. A drainage−imbibition cycle starts with a drainage process and ends with an imbibition process in sequence. The saturation and capillary pressure were measured online with time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes and T5 tensiometers, respectively. Results show that the relation between the degree of hysteresis and the number of the drainage−imbibition cycles is not obvious. However, the degree decreases with the increase of the initial water saturation of the imbibition processes in these drainage−imbibition cycles. The airentry pressure of a sandy medium is also found to be constant, which is independent of the drainage−imbibition cycles and the initial water saturation of the drainage process. In all the imbibition processes, parameter α of the van Genuchten (VG) model decreases with the increase of the initial water saturation, which corresponds positively to the magnitude of the hysteresis.

Cefuroxime axetil (CFA) drug nanoparticles were prepared by liquid antisolvent precipitation in a microchannel system with a T-shaped junction formed by a main microchannel and a branch. Isopropyl ether as the antisolvent (high flow rate) was usually passed through the main microchannel, and CFA acetone solution as the solvent (low flow rate) was injected into the branch simultaneously. The solvent diffused from the CFA acetone solution stream into the antisolvent phase, which resulted in the supersaturation of CFA and thus led to the rapid precipitation of CFA nanoparticles. The change of the injection phase from CFA acetone solution to isopropyl ether was found to have a significant effect on the formation of CFA nanoparticles owing to the different contact behavior. The morphology and size of CFA nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and particle size distribution (PSD) measurements by laser diffractometry. Furthermore, the effects of CFA acetone solution velocity, an...

We present a high-resolution (HR) reconstruction model and algorithms for terahertz imaging, taking advantage of super-resolution methodology and algorithms. The algorithms used include projection onto a convex sets approach, iterative backprojection approach, Lucy–Richardson iteration, and 2D wavelet decomposition reconstruction. Using the first two HR reconstruction methods, we successfully obtain HR terahertz images with improved definition and lower noise from four low-resolution (LR) 22×24 terahertz images taken from our homemade THz–TDS system at the same experimental conditions with 1.0 mm pixel. Using the last two HR reconstruction methods, we transform one relatively LR terahertz image to a HR terahertz image with decreased noise. This indicates potential application of HR reconstruction methods in terahertz imaging with pulsed and continuous wave terahertz sources.

Ag-SiO2 composite hollow nanospheres were synthesized by impregnation of hollow silica nanospheres (HSNSs), which were prepared by templating CaCO3 nanoparticles, in [Ag(NH3)2]NO3 aqueous solution followed by heat treatment. The straightforward process generates composite materials containing Ag nanoparticles, with the average size of 6–10 nm in diameter, uniformly dispersed and mainly distributed on the shells or between the spaces of the HSNSs. The Ag-supported HSNSs were characterized through TEM, EDS, and XPS. Furthermore, ASS, XRD and UV-Vis analyses demonstrated that higher loading efficiency could be achieved under the optimum loading conditions of a silver precursor solution of 0.08 M, pH = 9.0 and HSNSs with a BET surface area of 830.4 m2/g.

The title compound H3[PMo12O40]· 3C2H6O was prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography, its i.r. spectrum, cyclic voltammetry and e.s.r. spectra. The anion of the title compound is a Keggin-type heteropoly structure based upon a central PO4 tetrahedron surrounded by 12 MoO6 octahedra arranged in four groups of three edge-shared octahedra Mo3O13. Weak hydrogen bonds exist between the organic solvent molecules and the heteropoly anion. The catalytic activity of the title compound was determined by the synthesis of butyl acetate. The conversion of n-BuOH reached 93.3% and the yield of MeCO2Bu-n was 92.0% when the ratio of MeCO2H to n-BuOH, catalyst amount, reaction time, reaction temperature were 2:1, 0.24% of the reactants (50 mg), 2.0 h and 115 ∼ 120 °C, respectively.

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of Leyin (Open image in new window, LY) in treating psoriasis maculata (PM) and its effects on cellular immunity and vaginal epithelial cell mitosis in experimental mice.

This paper studies the calculation of active earth pressure of retaining structure under the condition of earthquake. By comparing with the Rankine theory and Coulomb theory, we get a very good result. The analytical solutions of the previous works are for single homogeneous isotropic filling .but in this paper, the calculation formula and method are suitable for the calculating of active earth pressure of retaining wall which is for different multilayer nature filling. In this paper, the conclusion is the same with the conclusion of literature before, namely the point position of passive earth pressure is lower than the position of Rankine theory and Coulomb theory, which should also be noticed.

In this paper, the vibrative theory of variable cross-section shear beam in structure dynamics was used in the analysis of landslide stability. The displacement, velocity and acceleration of the landslide were calculated with Duhamel technique in which the earthquake curve was used. This method in our paper, realized the time-histories calculation of landslide stability. Undoubtedly, our analytical method was a kind of replenish and development to the calculation and analysis of landslide stability. Introduction This paper study the stability calculation of landslides during the earthquake time history method involves the soil dynamics, structural dynamics and nonlinear vibration theory, earthquake engineering, geotechnical and structural aseismic engineering, computational mechanics and computer programming technology, and many other disciplines, which is a multiple discipline study [1]. To now, the static stability analysis of landslide has been mature, but the seismic stability analysis of rock and soil landslide is related to many fields can be said a fledgling [2], so geotechnical earthquake landslide stability research importance and urgency, the current research methods mainly include analytical method, numerical simulation method, experimental method, etc. In this paper, the author uses the theory of structural dynamics to analyze seismic stability of landslide [3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9], and to do a lot of supplementary work. Slope Lateral Seismic Response Calculation In this paper, the structure of the kinetic theory only considers the effect of shear deformation and bending deformation is negligible. Slope body generally belong to short and bold, to be calculated on shear wedge to be appropriate. Fig. 1 The Calculation Figure of Vibration Theory Shear wedge method to calculate the slope body transverse seismic response of the basic assumption that a total of four: (1) The slope body for triangular cross-section (figure 1), longitudinal slope long take a unit thickness calculation; International Conference on Mechanics and Civil Engineering (ICMCE 2014) © 2014. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 21 (2) The slope body foundation for rigid foundation, the slope body underside of seismic time history input in each point is the same; (3) Only considers the horizontal shear motion caused by earthquake, and any horizontal plane shear stress distribution; (4) The shear modulus is constant or along the elevation changes according to certain rule. As shown in figure 1, the establishment of motion differential equations, according to the section of horizontal force equilibrium condition of microstrip, as a one-dimensional problem. Shear Wedge Method Formula is Derived Set high slope body as shown in figure 1, left and right side slope gradient is 1:1 and 1:2, amounted to slope rate = 1 + 2, any height took out a small article on force analysis, horizontal shear displacement, shear strain, the height of the microstrip, width is, micro article by force. At the top of the shear Q G nz G nz z       At the bottom of the shear dz z z z Gn nz z G dz z Q Q ) ( 2 2                Article on the inertia force of the earthquake           ) ( 2 2 1 t t nzdz F g      Article on the damping force of earthquake t cnzdz FD     Ρ, the density of the slope body; C, damping coefficient, c=2  , here is not equal to 2 m , because of damping force is multiplied by the volume nzdz ; G shear modulus; ( ) g t  -slope bottom (rock) surface level to the input earthquake acceleration. Based on force equilibrium condition, the equations of motion

Flow cytometry, in conjunction with immunoprecipitation (IP-FCM), is suggested to have some advantages to conventional IP-western blot technology in analyzing protein complexes. In this paper, to further examine its practicability, we test the use of IP-FCM in detecting the HSP90 complex, which has gained importance in drug research and development and involves more than a dozen components. We found that IP-FCM could effectively detect HSP70, p23, Cdc37, and Cdk6 components in the HSP90 complex naturally formed in U937 cells when this complex was captured by anti-HSP90 antibody-coated polystyrene microspheres. IP-FCM could also detect alteration in components caused by treating cells with HSP90 inhibitors. In a cell-free environment, IP-FCM could detect the direct effects of ATP and/or HSP90 inhibitors (17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin or celastrol) in causing component dissociation and the time- and dose-effects of inhibitor-caused dissociation. IP-FCM is a practical and powerful platform for analyzing HSP90 complex components, and is thus a useful tool in studying HSP90 complex function and screening inhibitors.

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy was employed to measure the terahertz absorption spectra of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate at room temperature. The origins of the measured features of benzoic acid were summarized based on previous study. Density functional theory was used to compute and analyze the molecular structure and vibrational modes of sodium benzoate in monomer. Based on the obtained results, the authors found that the THz spectral features can be used to distinguish benzoic acid and sodium benzoate totally; the essential reason for the THz spectral difference between benzoic acid and sodium benzoate is that the electrovalent bond of sodium benzoate affects the values of covalent bond lengths and bond angles, as well as the molecular interactions and arrangement in unit cell; the measured features of benzoic acid and sodium benzoate come from the collective vibrations except the peaks located at 107 cm-1 of benzoic acid and 54 cm-1 of sodium benzoate.

Purpose Amblyopia develops during a critical period in early visual development and is characterized by reduced visual sensory functions and structural reorganization of the brain. However, little is known about oculomotor functions in amblyopes despite the special role of eye movements in visual perception, task execution and fixation. Therefore, we studied the relationship of visual deficits in anisometropic amblyopia and fixational saccadic eye movements. Methods We recruited twenty-eight anisometropic amblyopes and twenty-eight age-matched control subjects. Using a high-speed eye-tracker, fixational eye-movements of both eyes were recorded. A computerized fixational saccadic component analysis of eye-movement waveforms was developed to quantify the parameters of fixational saccades (FSs) and a simulation model was developed to help explain the FS performances. Results Amblyopic eyes, but not control eyes, showed fewer FSs, but these had increased amplitudes, increased peak velocities, and longer inter-saccadic intervals. The reduced FSs occurred mainly in the 0- to 0.6-degree amplitude range, and the probability of FSs with larger amplitudes and longer inter-saccadic intervals was significantly higher than in controls. A new simulation model analysis suggests that an excitatory-inhibitory activity imbalance in superior colliculus may explain these FSs changes. Conclusions We propose that the abnormal visual processing and circuitry reorganization in anisometropic amblyopia has an impact on the fixational saccade generation. We see two possible interpretations: (i) altered FSs may be an attempt of the visual system to adapt to the deficit, trying to capture more information from a broader spatial domain of the visual world so as to enhance the contrast sensitivity to low spatial frequencies viewed by the amblyopic eye, or (ii) it may be the cause of amblyopia or a contributing factor to the original deficit that aggravates the early deprivation.

To quantitatively investigate the characteristics of the microsaccadic eye-movements in anisometropic amblyopia and to evaluate the using value of high-speed eye-movement recording in objective and quantitative evaluation and diagnosis of amblyopia.From September in 2010 to March in 2011, 19 cases of anisometropic amblyopic patients (19 amblyopic eyes as group AM and 19 their sound eyes as group AS) and 19 cases of subjects with normal corrected visual acuities (19 dominant eyes as group ND and 19 non-dominant eyes as group NN) were recruited from the outpatient clinic at Tianjin Eye Hospital. A high-speed eye-movement recording system was used to monocularly record the fixational eye-movements of subjects' both eyes. A Matlab routine was used to detect and analyze the microsaccadic components of eye-movement waveforms. The microsaccadic amplitudes, peak velocities, occurrence rates, inter-microsaccadic intervals, cumulative probabilities of all groups were analyzed and compared using Origin8.0 and Matlab2008 statistics toolbox.The mean microsaccadic amplitude of group AM (0.76 ± 0.07)° was larger than groups AS, ND and NN (F = 49.95, P = 0.000). The mean peak velocity of group AM (79.72 ± 5.64)°/s was faster than groups AS, ND and NN (F = 4.93, P = 0.004). The mean occurrence rate of group AM (1.52 ± 0.08) Hz was less than groups AS, ND and NN (F = 120.39, P = 0.000). The mean inter-microsaccadic interval of group AM (537.40 ± 65.47) ms was longer than groups AS, ND and NN (F = 4.41, P = 0.007). The amplitude dependent cumulative probability curve of group AM shifted to right compared with other groups and its amplitude 0.67° ± 0.06° at half cumulative probability was obviously increased compared with other groups (F = 203.05, P = 0.000).Microsaccadic amplitude, peak velocity, occurrence rate, inter-microsaccadic interval and cumulative probability could be used as the parameters for objective and quantitative evaluation of eye-movement function in amblyopia. High-speed eye-movement recording could provide useful assistance in evaluation of eye-movements in amblyopic patients.

Beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP), which is a member in the inhaled glucocorticosteroid class, is commonly used in the treatment of asthma by pulmonary delivery. The purpose of this study is to prepare ultrafine BDP particles for dry powder inhalation (DPI) administration by combining microfluidic antisolvent precipitation without surfactant, high-pressure homogenization (HPH) and spray drying. T-junction microchannel was adopted for the preparation of needle-like BDP particles. The needle-like particles could be easily broken down into smaller particles during HPH, which were assembled into uniform low-density spherical BDP aggregates by spray drying. The effects of the operation parameters, such as the flow rates of BDP methanol solution and antisolvent, the overall flow rate, the BDP concentration, and the change of the injection phase on BDP particle size were explored. The results indicated that the BDP particle size greatly decreased with the reduction of BDP solution flow rate and the increase of antisolvent flow rate. However, the BDP particle size firstly decreased and then increased with the increase of the overall flow rate and the increase of BDP concentration. Also, BDP solution as the injection phase could form the smaller BDP particles. 10 HPH cycles are enough to forming short rod-like particles. After spray drying, the BDP spherical aggregates with a 2-3 μm size could be achieved. They have an excellent aerosol performance, 2.8 and 1.4 times as many as raw BDP and vacuum-dried BDP particles, respectively.

Previous studies have proposed that albuminuria is involved in the activation of intrarenal renin angiotensin system (RAS), while its potential mechanism is still unclear. We investigated the influence of albumin on the expression of ACE/ACE2 and generation of Ang II in HK2 cells.The mRNA and protein expression of ACE and ACE2 was determined by RT-PCR and western blot respectively. Cellular localization of ACE and ACE2 was shown by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The concentration of Ang II in the supernatant was detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA).Treatment of HK-2 cells to BSA led to a significant increasing expression of ACE mRNA in dose and time dependent manner. The overexpression of ACE protein induced by BSA was consistent with its mRNA expression. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein expression of ACE2 upon the stimulation of BSA was significantly downregulated in dose and time dependent manner. BSA could significantly increase the production of Ang II in the supernatant (p0.05). Captopril, however, attenuated the expression of ACE but increased expression of ACE2 induced by BSA.These findings suggested a novel insight on the albuminuria induced activation of intrarenal RAS by upregulation of ACE and downregulation of ACE2.

We report the first large genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a Chinese population to identify susceptibility variants for psoriasis using a two-stage case-control design. In the first stage, we carried out a genome-wide association analysis in 1,139 cases and 1,132 controls of Chinese Han ancestry using Illumina Human 610-Quad BeadChips. In the second stage, we took top SNPs forward for replication in two independent samples of 5,182 cases and 6,516 controls of Chinese Han ancestry, and 539 cases and 824 controls of Chinese Uygur ancestry. In addition to the strong replication for two known susceptibility loci MHC (rs1265181, P = 1.93 x 10(-208), OR = 22.62) and IL12B (rs3213094, P(combined) = 2.58 x 10(-26), OR = 0.78), we identified a new susceptibility locus within the LCE gene cluster on 1q21 (rs4085613, P(combined) = 6.69 x 10(-30), OR = 0.76).

As we known, features of speech signal not only reflect the identity information, but also contain the semantical information. In this paper, we describe a novel neural network ensemble architecture based on the finding that the diphthong and multi-vowel in Chinese can approximately be considered as the complex of mono- vowel and transitional part in the standpoint of short-term analysis. Several neural networks are trained, each for the eigenspace of one mono-vowel, and their results are combined by another combinational neural network. The architecture can effectively improve the recognition accuracy by eliminating the disturbance of semantical information. Experimental results show that the recognition accuracy of our proposed approach is higher than conventional methods such as a single neural network and other proposed ensemble structures.

Previous studies reported the oral administration of Naja naja atra venom (NNAV) reduced adriamycin-induced chronic kidney damage. This study investigated the effects of intragastric administrated cardiotoxin from Naja naja atra venom on chronic kidney disease in rats. Wistar rats were injected with adriamycin (ADR; 6 mg/kg body weight) via the tail vein to induce chronic kidney disease. The cardiotoxin was administrated daily by intragastric injection at doses of 45, 90, and 180 μ g/kg body weight until the end of the protocol. The rats were placed in metabolic cages for 24 hours to collect urine, for determination of proteinuria, once a week. After 6 weeks, the rats were sacrificed to determine serum profiles relevant to chronic kidney disease, including albumin, total cholesterol, phosphorus, blood urea nitrogen, and serum creatinine. Kidney histology was examined with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Masson's trichrome staining. The levels of kidney podocin were analyzed by Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence. We found that cardiotoxin reduced proteinuria and can improve biological parameters in the adriamycin-induced kidney disease model. Cardiotoxin also reduced adriamycin-induced kidney pathology, suggesting that cardiotoxin is an active component of NNAV for ameliorating adriamycin-induced kidney damage and may have a potential therapeutic value on chronic kidney disease.