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Salmonella Typhimurium and S. Stanley are the most prevalent serogroup B serovars to infect humans in Taiwan. The aim was to determine possible factors to influence the prevalence between S. Typhimurium and S. Stanley. Genotypes were determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis and the intracellular survival, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of human monocyte THP-1 cell and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1βexpression in peripheral blood CD14+ cells after infection were analyzed. 182 S. Stanley was clonal disseminated with main pulsotypes 2 from 2004 to 2007. Overall S. Typhimurium evolved more genotypes, while S. Stanley conserved in genotypes. Human blood CD14+ monocytes expressed TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β differently among serovars and bacterial conditions (live vs. killed). Live S. Stanley and S. Typhimurium suppressed the TNF-α and IL-6 expression compared to killed bacteria. However, live S. Typhimurium stimulated more IL-1β expression than the killed bacteria, but S. Stanley expressed similar IL-1β levels in both conditions. Furthermore, S. Stanley and S. Typhimurium differed in intracellular survival in the THP-1 cells, an early decrease for S. Stanley, not for S. Typhimurium. Additionally, higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in THP-1 cells was found agsinst S. Stanley infection, not found in S. Typhimurium. However, some isolates of S. Stanley could recover from early loss to become more in the monocytes than S. Typhimurium. Difference in phagocytized number, intracellular survival, ROS production and IL-1β expression may contribute to prevalence different between two serovars.

A b s t r a c t Objectives This study aims to investigate the effects of telmisartan, pioglitazone and metformin administration on the prevention of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus in pre-diabetes Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). Methods OLETF rats 22 weeks of age were treated with pioglitazone (O-P), metformin (O-M), telmisartan (O-T) and low telmisartan starting from their pre-diabetes period. The weight, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were measured. The lipid profiles were obtained. The abdominal subcutaneous (SC) and omental (OM) fat pads were dissected to measure the expression of mRNA and protein levels (adiponectin, proinflammatory cytokines, etc.). Results Telmisartan significantly reversed glucose tolerance and improved insulin resistance. The incidence rates of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in the O-P (χ 2 = 11.025, p=0.001) and O-T (χ 2 =5.495, p=0.019) groups were significantly reduced. The mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines was downregulated by telmisartan. The expression of adiponectin, PPARγ1 and γ2 was markedly improved by telmisartan and pioglitazone compared with the OLETF control (O-C) group. The correlation analysis showed that the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were not correlated with the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (p>0.05). Conclusions Telmisartan acts beneficially against diabetes-induced inflammation and improves insulin resistance in pre-diabetes OLETF rats fed with HFD. In view of this improved responsiveness to insulin sensitivity, telmisartan may prove to be a promising candidate for the intervention treatment of the pre-diabetes state.

Vibration is a significant factor that influences the performance of the long-range ultra-precise positioning system. Due to the intense nonlinearity and parameter uncertainties, it is difficult to eliminate the vibration by using a conventional PID controller. In this paper, the intelligent PID controller based on BP neural network with the ability of self-learning and strong robustness is introduced into the positioning system. Simulation and experiment are conducted and the results show that the vibration is effectively suppressed and the positioning accuracy has reached within 5.8nm.

Base on the significance of understanding research objects, modeling and validation of ultra precision positioning system is studied in this paper. Taking different reduction methods of leaf springs into consideration, a rigid body model and an elastic body model has been developed. Identifying unknown parameters by the least square method, the validation results of two models are compared. The conclusion indicates that the elastic body model is better when the dynamic characteristics of the positioning system before the stable state are concerned and the rigid body model is more appropriate if the accuracy of the whole model is focused.

Based on data from internet, investigation was conducted to verify the relationship between the ratio of fake parts and the number of automobile holdings. A complete information game was modeled to reveal the impact of piracy on product life cycle of automobile parts. Numerical analysis showed that automobile manufacturers, threatened by piracy, may get maximum profits by appropriate regenerating key parts.