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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), important precursors of ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), are the key to curb the momentum of O3 growth and further reducing PM2.5 in China. Container manufacturing industry is one of the major VOC emitters, and more than 96% containers of the world are produced in China, with the annual usage of coatings of over 200,000 tons in recent years. This is the first research on the emission characteristics of VOCs in Chinese container manufacturing industry, including concentration and ozone formation potential (OFP) of each species. The result shows that the largest amounts of VOCs are emitted during the pretreatment process, followed by the paint mixing process and primer painting process, and finally other sprays process. The average VOC concentrations in the workshops, the exhausts before treatment and the exhausts after treatment are ranging from 82.67–797.46 , 170–1,812.65 , 66.20–349.63 mg/m3, respectively. Benzenes, alcohols and ethers are main species, which contribute more than 90% OFP together. Based on the emission characteristics of VOCs and the technical feasibility, it is recommended to set the emission limit in standard of benzene to 1.0 mg/m3, toluene to 10 mg/m3, xylene to 20 mg/m3, benzenes to 40 mg/m3, alcohols and ethers to 50 mg/m3, and VOCs to 100 mg/m3. The study reports the industry emission characteristics and discusses the standard limits, which is a powerful support to promote VOCs emission reduction, and to promote the coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution.

Due to the influences of precursors emissions, meteorology, geography and other factors, ozone formation sensitivity (OFS) is generally spatially and temporally heterogeneous. This study characterized detailed spatial and temporal variations of OFS in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) from 2012 to 2016 based on OMI satellite data, and analyzed the relationships of OFS with precursors emissions, meteorology and land use types (LUTs). From 2012 to 2016, the OFS tended to be NOx-limited in GBA, with the value of FNR (HCHO/NO2) increasing from 2.04 to 2.22. According to the total annual emission statistics of precursors, NOx emissions decreased by 33.1% and VOCs emissions increased by 35.2% from 2012 to 2016, directly resulting in OFS tending to be NOx-limited. The Grey Relation Analysis results show that total column water (TCW), surface net solar radiation (SSR), air temperature at 2 m (T2) and surface pressure (SP) are the top four meteorological factors with the greatest influences on OFS. There are significant positive correlations between FNR and T2, SSR, TCW, and significant negative correlations between FNR and SP. In GBA, the OFS tends to be NOx-limited regime in wet season (higher T2, SSR, TCW and lower SP) and VOCs-limited regime in dry season (lower T2, SSR, TCW and higher SP). The FNR displays obvious gradient variations on different LUTs, with the highest in “Rural areas”, second in “Suburban areas” and lowest in “Urban areas”.

Based on the ground-level ozone concentration monitoring data in 2018, the ozone concentrations in 338 cities at the prefecture level and above were analyzed, and the TCEQ method was utilized to calculate the amount of locally generated ozone and regionally transported ozone in each city to divide the national ozone pollution control area and develop appropriate ozone pollution control measures. Correlation analysis was conducted between the amount of locally generated ozone and the daily maximum 8 h average ozone in each city to determine the main source of ozone pollution by determination coefficient (

Surface ozone (O

Presently, there are a few studies on the measurement of industrial organic solvents in China. To determine the content and species of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial organic solvents and to provide the emission factors of organic solvents, the Chinese wood and automotive coatings, which accounted for the largest proportion of production in the world, were investigated. Coating samples were obtained by sampling from companies and buying from markets, and were measured in accordance with the domestic standard testing methods for coatings. The content and composition spectrum of VOCs in the coatings were determined, and the ozone formation potential (OFP) was then calculated. The results showed that for wood coatings, the average content of the VOCs in solvent-based, water-based, and ultra-violet (UV) coatings were 37.28%, 9.88%, and 18.02%, respectively. For automotive coatings, the average content of the VOCs in water-based original equipment manufacturer (OEM) coating, solvent-based OEM coating, water-based refinishing coating, and solvent-based refinishing coating were 15.06%, 59.90%, 11.79%, and 54.50%, respectively. The content of the VOCs in different types of coatings varied substantially. The main components and OFP contributors were alcohols and ethers for water-based coatings, benzene series and esters for solvent-based coatings, and esters, alcohols, and ethers for UV coatings. The average value of the coating samples could meet the current mandatory national standards, but 12% of the solvent-based wood coating samples and 42% of the solvent-based OEM coating samples did not meet the standards. In addition, except for the benzene series of the water-based wood coatings, the contents of harmful substances in other coating samples were up to the standards.

Increasingly serious ozone (O3) pollution, along with decreasing NOx emission, is creating a big challenge in the control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China. More efficient and effective measures are assuredly needed for controlling VOCs. In this study, a reactivity-based industrial VOCs emission inventory was established in China based on the concept of ozone formation potential (OFP). Key VOCs species, major VOCs sources, and dominant regions with high reactivity were identified. Our results show that the top 15 OFP-based species, including m/p-xylene, toluene, propene, o-xylene, and ethyl benzene, contribute 69% of the total OFP but only 30% of the total emission. The architectural decoration industry, oil refinery industry, storage and transport, and seven other sources constituted the top 10 OFP subsectors, together contributing a total of 85%. The provincial and spatial characteristics of OFP are generally consistent with those of mass-based inventory. The implications for O3 control strategies in China are discussed. We propose a reactivity-based national definition of VOCs and low-reactive substitution strategies, combined with evaluations of health risks. Priority should be given to the top 15 or more species with high reactivity through their major emission sources. Reactivity-based policies should be flexibly applied for O3 mitigation based on the sensitivity of O3 formation conditions.

The furniture manufacturing industry is a typical industry with high pollution, low added value, relatively outdated technology and low levels of pollution control. The process of furniture manufacturing uses a large number of paints and adhesives, which emit a great quantity of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The furniture manufacturing industry is a key industry for the control of VOCs in China. The VOCs emission characteristics and environmental impact of the furniture manufacturing industry has been studied in this work, which could be helpful for the Chinese government when formulating VOCs pollution control policy for this industry. In this study, a typical furniture manufacturing enterprise was chosen as the object. The emission concentration level and source profile of VOCs in a typical enterprise was obtained, and an assessment of the environmental impact of furniture manufacturing was developed. The results showed that the concentration of VOCs in the workshop ranged from 9.18 to 181.58 mg·m

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a class of the commonest malignant carcinomas. The present study aimed to elucidate the potential biomarker and prognostic targets in PDAC. The array data of GSE41368, GSE43795, GSE55643, and GSE41369 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in PDAC were obtained by using GEO2R, and overlapped DEGs were acquired with Venn Diagrams. Functional enrichment analysis of overlapped DEGs and DEmiRNAs was conducted with Metascape and FunRich, respectively. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network of overlapped DEGs was constructed by STRING and visualized with Cytoscape. Overall survival (OS) of DEmiRNAs and hub genes were investigated by Kaplan–Meier (KM) plotter (KM plotter). Transcriptional data and correlation analyses among hub genes were verified through GEPIA and Human Protein Atlas (HPA). Additionally, miRNA targets were searched using miRTarBase, then miRNA–DEG regulatory network was visualized with Cytoscape. A total of 32 DEmiRNAs and 150 overlapped DEGs were identified, and Metascape showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in cellular chemical homeostasis and pathways in cancer, while DEmiRNAs were mainly enriched in signal transduction and Glypican pathway. Moreover, seven hub genes with a high degree, namely, V-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC), solute carrier family 2 member 1 (SLC2A1), PKM, plasminogen activator, urokinase (PLAU), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARG), MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET), and integrin subunit α 3 (ITGA3), were identified and found to be up-regulated between PDAC and normal tissues. miR-135b, miR-221, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-199b-5p, miR-143, miR-196a, miR-655, miR-455-3p, miR-744 and hub genes predicted poor OS of PDAC. An integrative bioinformatics analysis identified several hub genes that may serve as potential biomarkers or targets for early diagnosis and precision target treatment of PDAC.

Ozone has become the main factor affecting the air quality in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in recent years, and a clear understanding source of ozone pollution is a top priority of ozone pollution prevention. However, the vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone in the PRD is poorly understood. Based on daily ozone sounding data obtained in Yangjiang (111°58'00" E, 21°50'00" N), Guangdong Province, from 18 November tjo 3 December 2013, the detailed vertical distribution of tropospheric ozone and its influencing factors were determined and compared with weekly autumn ozone profile data obtained at the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) and corresponding tropospheric column ozone (TCO) datasets from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) onboard satellite AURA. Overall, the ozone profiles observed in Yangjiang are in accordance with those of the HKO in terms of the vertical structure. The TCO values are 34.2 ± 4.0 and 34.3 ± 4.6 DU, respectively, that are, 4 DU higher than those of satellite data, indicating that the OMI/MLS product underestimates the TCO level in the PRD region. The Yangjiang ozone profiles indicate significant variations in the ozone vertical structure and concentration during the observation period. A significant ozone peak permanently occurs in the lower troposphere at 1.1 ± 0.4 km above the surface. The vertical structural difference is mainly reflected in the presence of low-ozone strata (below 30 ppbv) near the tropopause and ozone peaks and high-ozone stratification in the middle and upper troposphere. The average ozone peak concentrations in the lower, middle, and upper troposphere are 65.2 ± 9.9, 57.8 ± 7.7, 71.8 ± 13.6 ppbv, respectively, which are higher than the average ground-level ozone concentration (48.9 ± 9.4 ppbv). Based on the analysis of the profile characteristics, weather conditions, and backward trajectories, it can be concluded that the low-ozone strata near the tropopause are caused by the regional transport of the tropical air mass from the tropical cyclone storm area. Potential vorticity analysis shows that stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) is the main reason for the formation of the ozone peaks and its varying concentrations in the middle and upper troposphere. Photochemical reactions represent the main factor affecting the ozone concentration in the lower troposphere. The STE is also an important factor affecting the ozone in the lower troposphere, leading to an increase in the surface ozone concentration by ~10.9 ppbv.

China implemented the emission allowance and allocation strategy in 2016 to achieve effective control of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). An inventory of VOCs emissions for 2015 and future emissions for 2020 were developed and predicted, respectively, using emission factors and regression analysis. The results showed that anthropogenic VOCs emission in 2015 was 31117.0 kt. VOCs emission in 2020 under the business-as-usual scenario is predicted to be 41737.2 kt, an increase of 34.13% from that in 2015. Based on the Outline of the 13th Five-Year Plan, a total amount control target and pollution reduction task of about 28005.3 kt and 13731.9 kt, respectively, were proposed. Additionally, three control scenarios, i.e., implementing VOCs emission reduction strategies in all the key areas, in all the key industries, and in the key industries of the key areas, were established for the 13th Five-Year Plan using a scenario analysis method. The results showed that some differences exist between the potential mitigation of VOCs emissions and the emission reduction target for the three control scenarios, it is difficult to realize the emission allowance target. It is necessary to devote greater efforts to control VOCs. Moreover, reducing emissions of VOCs by implementing large-scale control projects is recommended. Further, regulation of VOC emissions in key areas and industries should be emphasized.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important source of industrial stench. This study was aimed at sampling and analyzing the stench source and its impact on the sensitive spot residential areas, concentrating on certain automobile manufacturing enterprise. The odor concentration and VOCs species of each vent stack, plant boundary, and sensitive spot in the enterprise were determined for November 15 and 17, 2016 via qualitative and quantitative analysis using the triangle odor bag method and gas pre-concentration system-gas chromatography-mass spectra. The results show that the odor concentrations of all vent stacks in the original equipment manufacturing plant and the engine plant were below the criterion level, those of the plant boundaries in the engine plant were below the limits, and those of the plant boundaries and sensitive spots in the original equipment manufacturing plant exceeded the allowed standards. A total of 54 VOCs species were identified, including aromatics, halogenated compounds, alkanes, alkene, cycloalkanes, ketones, esters, ethers, alcohols, sulfur compounds, and oxygen ring compounds. Halogenated compounds were the most abundant VOCs species, followed by aromatics. As a result, aromatics and halogenated compounds are the representative odorants in automobile making. 1,3-Butadiene and ethyl toluene were selected to be the typical odorants of sensitive spots according to mass concentration, detector odor threshold, and threshold dilution multiples of characteristic VOCs species in sensitive spots. The results show that the majority of characteristic VOCs species were from paint composition through the qualitative analysis based on paint used in coating shops. 1,3-Butadiene, which contributed the most to odor pollution, excluding the impact of other emission sources on sensitive spots, originates from spraying and drying processes of coating shops in the original equipment manufacturer. It is recommended that the enterprise should adopt environmentally friendly paints with low VOCs components or RTO purification equipment with higher processing efficiency to reduce the impact of stench on the sensitive residential areas from automobile making.

As an effective pollution control method, emission allowance and allocation just implemented in volatile organic compounds (VOCs) control strategy of China in 2016. This article presents a possible way to set the emission allowance targets and establishes an allowance allocation model for the object year, 2020 and 2030, using 2010 as the reference year. On the basis of regression and scenario analysis method, the emission allowance targets were designed, which were 17.902Tg and 18.224Tg for 2020 and 2030, with an increasing rate of 28.75% and 31.06% compared to 2010. From the perspective of industries, processes using VOCs-containing products, like machinery and equipment manufacturing, would continue to be the most significant industrial VOCs emission sources in the future of China. Four allocation indicators were selected, which are per capita GDP of each province, per capita industrial VOCs emission of each province, the economic contribution of industrial sector to regional economy of each province, and the emission intensity per land area of each province, respectively. Based on information entropy, the weights of the indicators were calculated and an emission allocation model was established, and the results showed that provinces like Shandong, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Fujian were calculated to obtain more emission allowance while burden more reduction responsibility. Meanwhile, provinces like Guizhou, Ningxia, Hainan, Qinghai and Xizang were on the contrary. This paper suggests governments to enhance or ease to industrial VOCs reduction burden of each province in order to stimulate its economy or change its way of economy development.

With the strategy implementation of rising in central of China, Jiangxi Province is entering a new development in historical period. As the important city of red revolutionary old section and city zones of Beijing-Kowloon, Ganzhou obtains the new development opportunity. As an important city in Ganzhou, Nankang is also integrated into urban district of Ganzhou and it brings vitality to greatly accelerate development of Ganzhou. Its private economy is active and local financing demand is very strong. Therefore, we should establish financial center and based on Ganzhou, the planning and strategy faces with China emerges as times requires. The urban design of Nankang financial center aims at optimizing function and system as well as promoting economic development, enhancing its space quality, modeling city image and optimizing city ecological environment.

This paper based on the best architecture universities education concept, through the analysis of the architecture education mode, put forward the current architectural education reform and development directions. From the perspective of curriculum practice, probes into the new mode of curriculum and education, enhance the comprehensive ability and creative thinking of students; Reference to CRIT rating chart patterns, join in the concept of "workshop", Create local and broader academic building information platform, provides the domestic architectural education improvement ideas.

Energy crisis is the major problem that we are facing today. Energy conservation is imminent. In accordance with the idea of asking, analyzing and solving questions, this paper discussed the relationship between urban structure and energy, urban development and energy characteristics of new era, from the perspective of urban design. We proposed several strategies about urban structure design and hope to play on certain references in the practical application.

Intelligence quotient (IQ) is the most widely used phenotype to characterize human cognitive abilities. Recent advances in studies on human intelligence have identified many new susceptibility genes. However, the genetic mechanisms involved in IQ score and the relationship between IQ score and the risk of mental disorders have won little attention. To address the genetic complexity of IQ score, we have developed IQdb (http://IQdb.cbi.pku.edu.cn), a publicly available database for exploring IQ-associated human genes. In total, we collected 158 experimental verified genes from literature as a core dataset in IQdb. In addition, 46 genomic regions related to IQ score have been curated from literature. Based on the core dataset and 46 confirmed linked genomic regions, more than 6932 potential IQ-related genes are expanded using data of protein–protein interactions. A systematic gene ranking approach was applied to all the collected and expanded genes to represent the relative importance of all the 7090 genes in IQdb. Our further systematic pathway analysis reveals that IQ-associated genes are significantly enriched in multiple signal events, especially related to cognitive systems. Of the 158 genes in the core dataset, 81 are involved in various psychotic and mental disorders. This comprehensive gene resource illustrates the importance of IQdb to our understanding on human intelligence, and highlights the utility of IQdb for elucidating the functions of IQ-associated genes and the cross-talk mechanisms among cognition-related pathways in some mental disorders for community. Database URL: http://IQdb.cbi.pku.edu.cn.