Search

Drug addiction often correlates with criminal behavior. When investigating criminal behavior among individuals grappling with drug addiction, it becomes crucial to scrutinize the influence of dopamine. Substances such as heroin, morphine, methamphetamine and other drugs can cause abnormal dopamine secretion when people are addicted to them, which promotes changes in the brain’s reward circuit and emotional balance, thereby increasing susceptibility to criminal behavior. The pivotal role of dopamine within the reward pathway and its regulatory function in emotional processes exert profound influence on behavior following drug simulation. These influences are primarily manifested by three distinct attributes: a singular criminal motive and objective, lack of moral sense, and impulsive decision-making processes. Drawing upon the distinctive dopaminergic dynamics inherent in individuals afflicted by drug addiction, this study advocates for targeted corrective interventions. The preventive paradigm encompasses the cultivation of supportive community environments, the establishment of comprehensive databases, and providing legal education and protection, among other initiatives. In terms of treatment, along with judicial sanctions and protections, exercise regimens and psychotherapeutic interventions are advocated. The corrective endeavor necessitates a synergistic integration of community-based and legalistic frameworks. The objective is to furnish guiding principles for tackling criminal behavior precipitated by aberrant dopamine secretion, underpinned by a scientifically informed approach.

Objective: PEMF is an emerging technique in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) due to its potential improvement of movement speed. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic profiles of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) in an SH-SY5Y cell model of PD. Methods: The SH-SY5Y cell model of PD was induced by 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC‒MS)-based untargeted metabolomics was performed to examine changes in the PD cell model with or without PEMF exposure. We conducted KEGG pathway enrichment analysis to explore the potentially related pathways of the differentially expressed metabolites. Results: A total of 275 metabolites were annotated, and 27 significantly different metabolites were found between the PEMF treatment and control groups (VIP >1, P

Abstract Background Intravascular papillary endothelial hyperplasia (IPEH) is a vascular tumor characterized by the proliferation of endothelial cells with papillary formation. It is a rare benign condition affecting the head and neck. Currently, no cases of IPEH of the spleen have been reported. Here, we report a case of IPEH of the spleen in a child and discuss its clinical manifestations, imaging features, and surgical treatment. Case presentation A 5-year-old female presented with a 4-month-old tumor in the left upper abdomen, abdominal pain, and constipation. She underwent radiography, barium enema, US, and MRI. A solid space-occupying mass was found in the left abdominal cavity on preoperative imaging, and it was diagnosed as angiosarcoma. The lesion was surgically resected. Histopathological analysis was consistent with IPEH. Conclusion Clinicians should consider the possibility of IPEH in patients presenting with tumors in the spleen, which is curable by surgical resection. Malignant vascular tumors must be excluded in the differential diagnosis of IPEH to prevent misdiagnosis and inappropriate overtreatment.

Abstract Background Patients with acute non-lacunar single subcortical infarct (SSI) associated with mild intracranial atherosclerosis (ICAS) have a relatively high incidence of early neurological deterioration (END), resulting in unfavorable functional outcomes. Whether the early administration of argatroban and aspirin or clopidogrel within 6–12 h after symptom onset is effective and safe in these patients is unknown. Methods A review of the stroke database of Weihai Municipal Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University and Qingdao Center Hospital, Qingdao University Medical College in China was undertaken from May 2017 to January 2020 to identify all patients with non-lacunar SSI caused by ICAS within 6–12 h of symptom onset based on MRI screening. Patients were divided into two groups, one comprising those who received argatroban and mono antiplatelet therapy with aspirin or clopidogrel on admission (argatroban group), and the other those who received dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin and clopidogrel during hospitalization (DAPT group). The primary outcome was recovery by 90 days after stroke based on a modified Rankin scale (mRS) score (0 to 1). The secondary outcome was END incidence within 120 h of admission. Safety outcomes were intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and major extracranial bleeding. The probability of clinical benefit (mRS score 0–1 at 90 days) was estimated using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results A total of 304 acute non-lacunar SSI associated with mild ICAS patients were analyzed. At 90 days, 101 (74.2%) patients in the argatroban group and 80 (47.6%) in the DAPT group had an mRS score that improved from 0 to 1 (P

Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) is assumed to exert beneficial effects on functional brain activity and cognitive function in elders. Until now, empirical evidence of TCC induced intra-regional spontaneous neural activity and inhibitory control remains inconclusive. Whether the effect of TCC is better than that of other aerobic exercises is still unknown, and the role of TCC in younger adults is not yet fully understood. Here we used resting-state functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the effects of 8-week TCC (n = 12) and brisk walking (BW, n = 12) on inhibitory control and fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF). The results found that TCC had significant effects on inhibitory control performance and spontaneous neural activity that were associated with significantly increased fALFF in the left medial superior frontal gyrus (Cohen’s d = 1.533) and the right fusiform gyrus (Cohen’s d = 1.436) and decreased fALFF in the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus (Cohen’s d = 1.405) and the right paracentral lobule (Cohen’s d = 1.132).TCC exhibited stronger effects on spontaneous neural activity than the BW condition, as reflected in significantly increased fALFF in the left medial superior frontal gyrus (Cohen’s d = 0.862). There was a significant positive correlation between the increase in fALFF in the left medial superior frontal gyrus and the enhancement in inhibitory control performance. The change in fALFF in the left medial superior frontal gyrus was able to explain the change in inhibitory control performance induced by TCC. In conclusion, our results indicated that 8 weeks of TCC intervention could improve processing efficiency related to inhibitory control and alter spontaneous neural activity in young adults, and TCC had potential advantages over BW intervention for optimizing spontaneous neural activity.

Objective To explore effect of internal carotid artery (ICA) stenting on mild cognitive impairment (MCI) of patients with asymptomatic ICA stenosis. Methods Fifty-four patients with severe ICA stenosis (stenosis rate ≥ 70%) from October 2016 to September 2018 were studied. Cognitive function was examined in 54 patients with asymptomatic ICA stenosis 24 h before operation and 1 month, 3 months, 6 months after operation. Cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Stroop Color-Word Test (SCWT). Results There were statistical differences in MMSE (P = 0.000), time of TMT-A and TMT-B (P = 0.000, 0.000), time of SCWT-A, SCWT-B and SCWT-C (P = 0.000, 0.036, 0.000), and correct number of SCWT-A (P = 0.005) before and after ICA stenting. MMSE, time of TMT-A, TMT-B and SCWT-A at 3 and 6 months after stenting were shorter than before and one month after stenting (P < 0.05, for all), while time of SCWT-C was shorter than before stenting (P < 0.05, for all). Time of SCWT-B at 6 months after stenting was shorter than before stenting (P < 0.05, for all). Correct number of SCWT-A at 6 months after stenting was higher than before and 3 months after stenting (P < 0.05, for all), which at 3 monthes after stenting was lower than one month after stenting (P < 0.05, for all). Conclusions ICA stenting can help to improve the MCI patients with asymptomatic ICA stenosis. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2019.10.005

Abstract. Background:. Structured reports are not widely used and thus most reports exist in the form of free text. The process of data extraction by experts is time-consuming and error-prone, whereas data extraction by natural language processing (NLP) is a potential solution that could improve diagnosis efficiency and accuracy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an NLP program that determines American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) descriptors and final assessment categories from breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports. Methods:. This cross-sectional study involved 2330 breast MRI reports in the electronic medical record from 2009 to 2017. We used 1635 reports for the creation of a revised BI-RADS MRI lexicon and synonyms lists as well as the iterative development of an NLP system. The remaining 695 reports that were not used for developing the system were used as an independent test set for the final evaluation of the NLP system. The recall and precision of an NLP algorithm to detect the revised BI-RADS MRI descriptors and BI-RADS categories from the free-text reports were evaluated against a standard reference of manual human review. Results:. There was a high level of agreement between two manual reviewers, with a κ value of 0.95. For all breast imaging reports, the NLP algorithm demonstrated a recall of 78.5% and a precision of 86.1% for correct identification of the revised BI-RADS MRI descriptors and the BI-RADS categories. NLP generated the total results in

Objective To evaluate the imaging changes in patients with cerebral small vessel disease(cSVD) and the risk factors of Alzheimer's disease(AD). Methods Retrieve relevant retrospective case analysis and observational studies that about cSVD and the risk factors of AD from online database (January 1, 1980-April 1, 2019) as PubMed, EMBASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Library with key words: Alzheimer's disease, cerebral small vessel disease, white matter lesion, cerebral microbleeds, lacunar infarction. Selection of studies was performed according to pre⁃designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Newcastle⁃Ottawa Scale (NOS). All data were pooled by Stata 15.1 software for Meta⁃analysis. Results A total of 1452 articles were enrolled, from which 11 studies with NOS score≥5 were chosen after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 12882 patients were included. Meta⁃analysis showed that white matter lesion (RR=1.152,95%CI: 1.007-1.317; P=0.039) and cerebral microbleeds (RR=1.659, 95%CI: 1.085-2.537; P=0.019)increased the risk of AD;lacunar infarc did not increase the risk of AD(RR=1.298,95%CI:0.785-2.147; P=0.309). Conclusions The risk of Alzheimer's disease is increased in patients with white matter lesion and cerebral microbleeds. The cerebral small vessel disease may be involved in the occurrence of some Alzheimer's disease. When patients have the imaging changes of white matter lesion and cerebral microbleeds, should be paid on primary prevention of Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: This study used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of Tai Chi Chuan and general aerobic exercise on the topological parameters of brain functional networks, explored the advantages of Tai Chi Chuan for improving functional network plasticity and cognitive flexibility, and examined how changes in topological attributes of brain functional networks relate to cognitive flexibility.Methods: Thirty-six healthy adults were grouped into Tai Chi Chuan (Bafa Wubu of Tai Chi), general aerobic exercise (brisk walking), and control groups. All of the subjects underwent fMRI and behavioral assessment before and after the exercise intervention.Results: Tai Chi Chuan exercise significantly enhanced the clustering coefficient and local efficiency compared with general aerobic exercise. Regarding the nodal properties, Tai Chi Chuan significantly enhanced the nodal clustering coefficient of the bilateral olfactory cortex and left thalamus, significantly reduced the nodal clustering coefficient of the left inferior temporal gyrus, significantly improved the nodal efficiency of the right precuneus and bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, and significantly improved the nodal local efficiency of the left thalamus and right olfactory cortex. Furthermore, the behavioral performance results demonstrated that cognitive flexibility was enhanced by Tai Chi Chuan. The change in the nodal clustering coefficient in the left thalamus induced by Tai Chi Chuan was a significant predictor of cognitive flexibility.Conclusion: These findings demonstrated that Tai Chi Chuan could promote brain functional specialization. Brain functional specialization enhanced by Tai Chi Chuan exercise was a predictor of greater cognitive flexibility.

Objective To assess the benefits and risks of resumption of antiplatelet therapy in patients after intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) by Meta-analysis. Methods Retrieve relevant case-control studies or cohort studies from online databases (January 1, 1990-June 1, 2018) as PubMed, EMBASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Online Library with key words: intracranial hemorrhages, intracerebral hemorrhages, brain hemorrhages, antiplatelet, restart, resumption. Selection of studies was performed according to pre-designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). All data were pooled by RevMan 5.2 software for Meta-analysis. Results The research enrolled 4403 articles, from which 12 high-quality (NOS ≥ 6 scores) studies were chosen after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 4191 cases (1325 cases with resumption of antiplatelet therapy and 2866 cases without resumption of antiplatelet therapy) were included. Meta-analysis showed that comparing with non-resumption of antiplatelet therapy, resumption of antiplatelet therapy was effective in reducing the incidence of ischemic vascular events (RR = 0.700, 95% CI: 0.570-0.850; P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in the risk of ICH recurrence or hematoma expansion (RR = 0.830, 95%CI: 0.580-1.170; P = 0.290) and the incidence of vascular death (RR = 1.300, 95% CI: 0.920-1.840; P = 0.140) between patients with and without resumption of antiplatelet therapy. Conclusions Resumption of antiplatelet therapy in patients after primary ICH effectively reduced the risk of ischemic vascular events, without significant increase of risk of ICH recurrence or hematoma expansion and the occurrence of vascular death. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.11.005

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of rituximab (RTX) in the treatment of refractory myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods Retrieve relevant retrospective case analysis and observational studies that reported RTX therapy in patients with refractory MG from online databases (January 1, 2000-April 30, 2018) in PubMed, EMBASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Online Library with key words: rituximab, myasthenia gravis. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). All data were pooled by Stata 12.0 software for Meta-analysis. Results A total of 1772 articles were enrolled, and 10 retrospective case analysis and one observational study with 160 eligible participants taking RTX were finally included after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. Among 160 patients, 88 were tested positive for acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR- Ab+), 65 were tested positive for muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase antibody (MuSK-Ab+ ), and 7 were tested negative for two antibodies. Meta-analysis showed the overall effective rate of RTX treating refractory MG patients with serum AChR-Ab+ was 77% (95%CI: 0.642-0.899, P = 0.030); the overall effective rate of RTX treating refractory MG patients with serum MuSK-Ab+ was 73% (95%CI: 0.631-0.829, P = 0.048); RTX significantly reduced average daily dose of corticosteroids [before treatment 31.81 (20.00, 45.90) mg/d, after treatment 6.81 (3.44, 8.00) mg/d, decrement 21.70 (15.50, 42.46) mg/d; Z = 2.366, P = 0.018]; the main side effects of RTX were leukopenia, paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, infectious pneumonia, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), oral herpes zoster, et al. Conclusions Critical findings have been demonstrated in the evidence-based evaluation on efficacy and safety of RTX in the treatment of refractory MG. The effect of RTX on refractory MG is remarkable, and can significantly reduce the average daily dosage of corticosteroids. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.07.005

Objective To evaluate the safety of valproate (VPA) on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in children with epilepsy. Methods Retrieve relevant research from online databases (January 1, 1980-March 1, 2018) as PubMed, EBMASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Library with key words: epilepsy, bone, child. Selection of studies was performed according to pre-designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). All data were pooled by RevMan 5.2 software for Meta?analysis. Results The research enrolled 1455 articles, from which 13 studies with NOS score ≥ 6 were chosen after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 683 children with epilepsy using VPA and 436 children in control group were included. Meta-analysis showed that comparing with control group, bone mineral density of lumbar (BMDL) in children treated with VPA has no significant difference (MD = -0.019, 95% CI: -0.044-0.006; P = 0.140), but there was a significant decrease in bone mineral density of femur (BMDF; MD = - 0.037, 95%CI: -0.069- -0.005, P = 0.020). There was no significant change in serum calcium (SMD = -0.284, 95% CI: -0.951-0.382; P = 0.400), phosphorus (SMD = - 0.164, 95%CI: -0.457-0.129; P = 0.270), alkaline phosphatase (ALP; SMD = 0.363, 95%CI: -0.294-1.020, P = 0.280), parathyroid hormone (PTH; SMD = 0.102, 95%CI: -0.291-0.495, P = 0.610) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D; SMD = -0.104, 95%CI：-0.620-0.413, P = 0.690] in bone metabolic markers. Sensitivity analysis showed Meta-anlaysis of BMDF, serum phosphorus and 25(OH)D was unstable, therefore, it should be cautious when explaining the results. Conclusions VPA has less effect on bone mineral density and bone metabolism, but for children with epilepsy using VPA, their BMDF should be monitored. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2018.06.005

Objective To assess the risk factors of in-stent restenosis (ISR) for intracranial artery stenosis by Meta-analysis. Methods Retrieve relevant case-control studies or cohort studies from online databases (January 1, 1990-August 1, 2017) as PubMed, EBMASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Library with key words: intracranial artery, stent, restenosis, risk factors, predictors. Selection of studies was performed according to pre-designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). All data were pooled by RevMan 5.3 software for Meta-analysis. Results The research enrolled 305 articles, from which 16 high-quality (NOS score>=6) studies were chosen after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 1102 cases (ISR:N =245; non-ISR: N=857) were included. Meta-analysis showed that diabetes (OR=1.880, 95%CI:1.290-2.740; P=0.001), lesions stenosis length>10 mm (OR=3.550, 95%CI:1.160-10.850; P=0.030), anterior circulation lesions (OR=1.680, 95%CI:1.170-2.420; P=0.005), postoperative residual stenosis>=30% (OR=3.290, 95%CI:1.460-7.410; P=0.004) and bare metal stents (OR=4.290, 95%CI:1.130-16.260; P=0.030) increased the risk of ISR significantly. Conclusions Diabetes, lesions stenosis length>10 mm, anterior circulation lesions, postoperative residual stenosis>=30% and bare metal stents were risk factors of in-stent restenosis. Clinicians should avoid related risk factors and reduce the occurrence of in-stent restenosis.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation treatment for epilepsy with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). Methods The data were collected from the following words: sleep apnoea, obstructive sleep apnoea, OSA, obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome, OSAS, sleep apnoea syndromes, sleep-related breathing disorder, epilepsy, continuous positive airway pressure, CPAP. PubMed, EMBASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Library retrieval on randomized controlled clinical trials, clinical guidelines, systematic review (including Meta-analysis), case controlled studies and retrospective cohort studies of CPAP ventilation treatment of epilepsy with OSAS from January 1, 1980 to February 28, 2017. Jadad Scale, Cochrane System Evaluation Handbook and RevMan 5.3 software were used for quality assessment and Meta-analysis. Results A total of 1197 English literatures were obtained, and 17 English articles were included in the study, including one clinical guideline, one systematic review, one Meta-analysis, one randomized controlled clinical trial, 10 case controlled studies and 3 retrospective cohort studies. The results showed that: 1) CPAP ventilation treatment can decrease the seizure frequency or even emarge seizure free in epilepsy with OSAS. 2) CPAP ventilation treatment can reduce the seizure frequency of refractory epilepsy with OSAS. 3) CPAP ventilation treatment can reduce the seizure frequency of elderly epilepsy patients with OSAS. 4) Meta-analysis on three clinical studies (153 epilepsy and OSAS patients) with Jadad ≥ 4 scores showed cases with reduction seizure frequency > 50% in CPAP group were more than those in unused CPAP group (RR = 3.170, 95%CI: 1.650-6.090; P = 0.001). Conclusions CPAP ventilation treatment can reduce the seizure frequency of patients with epilepsy and OSAS. The effect of treatment depends on patients compliance. Sudden drug-withdrawl or pressure insuffiency may increase seizure frequency. This conclusion remains to be confirmed. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.10.005

Glucose is an essential energy source for both vertebrates and invertebrates. In mammals, glucose uptake is mediated primarily by glucose transporters (GLUTs), members of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS) of passive transporters. Among the GLUTs, GLUT4 is the main glucose transporter in muscles and adipocytes. In skeletal muscle cells, GLUT4 interacts with the lipid raft protein flotillin to transport glucose upon stimulation by insulin. Although several studies have examined GLUT4 function in mammals, few have been performed in crustaceans, which also use glucose as their main energy source. Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) is a multifunctional neurohormone found only in arthropods, and one of its roles is to regulate glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanism that underlies CHH regulation and whether GLUT4 is involved in its regulation in crustaceans remain unclear. In the present study, we identified a full-length GLUT4 cDNA sequence (defined herein as EsGLUT4) from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis and analyzed its tissue distribution and cellular localization. By the ForteBio Octet system, two large hydrophilic regions within EsGLUT4 were found to interact with the CHH binding protein (CHHBP), an E. sinensis flotillin-like protein. Interestingly, live-cell imaging indicated that EsGLUT4 and CHHBP responded simultaneously upon stimulation by CHH, resulting in glucose release. In contrast to insulin-dependent GLUT4, however, EsGLUT4 and CHHBP were present within cytoplasmic vesicles, both translocating to the plasma membrane upon CHH stimulation. In conclusion, our results provide new evidence for the involvement of EsGLUT4 and CHHBP in the regulation of glucose homeostasis in crustacean carbohydrate metabolism.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of antiplatelet agents in secondary prevention of patients with lacunar infarct (LACI). Methods Retrieve relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that reported antiplatelet therapy in patients with LACI from online databases (January 1, 1980-November 20, 2016) in PubMed, EMBASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Online Library with key words: stroke, lacunar infarction, platelet aggregation inhibitors, antiplatelet, randomized controlled trial. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Jadad Scale and Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. All data were pooled by RevMan 5.3 software for Meta-analysis. A network Meta-analysis was done by R software Gemtc and JAGS software. Results A total of 4068 articles were enrolled and 12 high - quality RCTs (Jadad ≥ 4 scores) with 24 969 eligible participants were finally included after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis showed single antiplatelet therapy was more effective than placebo in reducing ischemic stroke recurrence rate (RR = 0.480, 95%CI: 0.300-0.780; P = 0.003) and any stroke recurrence rate (RR = 0.780, 95%CI: 0.630-0.970; P = 0.030). The efficacy of single antiplatelet therapy was not significantly different from that of dual antiplatelet therapy (ischemic stroke recurrence rate: RR = 0.900, 95%CI: 0.760-1.050, P = 0.170; any stroke recurrence rate: RR = 0.910, 95%CI: 0.820-1.010, P = 0.070). Network Meta-analysis (four interventions including aspirin, placebo, cilostazol and ticlopidine) showed that cilostazol was associated with a significant reduction in recurrence of any stroke compared with aspirin (OR = 0.341, 95% CrI: 0.011-0.673) and placebo (OR = 0.615, 95% CrI: 0.191-1.042). Conclusions Single antiplatelet therapy could significantly reduce the recurrence of any stroke, especially ischemic stroke in patients with LACI. There is no evidence showing that dual antiplatelet therapy is probably better than single therapy. Cilostazol is better than aspirin in reducing any stroke recurrence in the treatment of LACI. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.03.004

The broad spectrum of intellectual disability (ID) patients’ clinical manifestations, the heterogeneity of ID genetic variation, and the diversity of the phenotypic variation represent major challenges for ID diagnosis. By exploiting a manually curated systematic phenotyping cohort of 3803 patients harboring ID, we identified 704 pathogenic genes, 3848 pathogenic sites, and 2075 standard phenotypes for underlying molecular perturbations and their phenotypic impact. We found the positive correlation between the number of phenotypes and that of patients that revealed their extreme heterogeneities, and the relative contribution of multiple determinants to the heterogeneity of ID phenotypes. Nevertheless, despite the extreme heterogeneity in phenotypes, the ID genes had a specific bias of mutation types, and the top 44 genes that ranked by the number of patients accounted for 39.9% of total patients. More interesting, enriched co-occurrent phenotypes and co-occurrent phenotype networks for each gene had the potential for prioritizing ID genes, further exhibited the convergences of ID phenotypes. Then we established a predictor called IDpred using machine learning methods for ID pathogenic genes prediction. Using10-fold cross-validation, our evaluation shows remarkable AUC values for IDpred (auc = 0.978), demonstrating the robustness and reliability of our tool. Besides, we built the most comprehensive database of ID phenotyped cohort to date: IDminer http://218.4.234.74:3100/IDminer/, which included the curated ID data and integrated IDpred tool for both clinical and experimental researchers. The IDminer serves as an important resource and user-friendly interface to help researchers investigate ID data, and provide important implications for the diagnosis and pathogenesis of developmental disorders of cognition.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) combined with drug therapy for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). Methods Retrieve relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from online databases (January 1, 1980-October 1, 2016) as PubMed, EBMASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Library with key words: subthalamic nucleus, deep brain stimulation, DBS, STN, Parkinson disease, random. Selection of studies was performed according to pre-designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Jadad Scale and Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. All data were pooled by RevMan 5.2 software for Meta-analysis. Results The research enrolled 3245 articles, from which 6 studies with Jadad score ≥ 4 were chosen after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 958 PD patients were included. Meta-analysis showed that comparing with best medical treatment (BMT), STN-DBS combined with drug therapy significantly reduced the scores of Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)Ⅲ in the "on" phase (SMD =-0.570, 95%CI: -0.710—0.430; P = 0.000) and in the "off" phase (SMD =-1.170, 95%CI: -1.500—0.850; P = 0.000), UPDRSⅠscore (SMD =-0.150, 95%CI: -0.290—0.010; P = 0.030), and 39-Item Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) score (SMD =-0.510, 95%CI: -0.660—0.370; P = 0.000). But it can increase the occurrence of severe adverse events (RD = 0.140, 95% CI:0.090-0.190; P = 0.000) and dysarthria (RD = 0.070, 95%CI: 0.010-0.120; P = 0.020), while decrease the occurrence of dyskinesia (RR = 0.450, 95% CI: 0.330-0.620; P = 0.000). Conclusions Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation combined with drug therapy could greatly improve motor function, mental status and quality of life of PD patients, however, clinicians should pay more attention to the increased risk of severe adverse events and dysarthria after operation. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2017.02.006

This study examined the effects of a 12-week mini-basketball training program (MBTP) on executive functions and core symptoms among preschoolers with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this quasi-experimental pilot study, 33 ASD preschoolers who received their conventional rehabilitation program were assigned to either a MBTP group (n = 18) or control group (n = 15). Specifically, the experimental group was required to take an additional 12-week MBTP (five days per week, one session per day, and forty minutes per session), while the control group was instructed to maintain their daily activities. Executive functions and core symptoms (social communication impairment and repetitive behavior) were evaluated by the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI), the Social Responsiveness Scale-Second Edition (SRS-2), and the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R), respectively. After the 12-week intervention period, the MBTP group exhibited significantly better performances in working memory (F = 7.51, p < 0.01, partial η2 = 0.195) and regulation (F = 4.23, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.12) as compared to the control group. Moreover, the MBTP significantly improved core symptoms of ASD preschoolers, including the social communication impairment (F = 6.02, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.020) and repetitive behavior (F = 5.79, p < 0.05, partial η2 = 0.016). Based on our findings, we concluded that the 12-week MBTP may improve executive functions and core symptoms in preschoolers with ASD, and we provide new evidence that regular physical exercise in the form of a MBTP is a promising alternative to treat ASD.

The right internal jugular vein (IJV) is an important access site for hemodialysis catheterization. Venous cannulation failure is usually caused by central venous stenosis and is rarely related to vessel malformation. We herein present a case of failure to place a tunneled hemodialysis catheter into the right IJV. The patient had an arteriovenous fistula in the right arm with inadequate flow and a history of multiple central venous catheterizations. The guidewire was repeatedly misplaced into the right subclavian vein (SV) regardless of the technique used. Computed tomography venography revealed that the inferior segment of the right IJV drained into the ipsilateral SV. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of catheterization failure due to abnormal drainage of the right IJV into the ipsilateral SV.

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of non-intravenous midazolam for treating status epilepticus (SE) in children. Methods Taking midazolam, status epilepticus and children both in Chinese and English as search terms, retrieve in databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP and Wanfang Data, assisted by manual searching and Google Scholar, in order to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about non-intravenous midazolam for treating SE in children from January 2000 to January 2015. Jadad Scale was used to evaluate the quality of literatures. Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. Results There were a total of 258 records after preliminary searching, and 6 RCTs involving 766 episodes were finally included after excluding duplicate ones and those which did not meet the inclusion criteria. The results were as follows: 1) midazolam via intranasal administration was as effective as intravenous diazepam in achieving seizure control in children (RD = -0.070, 95%CI: -0.200—0.060, P = 0.290). However, non-intravenous (intranasal or buccal) midazolam showed better effects on seizure control than rectal diazepam (RD = 0.170, 95% CI: 0.030—0.320; P = 0.020). 2) The mean time from arrival at hospital to cessation was not significantly different between intranasal midazolam and intravenous diazepam (SMD = -1.570, 95%CI: -3.280—0.140; P = 0.070). 3) There was no statistical difference between intranasal midazolam and intravenous diazepam for the time from giving drug to cessation (SMD = 0.240, 95%CI: -0.110—0.590; P = 0.170). 4) There was no statistical difference on the occurrence rate of adverse drug reactions between non-intravenous midazolam and intravenous or non-intravenous diazepam (RD = -0.010, 95% CI: -0.030—0.200; P = 0.500). Conclusions Non-intravenous midazolam is safe and effective in the treatment for status epilepticus in children. However, the conclusion still needs to be further vertified by more high-quality multi-center large-sample RCTs. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.02.004

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke with broadened therapeutic window (4.50-6.00 h). Methods Online databases, such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang data were searched from January 1980 to August 2015 with key words: acute ischemic stroke, thrombolytic therapy, beyond 4.5 hours. The included studies were evaluated according to Jadad Scale, and Meta-analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. Results There were 681 relevant records through preliminary searching, and 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were finally included, involving 2033 patients with acute ischemic stroke (1029 patients in rt-PA thrombolytic therapy and 1004 patients in placebo therapy), who were treated within 6 h from the onset of symptoms. Results of Meta-analysis showed there were no statistical differences between rt-PA group and placebo group on modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score (RR = 1.070, 95%CI: 0.940-1.220; P = 0.310), Barthel Index (BI) score (RR = 1.040, 95%CI: 0.940-1.160; P = 0.430) and mortality (RR = 1.260, 95%CI: 0.990-1.610; P = 0.060). However, the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rt-PA group was significantly higher than that in placebo group (RR = 1.550, 95% CI: 1.030-2.340; P = 0.030). Conclusions Thrombolytic therapy with rt-PA in broadened therapeutic window (4.50-6.00 h) is not effective for treating acute ischemic stroke, and the risk of ICH is increased with rt-PA treatment. However, this conclusion still needs to be verified with more high-quality, multi-center, large-sample RCTs. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.02.002

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intensive blood pressure control for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Methods Retrieve relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from online databases (January 1, 1980-September 30, 2015) as PubMed, EBMASE/SCOPUS and Cochrane Library with key words: intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH, blood pressure, intensive, and acute. Selection of studies was performed according to pre-designed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Quality of studies was evaluated by using Jadad Scale. All data were pooled by RevMan 5.3 software for Meta-analysis. Results The research enrolled 3322 articles, from which 4 articles with Jadad score ≥ 4 were chosen after excluding duplicates and those not meeting the inclusion criteria. A total of 3360 ICH patients were included. Meta-nalysis showed intensive blood pressure control did not decrease the incidence of hematoma enlargement > 1/3 from baseline to 24 h (RR = 0.910, 95%CI: 0.750-1.090; P = 0.310), neither associated with a favorable possibility on modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score ≤ 2 at 90 d of treatment (RR = 1.070, 95% CI: 0.990-1.150; P = 0.090). Intensive blood pressure control did not increase National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score significantly (RR = 0.950, 95%CI: 0.800-1.120; P = 0.530), nor increase the occurrence of adverse events in circulatory system (RR = 0.910, 95%CI: 0.610-1.370; P = 0.660) or severe hypotension (RR = 0.840, 95% CI: 0.370-1.940; P = 0.690). Conclusions Though intensive blood pressure control is unlikely to stop the enlargement of hematoma in a short term, it is likely to improve long-tem prognosis and reduce the rate of morbidity and mortality. Intensive blood pressure control is safe as it neither increase the symptoms of nervous system damage, nor the occurrence rate of circulatory system adverse events or severe hypotension. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6731.2016.01.004

This study examined the effects of an 11-week aerobic exercise intervention on executive function (EF) and white matter integrity (WMI). In total, 28 deaf children (aged 9–13 years) were randomly assigned to either an 11-week exercise intervention or the control group. All the children had behavioral assessment and diffusion tensor imaging prior to and following the exercise intervention. The behavioral performance results demonstrated that EF was enhanced by exercise. Relative to the control group, WMI of the exercise intervention group showed (1) lower fractional anisotropy (FA) in the pontine crossing tract (PCT) and right cingulum (hippocampus) (CH), genu of the corpus callosum (gCC), right inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP), left superior corona radiata (SCR), and left superior frontooccipital fasciculus (SFOF); (2) higher mean diffusivity (MD) in the gCC, right CH, right inferior frontooccipital fasciculus (IFOF), and left anterior limb of the internal capsule (ALIC); and (3) lower MD in the left ICP and left tapetum (TAP). Furthermore, the lower FA in gCC showed a significant negative correlation with improvement in behavioral performance, but the correlation was not significant after FDR correction. These results suggest that exercise can effectively improve deaf children’s EF and reshape the WMI in deaf children. The improved EF by exercise is not related to a reshaping of WMI, but more studies on the relationship between EF and WMI by exercise may be needed.

To decipher the relationship between the inhibited shoot growth and expression pattern of key enzymes in nitrogen metabolism under root restriction, the effects of root restriction on diurnal variation of expression of nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), glutamine synthetase (GS1-1, GS1-2, GS2) and glutamate synthase (Fd-GOGAT, NADH-GOGAT) genes and nitrogen levels were evaluated in two-year-old Jumeigui grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.×Vitis labrusca L.) when significant differences in shoot growth were observed between treatments at expansion stage (22 days after anthesis). Grapevines were planted in root-restricting pits as root restriction and in an unrestricted field as the control. Results showed that root restriction significantly reduced shoot growth, but promoted the growth of white roots and fibrous brown roots and improved the fruit quality. (NO3−+NO2−)-N concentration in all plant parts, NH4+-N concentration in white roots and total N concentration in leaves and brown roots were significantly reduced under root restriction. Gene expression analysis revealed that mRNA levels of genes related to the GS1/NADH-GOGAT pathway were lower in root-restricted than in control petioles, whereas genes involved in the GS2/Fd-GOGAT pathway were up-regulated under root restriction. Root restriction also resulted in down-regulation of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism in leaves, especially at 10:00, while transcript levels of all these genes were enhanced in root-restricted white and brown roots at most time points. This organ-dependent response contributed to the alteration in NO3− reduction and NH4+ assimilation under root restriction, leading to less NO3− transported from roots and then assimilated in root-restricted leaves. Therefore, this study implied that shoot growth inhibition in grapevines under root restriction is closely associated with down-regulation of gene expression in nitrogen metabolism in leaves.

Working memory lies at the core of cognitive function and plays a crucial role in children’s learning, reasoning, problem solving, and intellectual activity. Behavioral findings have suggested that acute aerobic exercise improves children’s working memory; however, there is still very little knowledge about whether a single session of aerobic exercise can alter working memory’s brain activation patterns, as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Therefore, we investigated the effect of acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on working memory and its brain activation patterns in preadolescent children, and further explored the neural basis of acute aerobic exercise on working memory in these children. We used a within-subjects design with a counterbalanced order. Nine healthy, right-handed children were scanned with a Siemens MAGNETOM Trio 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging scanner while they performed a working memory task (N-back task), following a baseline session and a 30-min, moderate-intensity exercise session. Compared with the baseline session, acute moderate-intensity aerobic exercise benefitted performance in the N-back task, increasing brain activities of bilateral parietal cortices, left hippocampus, and the bilateral cerebellum. These data extend the current knowledge by indicating that acute aerobic exercise enhances children’s working memory, and the neural basis may be related to changes in the working memory’s brain activation patterns elicited by acute aerobic exercise.

AIM: To evaluate macular thickness and macular volume changes in people with diabetes mellitus but no significant decrease of visual acuity.METHODS: A total of 87 eyes were collected in diabetic group. According to the international stage of diabetic retinopathy, these cases were divided into two subgroups: DR0 stage 54 eyes and DR1 stage 33 eyes. All the cases were received optical coherence tomography(OCT)scan in macular area; the scanning model is 512×128; recording macular average thickness and macular volume, and compared with healthy subjects.RESULTS: Macular average thickness and macular volume were higher in DR1 group than those in DR0 stage and control group, and differences were having statistical significance. But DR0 group and control group differences of the two indexes were not statistically significant.CONCLUSION: With the aggravation of diabetic retinopathy, the macular thickness tends to be thicken. Although without obvious visual loss, there have been slight morphological changes. Using OCT scan can find fundus changes earlier in patients with diabetes mellitus, and provide clinical basis for both early diagnosis and treatment.

XLN306 is a novel synthetic quinazoline derivative with potentially useful anticancer activity. In previous research, we showed that XLN306 is highly cytotoxic to many tumor cell lines. This paper reports an investigation of this cytotoxicity in a number of human carcinoma cell lines. The results show that human breast carcinoma MX-1 cells are extremely sensitive to XLN306 and that the cytotoxicity is due to dose- and time-dependent apoptosis as confirmed by DAPI stain and DNA fragmentation analysis. Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are involved in the apoptosis process. The findings indicate that XLN306 has apoptotic induction activity and may be useful for the management of various cancers, especially breast carcinoma.

The discovery of uncommon DNA structures and speculation about their potential functions in genes has brought attention to specific DNA structure recognition. G-quadruplexes are four-stranded nucleic acid structures formed by G-rich DNA (or RNA) sequences. G-rich sequences with a high potential to form G-quadruplexes have been found in many important genomic regions. Porphyrin derivatives with cationic side arm substituents are important G-quadruplex-binding ligands. For example, 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(N-methylpyridinium-4-yl)-21H,23H-porphyrin (TMPyP4), interacts strongly with G-quadruplexes, but has poor selectivity for G-quadruplex versus duplex DNA. To increase the G-quadruplex recognition specificity, a new cationic porphyrin derivative, 5,10,15,20-tetra-{4-[2-(1-methyl-1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl} porphyrin (TMPipEOPP), with large side arm substituents was synthesized, and the interactions between TMPipEOPP and different DNA structures were compared. The results show that G-quadruplexes cause large changes in the UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra of TMPipEOPP, but duplex and single-stranded DNAs do not, indicating that TMPipEOPP can be developed as a highly specific optical probe for discriminating G-quadruplex from duplex and single-stranded DNA. Visual discrimination is also possible. Job plot and Scatchard analysis suggest that a complicated binding interaction occurs between TMPipEOPP and G-quadruplexes. At a low [G-quadruplex]/[TMPipEOPP] ratio, one G-quadruplex binds two TMPipEOPP molecules by end-stacking and outside binding modes. At a high [G-quadruplex]/[TMPipEOPP] ratio, two G-quadruplexes bind to one TMPipEOPP molecule in a sandwich-like end-stacking mode.

The molecules of the title compound, C18H18N4, are linked by two different N—H...Npyridyl hydrogen bonds into a linear chain.