Search

Background & objectives: Following World Health Organization (WHO) plans for thirty-five malaria-endemic countries, Indonesia will eliminate malaria by 2030. As one of the Indonesian provinces, West Java targeted subnational malaria elimination in 2022. This article aims to describe malaria surveillance data and elimination programs, including weaknesses in sustaining the program. Methods: This study used secondary data from malaria surveillance information system regencies/cities’ case reports for 2019-2022 and achievement data of sub-national malaria elimination certification from each regency/city from 2014-2022. The data was confirmed from the evaluation study document, analysis of reported cases, and interviews. Results: Most cases were confirmed by microscopic examination (84.1% in 2021 and 94.4% in 2022) and rapid diagnostic tests (57% in 2019 and 58.1% in 2020). Malaria is more prevalent among men (93% in 2019, 95% in 2020, 96% in 2021, and 95.9% in 2022) and productive ages of 15–64 years (98.8% in 2019, 100% in 2020, 99.2% in 2021, and 98.8% in 2022), frequently occurs in the military (56.3% in 2019, 75.7% in 2020, 45.2% in 2021) and police (40.5% in 2022), often uses passive case detection for identifying cases (97.9% in 2019 and 2020, 95.2% in 2021, and 97.6% in 2022), and the majority undergo inpatient treatment (86.4% in 2019, 81.7% in 2021, and 82.6% in 2022). Most positive cases originated from imported cases, and last indigenous cases were still found in 2019. Plasmodium vivax dominated malaria cases and and relapses were high (55.0% in 2020, and 47.3% in 2022). Interpretation & conclusion: All regencies/cities have obtained sub-national malaria elimination certification in 2022. West Java has the potential to be verified for Java-Bali sub-national malaria elimination targeted in 2023, albeit cases of imported malaria still occur. It is imperative to address the issue of imported cases transitioning into locally transmitted cases (introduced) by effective coordination across all regencies/cities and inter-provincial efforts.

The prevalence of neglected tropical diseases, specifically those caused by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) and other parasites that infest the intestine as part of their life cycle, remains a problem in Indonesia. We assessed the effects of deworming programs and socioeconomic and ecological factors on the incidence rate of infections with STHs and other parasites in an urban area of the Bandung Regency. We recruited 361 children with stunted growth who met the inclusion criteria, and 48 of those children were at high risk of STH infection. The study was conducted between September 2020 and September 2021. We collected possible socioeconomic factors influencing the incidence rate of infections. We found the incidence rate of STH infections among the children with stunted growth to be 3.6%. We confirmed infections with Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium after a Ziehl-Nieelsen stool smear examination in two of the 48 children at risk of infection. We found 43.75% of the children had short stature and weight below the normal limits, while stunting and severe stunting were associated with Ascaris lumbricoides infection (44.70%, p = 0.035). Parents of children with stunted and severely stunted growth were more likely to have a low education level, lack knowledge about deworming program, and to be earning a low income. The mother's occupation had a particularly strong influence on the severity of the stunting (89.58%, p = 0.012). Our results show that deworming programs can affect the growth and development of children and that socioeconomic and ecological factors also play a role.

Dengue surveillance is an important activity to prevent dengue outbreaks. This activity becomes a significant challenge for the region with limited logistic capabilities. Developing a simple mathematical model to predict the possibility of dengue incidence provides a reliable early warning system. This study compared the correlation between vector (adult female Aedes aegypti) and arbovirus detection on a vector to dengue incidence, which generalized linear mixed models tested. The incidence of adult female Aedes aegypti and dengue fever cases were interpolated through third-power inverse distance weighting (IDW). A spatial correlation between female Aedes aegypti incidence and dengue incidence was obtained from polynomial regression. Collection sites were 16 villages in Bandung city, one of the significant dengue endemic areas in January–December 2017. A total of 8,402 mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Culex sp., with 17% belonging to Aedes aegypti as the subject of the dengue virus (DENV) infection test. Data analysis only showed a weak correlation between the numbers of adult female Aedes aegypti and dengue incidence. On the other hand, there is no correlation between positive dengue infection of vector and dengue incidence. This study highlights the importance of constant arbovirus surveillance and integrated surveillance methods on all possible dengue vectors to develop an early warning system for dengue incidence.

The burden of dengue has emerged as a serious public health issue due to its impact on morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Existing surveillance systems are inadequate to provide the necessary data for the prompt and efficient control of dengue. Passive surveillance of dengue cases may lead to underreporting and delayed mitigation responses. Improved dengue control program requires sensitive and proactive methods for early detection of dengue. We collected and reviewed existing research articles worldwide on detecting dengue virus in Aedes species larvae. Searches were conducted in PUBMED and Google Scholar, including all the studies published in English and Bahasa Indonesia. Twenty-nine studies were included in this review in terms of assay used, positivity rate, and dengue serotype detected. The presence of dengue virus in immature mosquitoes was mostly detected using reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) in pooled larvae. In one study, dengue virus was detected in larvae from laboratory-infected mosquitoes using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The positivity rate of dengue virus detection ranged from 0 to 50% in field-caught larvae. Although various methods can detect the dengue virus, further research encourages the use of low-cost and less laborious methods for active surveillance of dengue in larvae.

Background: Giardiasis is a protozoa infection caused by Giardia intestinalis, which commonly infects children, impairing children’s growth, development, and cognitive function. Standard diagnosis is carried out by microscopic examination of stool. This study aimed to evaluate coproantigen examination in stunted children compared to microscopic examination. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on stools collected from a survey among stunted children in Bandung in 2019. Stools were preserved in 10% formaldehyde and kept at -20oC until used. Direct microscopy examination with 2% lugol solution and coproantigen ELISA test using Giardia Cryptosporidium (combo test) coproantigen test kit were performed in Parasitology Laboratory Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia. Result: A total of 99 stools originated from stunted children aged 2-6 years. with boys predominant (52.5%). Microscopic examination showed that 12.1% (12/99) of the children were harboring intestinal parasites, such as the protozoa Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis spp, and Entamoeba coli (E. coli). Giardia was the primary infection (9.1%), of which single Giardia infection (n = 8) and mixed infection of Giardia and Blastocystis spp (n = 1). Interestingly, coproantigen examination resulted in 6 positive samples, and 4 samples agreed with the microscopy result. With a sensitivity of 44.4% and a specificity of 97.7%. The positive and negative predictive values were 66.7% and 94.7%, respectively. Conclusion: A moderate prevalence of Giardia in stunted children in Bandung regency has been observed. The combo coproantigen test method has high specificity and is suitable for use as a confirmation test to exclude Giardia infection.

Cell culture is an important tool in biological research. Most studies use 2D cell culture, but cells grown in 2D cell culture have drawbacks, including limited cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, which make it inaccurate to model conditions in vivo. Anticancer drug screening is an important research and development process for developing new drugs. As an experiment to mimic the cancer environment in vivo, several studies have been carried out on 3-dimensional (3D) cell cultures with added biomaterials. The use of hydrogel in 3D culture cells is currently developing. The type of hydrogel used might influence cell morphology, viability, and drug screening outcome. Therefore, this review discusses 3D cell culture research regarding the addition of biomaterials.

Ninety percent of malaria cases in Indonesia come from Papua, West Papua, and East Nusa Tenggara provinces. The country has declared a target of malaria elimination by 2030. Malaria elimination efforts have been performed through case finding, treatment, surveillance, and risk factor prevention and control. Personal protection is crucial in preventing and reducing the risk for malaria infection. This study aimed to assess the significance of personal protection against mosquitoes in eastern Indonesia. This was a cross-sectional study using the secondary data from a previous study of malaria in eastern Indonesia in 2013–2014. Data were collected using a questionnaires and direct observation and analyzed using the chi-square with α 0.05 and 95% CI. A total of 551 data were collected (180 positive vs 371 negative). The use of mosquito nets at night (p-value: 0.038; OR: 3.127) has a significant relationship with the incidence of malaria while the use of ventilation screen (p-value: 0.191; OR: 0.839), vector shelter (p-value: 0.493; OR: 0.852), and mosquito repellent (p-value: 0.564; OR: 1.585) did not have significant relationships to the incidence of malaria. Mass distribution of mosquito nets by the local governments can constitute one of the efforts to prevent and control malaria in South Central Timor District.

Among the most prevalent infections worldwide, Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) infection is the one that affects the poorest and most deprived populations. Data from the WHO shows that more than 1.5 billion people are affected by soil-transmitted helminth diseases globally. In 2010, it was estimated that 819.0 million, 464.6 million, and 438.9 million people around the world were infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms (Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus), respectively, with the Southeast Asia as the region with the highest prevalence of STH. Children’s awareness and knowledge of helminthiasis are essential to reduce the STH infection prevalence. Unfortunately, evaluation on children’s understanding of helminthiasis is still scarce. This study was intended to measure children's knowledge of STH infections and its prevention, especially prevention measures at home, in Bandung District, Indonesia. This study was conducted in March 2021 on 506 children who lived in 15 different subdistricts in Bandung District. Data were collected through a questionnaire that was used for face-to-face interviews with the children. All data were recorded in RedCap apps for further analysis. It was demonstrated in this study that children in Bandung District generally have low-to-medium knowledge on helminthiasis prevention, symptoms, and treatment (85%). Thus, there is an urgent need for an education program on helminthiasis to complement the deworming measures conducted by the local government.

Abstract Background Bandung, the fourth largest city in Indonesia and capital of West Java province, has been considered a major endemic area of dengue, and studies show that the incidence in this city could increase and spread rapidly. At the same time, estimation of incidence could be inaccurate due to a lack of reliable surveillance systems. To provide strategic information for the dengue control program in the face of limited capacity, this study used spatial pattern analysis of a possible outbreak of dengue cases, through the Geographic Information System (GIS). To further enhance the information needed for effective policymaking, we also analyzed the demographic pattern of dengue cases. Methods Monthly reports of dengue cases from January 2014 to December 2016 from 16 hospitals in Bandung were collected as the database, which consisted of address, sex, age, and code to anonymize the patients. The address was then transformed into geocoding and used to estimate the relative risk of a particular area’s developing a cluster of dengue cases. We used the kernel density estimation method to analyze the dynamics of change of dengue cases. Results The model showed that the spatial cluster of the relative risk of dengue incidence was relatively unchanged for 3 years. Dengue high-risk areas predominated in the southern and southeastern parts of Bandung, while low-risk areas were found mostly in its western and northeastern regions. The kernel density estimation showed strong cluster groups of dengue cases in the city. Conclusions This study demonstrated a strong pattern of reported cases related to specific demographic groups (males and children). Furthermore, spatial analysis using GIS also visualized the dynamic development of the aggregation of disease incidence (hotspots) for dengue cases in Bandung. These data may provide strategic information for the planning and design of dengue control programs.

Background: Recently, human papillomavirus (HPV) deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has been detected in urban wastewater, indicating that the virus can reach the sewer and, eventually, other water environments. This study aimed to develop a semi-quantitative assay for HPV DNA detection from environmental specimens using the PCR gel electrophoresis method. Method: This was an experimental descriptive qualitative study conducted from July to November 2019 in a standard molecular laboratory and non-laboratory administration room without air conditioner. Three brands of PCR reagents and different annealing temperatures were compared to identify the best condition for conventional PCR of plasmid DNA containing the HPV L1 gene. The semi-quantitative data were obtained from densitometry digital analysis using an imaging software. The optimized protocol was then applied on DNA serial dilutions to seek for the lower limit of detection (LLOD) value and the linear range of the assay. To evaluate the robustness of the assay, the protocol was further applied to spiked specimens of wastewater. Finally, several wastewater samples were tested for the presence of HPV DNA using this protocol. Results: A broad linear range and HPV L1 gene detection ability were observed with an LLOD of less than 2pg plasmid DNA in field condition. Although the assay successfully detected HPV DNA from several spiked wastewater samples, certain wastewater could interfere with the assay and gave false negative result. Conclusion: A semi-quantitative conventional PCR method to detect HPVDNA from environmental samples has been established and proven to be robust in field condition with non-optimum cold chain.

WHO declared the outbreak of COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, a pandemic in March 2020. More than 223 million cases and approximately 4.6 million deaths have been confirmed. Early diagnosis and immediate treatment became a priority during this pandemic. However, COVID-19 diagnostic testing resources are limited, especially early in the pandemic. Apart from being limited, the COVID-19 diagnostic tests using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) have encountered storage, transportation, and safety issues. These problems are mainly experienced by developing poor countries, countries in the equatorial region, and archipelagic countries. VITPAD® is a guanidine-based inactivation transport medium (ITM) formulated to maintain the RNA quality of SARS-CoV-2 during transportation without cold chains. This study, conducted from September 2020 to March 2021, performed clinical validation of VITPAD® by comparing its performance with a globally commercially available ITM from the NEST brand. Its stability at room temperature, safety, and resistance at high temperatures was also tested using RT-PCR analysis. VITPAD® can reduce the infectious nature of the specimen, preserve the SARS-CoV-2 for 18 days at an ambient temperature, and resist high temperatures (40°C for 3 hours). A guanidine-based transport medium, such as VITPAD®, is compatible and recommended for RT-PCR-based molecular diagnosis of COVID-19.

Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer types suffered by women in the world. In 2018, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) estimated number of cancer cases in Indonesia was 42.1 per 100000 females, while the death rate was 17 per 100000 females. These conditions are worrisome and call for serious handling. For this purpose, the effectiveness of patient treatment and life quality must be improved. Therefore, this study aims to improve the knowledge and skills of breast cancer early detection. The method used is health training through audio-visual devices and demonstration. Qualitative and quantitative analysis was carried out using paired t-test. The sampling data was acquired by purposive sampling method using a questionnaire. The result showed that first, majority of health cadres (97%) had less knowledge about BSE, before the training was carrying out. Second, lack of knowledge about BSE apparently did not prevent health cadres from doing BSE (28%). Third, BSE training improves the skills of health cadres with an average increase of 31%. Fourth, the training has also increased the knowledge of all cadres about BSE with an average increase of 29%. In addition, all cadres stated that they would disseminate their BSE knowledge and skills to their families and others. Kanker payudara merupakan salah satu jenis kanker yang paling banyak di derita oleh wanita di dunia. International Agency for Reseach on Cancer (IARC) pada tahun 2018 memperkirakan insiden kanker payudara di Indonesia sebesar 42.1 per 100 ribu wanita, sedangkan angka kematiannya sebesar 17 per 100 ribu penduduk. Situasi seperti ini sangat mengkhawatirkan dan perlu penanganan serius dari berbagai pihak. Dengan demikian penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan kader kesehatan dalam melakukan pemeriksaan payudara sendiri (SADARI). Metode yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan pelatihan melalui perangkat audio visual dan alat peraga. Analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif dilakukan menggunakan uji t-test berpasangan. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling dengan cara penetapan besar sampel berdasarkan jumlah kebutuhan minimal dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pertama, mayoritas kader kesehatan memiliki pengetahuan kurang tentang SADARI (97%). Kedua, pengetahuan yang kurang tentang SADARI rupanya tidak menghalangi kader kesehatan untuk melakukan SADARI (28%). Ketiga, pelatihan SADARI meningkatkan keterampilan kader kesehatan dengan rata-rata peningkatan 31%. Keempat, pelatihan SADARI juga meningkatkan pengetahuan kader dengan rata-rata peningkatan 29%. Disamping itu, semua kader menyatakan bahwa mereka akan menyebarkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan SADARI yang mereka miliki kepada keluarga dan orang lain

Despite many efforts to prevent dengue, vector control still promising specially through integrated vector management. This effort requires community participation. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the factors that are associated with the willingness of communities in high prevalence areas to participate in mosquito breeding eradication program. This study explored factors associated with the willingness of community members in Bandung to participate in the mosquito breeding eradication program initiated by Indonesian's government, called One House One Larvae Monitor. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried randomly at sub-district level in Bandung from January-November 2018. Interviews using a set of validated questionnaires were conducted to collect data on demography, socioeconomic status, knowledge, attitude and practice regarding implementation of the program. Among 210 participants, the proportion of low-to-middle knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) index is more prevalent. Yet, for attaining high-score on KAP, there are three main predictors observed; by being female, at least had attend undergraduate level of education, and being an entrepreneur. A good score in the attitude section does not necessarily translate to good score in the practice section. The results reflect the need for better tools for changing the behavior of society, and it should not be limited to enhancement of society’s knowledge.

(1) Background: This paper will present an elaboration of the risk assessment methodology by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), Eurac Research and United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) for the assessment of dengue. (2) Methods: We validate the risk assessment model by best-fitting it with the number of dengue cases per province using the least-square fitting method. Seven out of thirty-four provinces in Indonesia were chosen (North Sumatra, Jakarta Capital, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Bali and East Kalimantan). (3) Results: A risk assessment based on the number of dengue cases showed an increased risk in 2010, 2015 and 2016 in which the effects of El Nino and La Nina extreme climates occurred. North Sumatra, Bali, and West Java were more influenced by the vulnerability component, in line with their risk analysis that tends to be lower than the other provinces in 2010, 2015 and 2016 when El Nino and La Nina occurred. (4) Conclusion: Based on data from the last ten years, in Jakarta Capital, Central Java, East Java and East Kalimantan, dengue risks were mainly influenced by the climatic hazard component while North Sumatra, Bali and West Java were more influenced by the vulnerability component.

More than half of the areas in East Nusa Tenggara province, a province in the eastern part of Indonesia, are planned to be free from malaria by the end of 2030. However, one of the critical indicators for malaria elimination is still lacking, i.e. vectors’ environment and breeding place indicators. South Central Timor (SCT) District is one of the areas with the highest Annual Parasite Incidence (API) >2‰ with the majority of the population works as farmers. The purpose of this study was to capture the relationship between environmental factors and the prevalence of malaria. This study was a cross-sectional analytic retrospective study using data from a previous malaria study conducted in August 2013 to September 2014 in 5 sub-districts of SCT district. All respondents were selected using the systematic random sampling approach from the population of healthy people. Data were collected using a standard questionnaire and an observation environment form. Malaria was confirmed through microscopic and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) examinations. Data were then analyzed using the bivariate and multivariate analysis with 95% CI and α:0.05. Of 357 data collected, 35% (125/357) were malaria positive based on PCR examination. Two variables (living nearby lagoon and nearby rice field) were significant (p-value

Nyamuk memiliki peran penting sebagai vektor penyakit menular seperti demam berdarah dengue, malaria, filariasis, demam kuning, dan chikungunya sehingga keberadaan nyamuk perlu dikontrol. Pengawasan tempat perindukan nyamuk akan membantu pihak berwenang untuk merancang pengendalian kepadatan nyamuk. Pertumbuhan larva nyamuk dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lingkungan seperti suhu air, kelembapan udara, dan pH air. Kondisi tersebut dapat bervariasi karena perbedaan geografis, variasi musiman, atau bahkan perubahan iklim.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kontainer potensial dan kondisi lingkungannya sebagai tempat perindukan nyamuk di Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor. Penelitian deskriptif dilakukan dengan mengamati larva nyamuk dalam wadah air baik di dalam maupun di luar gedung fakultas. Kondisi lingkungan (pH, suhu dan kelembapan) diukur dan dicatat selama pengamatan untuk setiap kontainer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 582 kontainer yang diteliti terdapat 72 (12,4%) positif larva nyamuk. Kontainer yang paling potensial di dalam bangunan adalah ember, sedangkan di luar bangunan adalah bambu Aedes sp. Mendominasi penemuan larva di lapangan. Suhu air rerata yang diperoleh adalah 24,3oC, kelembapan 66,7% dan pH 8,1. Kondisi suhu dan pH sesuai dengan kondisi optimum perkembangan larva pada umumnya. Sementara tingkat kelembapan yang lebih rendah (kelembapan 81,6–89,5%) masih mampu membuat larva nyamuk tumbuh dengan baik di Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor. Kata kunci: Kelembapan, larva nyamuk, pH, suhu air, Universitas Padjadjaran

Masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia yang umum terjadi dalam beberapa tahun terakhir adalah penyakit demam berdarah dengue (DBD) yang ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk Aedes spp. Salah satu daerah endemis DBD adalah Kecamatan Jatinangor, kasus DBD tertinggi terjadi di Desa Cibeusi dan kasus terendah di Desa Cikeruh pada tahun 2014. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan potong lintang (cross sectional) dilaksanakan dari bulan September hingga November 2016. Teknik pengambilan sampel diambil secara sengaja (purposive sampling) dari dalam rumah di Desa Cibeusi dan Cikeruh. Setiap desa dipasang 10 perangkap nyamuk untuk 10 rumah meliputi luas wilayah 100×100 m2. Evaluasi hasil tangkapan dilakukan setiap 3 hari untuk setiap minggu selama 3 bulan. Data yang dicari adalah perbedaan jumlah nyamuk rata-rata dan upaya pengendalian Aedes aegypti di kedua desa. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji t tidak berpasangan. Pada equal variance assumed, Sig. (2-tailed) sebesar 0,711 (p

Demam berdarah dengue (DBD) di Indonesia menurut data Kemenkes telah menjadi masalah kesehatan selama 45 tahun terakhir, sejak tahun 1968 sampai saat ini. Pada tahun 1973 dan 1983 progresivitasnya meningkat hingga lebih dari 50% kabupaten/kota telah terjangkit kasus DBD. Kabupaten Sumedang sendiri memiliki insidensi 63,75 per 1.000 penduduk dengan jumlah kasus DBD sekitar 715 kasus pada tahun 2012. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi persebaran nyamuk berdasarkan ketinggian gedung menggunakan media ovitrap dan mosquitoes light trap pada tujuh gedung bertingkat di kawasan kampus Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor yang memiliki ketinggian hingga level empat (9,1–12,0 m). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Mei–Juni 2017. Semua ovitrap diletakkan pada lokasi yang berpotensi sebagai breeding site di dalam ruangan selama satu minggu, tiap-tiap lantai terdapat tiga ovitrap dengan jarak antar ovitrap 1,5 m. Perangkap nyamuk diletakkan pada setiap sudut ruangan yang memiliki sumber arus listrik selama 24 jam dan pengumpulan sampel dilakukan dalam kurun waktu tiga hari berikutnya. Semua sampel kemudian diidentifikasi di Laboratorium Parasitologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor. Culex spp dan Aedes spp genus nyamuk yang dapat ditemukan pada gedung bertingkat di kawasan kampus Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor dengan jumlah terbanyak adalah Culex spp, sedangkan Aedes spp ditemukan dapat bertelur hingga tingkat tiga pada pemukiman yang padat. Kata kunci: Gedung bertingkat, genus, light trap, nyamuk, ovitrap Detection of Mosquito Presence based on Building Elevation in Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor According to the Ministry of Health (KMoH), Dengue­ Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has been a big problem in Indonesia since 1968. In 1973 and 1983, the progressivity of DHF has increased. DHF cases have spread to more than 50% of districts/cities. Sumedang District has an incidence rate of 63.75 per 1,000 residents with the number of dengue cases of 715 in 2012. The purpose of this study was to evaluate of the presence of mosquito based on building elevation using ovitraps and mosquito light traps. A survey was conducted in seven locations with four different elevations (9.1–12.0 m) in Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor campus during the period of May to June 2017. All ovitraps were each placed in a potential location for mosquito breeding site for one week. For each elevation, in this case, each floor, three ovitraps were placed with a distance 1.5 m from each other. Modified mosquito light trap was turned on for 24 hours and sample collection was performed after three days. All samples were brought to the Parasitology Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjajaran for identification. This study showed that two genera of mosquitoes were identified i.e. Culex spp and Aedes spp with Culex spp as the most frequently found genera. The eggs of Aedes spp can be found up to the third floor in dense settlements. Key words: Genera, high level building, light trap, mosquito, ovitrap

Abstract Sumedang regency reported being one of dengue endemic areas in West Java. The number of dengue fever patients in Sumedang District General Hospital increased in the last quarter of 2015. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) is one of most significant areas in Jatinangor Sumedang where many people are doing their activity day and night. The purpose of the study was to identify what types of mosquito genera exist in Unpad campus according to the time and location. A field survey was conducted at 22 locations in Unpad campus using modified electric light trap placed indoor and outdoor at each site from September to November 2016. The modified electrical trap was turned on for 24 hours, and samples collected every 12 hours. Mosquitoes trapped were put into the plastic cup, labeled according to time collected, and brought to Parasitology Laboratory of Unpad for identification. The study result identified four types of mosquito genera which were Culex spp. (405), Armigeres spp. (70), Aedes spp. (33), and Anopheles spp. (10). Prevention toward potential breeding sites and protection using window net should be considered to reduce the risk of vector-borne diseases. In conclusion, Aedes spp. is the most active mosquito during the day while Culex spp. and Armigeres spp. are the most active mosquito during the night. Abstrak Kabupaten Sumedang dilaporkan sebagai salah satu daerah endemik demam berdarah di Jawa Barat. Jumlah pasien demam berdarah yang datang ke Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Sumedang meningkat dalam tiga bulan terakhir pada tahun 2015. Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) merupakan salah satu wilayah yang terluas di Jatinangor Sumedang sebagai tempat banyak orang melakukan aktivitas pada siang dan malam hari. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengidentifikasi jenis genera nyamuk yang ada di kampus Unpad Jatinangor berdasar atas waktu dan lokasi. Survei lapangan dilakukan pada 22 lokasi di kampus Unpad Jatinangor pada bulan September–November 2016 menggunakan perangkap nyamuk cahaya yang dimodifikasi. Perangkap nyamuk ditempatkan di dalam dan luar ruangan untuk setiap lokasi. Perangkap nyamuk dipasang selama 24 jam, kemudian nyamuk dikumpulkan setiap 12 jam. Nyamuk yang terperangkap dikumpulkan dan dimasukkan ke dalam cangkir plastik, diberi label sesuai dengan waktu pengambilan, kemudian dibawa ke Laboratorium Parasitologi Unpad untuk diidentifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 4 genera nyamuk ditemukan di kampus Unpad Jatinangor, yaitu Culex spp. (405), Armigeres spp. (70), Aedes spp. (33), dan Anopheles spp. (10). Pencegahan pada tempat yang berpotensi menjadi sarang nyamuk dan perlindungan menggunakan kawat nyamuk pada jendela harus dipertimbangkan untuk menurunkan risiko penyakit tular vektor. Simpulan penelitian ini, Aedes spp. merupakan nyamuk yang paling aktif pada siang hari serta Culex spp. dan Armigeres spp. yang paling aktif pada malam hari.

In 2014, Bandung has the highest number of Dengue Fever cases of 27 districts and cities in West Java. Dengue Fever control efforts have been implemented for several decades. One of the efforts is the eradication of the vector breeding site with community participation. The aim of this study was to assess community participation by identifying Aedes aegypti’s breeding sites, both indoor and outdoor, in Bandung area. Sampling was conducted on houses in 16 villages throughout Bandung area. The sampling points were selected according to the Dengue Fever event number, population density, height, and socio-economic status. The total sample points were 1983 houses. Larvae from sample points were collected from various water containments, both natural and manmade, around the settlement. The larvae samples were then brought to the laboratory to be identified and counted. Results indicated the dominant breeding sites were bathtub (50%), gutter (24%), and dispenser (15%). Entomological survey resulted in 24% HI, 12% CI, and 36% BI. This indicates the lack of community participation in preventing DF by eradicating vector’s breeding sites and Bandung is still potential for DF outbreak.

Introduction: Dengue is one of the most common arthropodborne viral disease in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The disease is a burden in terms of morbidity, mortality and economic aspect. There is no specific drug for dengue infection yet and the availability of a vaccine is limited in most of the Indonesia’s endemic areas. In endemic areas, most of dengue fever cases clinically resemble other diseases such as malaria, typhus, or just flu-like syndrome. Early verification of suspected dengue outbreaks is very important, allowing better public health response that leads to a proper clinical care. Unfortunately, the use of dengue Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs) is still rare at first level of the health care provider in Indonesia, where the country has the policy of a gradual health service supported by the National Health Insurance (NHI). Aim: The study measured the usefulness of dengue RDT at the Primary Health Centre (PHC) in endemic areas. Materials and Methods: DENV NS1 antigen test kit (NS1 RDT) was used to detect dengue fever for all acute fever patients at three sites of PHC which had high dengue case history. Dengue fever 2017 report was used as comparative data for the analysis. The collected data were analysed using an independent t-test. Results: A total of 237 blood samples from patients with acute fever were collected from Sukajadi, Neglasari and Padasuka PHC. Fifty-one samples out of 237 (21.5%) were positive with the DENV NS1 antigen test. The number of reported dengue case before and after the implementation of DENV NS1 antigen test increased significantly (p

The vector-borne disease is a disease caused by an organism that can transmit disease between human or animal to human. In Indonesia, several vector-borne diseases are a burden of the government including dengue fever, chikungunya, filariasis, and malaria. The attractive baited lethal ovitrap (ALOT) is a novel strategy to alleviate mosquito populations in three main actions: attraction, an adulticide, and larvacide. Research using plant infusion can attract mosquitoes to lay their eggs is needed. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of the mosquito repellent solution using materials from organic waste in Bandung. This study was a quantitative analytic study with a quasi-experimental design conducted in the Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran area in October 2016–July 2017. Research subjects are mosquito eggs in a solution which placed at 25 different places for every solution. The analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Dunn test. The result of the Kruskal-Wallis test indicates the difference of effectiveness of each solution (p

Background: The prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthes infection in Indonesia is still high, especially in children aged 3 to 8 years old. Helminthes infection cause loss of nutrition, delay physical development, intelligence, and labor productivity and decrease immunity. Mothers’ characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice are some of the factors that influence the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children. This study was aimed to find the association between mothers’ characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice and the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children. Methods: The study was conducted at Jatinangor Cohort’s research center from August to September 2014 using cross sectional analysis. One hundred and forty five secondary data were collected using validated questionnaire that filled by mothers and results of feces on children were tested. The amount of data excluded due to incomplete was 8, the data utilized was then analyzed by Chi Square evaluation. Results: Mothers’ characteristics such as age (P = 0.611), education (P = 0.952), occupation (P = 0.876), income (P = 0.199), and knowledge (P = 0.424; OR = 1.333), attitude (P = 0.236; OR = 0.808), practice (P = 0.333; OR = 4.625) did not have a significant association with the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children. Conclusions: Characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practice of the mothers towards the intestinal helminthes infection do not associate with the occurrence of intestinal helminthes infection on children.

Background: Ascariasis is one of the most frequent helminthias is that occurred in school-age children. Commonly, severe intensity of infection will seriously affect the nutritional and anemic status of the students. The aim of this study was to determine the association of ascariasis with nutritional and anemic status in early school-age students. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on the secondary data from Jatinangor Cohort. The secondary data of 74 students who met the criteria were included in this study. Data collection was conducted in the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics from August to September 2014. The data obtained was analyzed based on the characteristics of the students regarding gender, age, class, parents’ education, ascariasis, nutritional and anemic status. Then, the data were further analyzed to determine the association of ascariasis with nutritional and anemic status of the students using the chi square test or Fisher test if the requirement was not fulfilled. Results: Sixteen (22%) students were having Ascaris lumbricoides infection, six (8.1%) students were thin and seventeen (23%) students were anemic. There was no statistically significant association found of Ascaris lumbricoides infection with nutritional and anemic status in early school-age students (P value

Munculnya kembali demam berdarah sebagai masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama menunjukkan sulitnya mempertahankan kelangsungan program pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyakit ini. Pengetahuan yang memadai mengenai demam berdarah dengue (DBD) dan metode untuk mencegahnya harus dapat dimengerti oleh masyarakat sebelum mereka mau berpartisipasi aktif. Penelitian ini bertujuan menggambarkan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi DBD berdasar atas peran serta masyarakat, sanitasi dasar, dan program pencegahan dan pemberantasan demam berdarah dengue Penelitian ini adalah survei pada 2.035 rumah tangga di 12 kecamatan dan 16 kelurahan di Kota Bandung pada bulan Mei – Juni 2015 yang dilakukan dengan metode stratified random sampling. Kuesioner digunakan untuk mengetahui karakteristik, pengetahuan mengenai DBD, pengalaman, persepsi risiko dan sikap dalam kejadian DBD, program DBD yang tersedia, serta fasilitas sanitasi dasar. Analisis data menggunakan partial least square (PLS). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa DBD dipengaruhi oleh keberadaan tempat perindukan nyamuk, fasilitas sanitasi dasar terutama sistem pembuangan air limbah (SPAL), Program DBD serta peran serta masyarakat terutama mengenai pengetahuan. Upaya paling efektif untuk mengurangi tempat perindukan ini adalah dengan menyediakan sarana sanitasi dasar yang dapat diakses oleh seluruh masyarakat serta upaya pemberantasan sarang nyamuk PSN yang sebaiknya dilakukan secara serentak.

Background: Diarrhea is one of the main public health problems occurring in West Java. One of the affected areas is Subdistrict Jatinangor. Inappropriate management of sanitation facilities around Jatinangor area causes contamination of water. Cikeruh River is one of the water sources in Jatinangor Area, from which people obtain water for daily activities. Water borne illness due to poor sanitation condition can lead to parasitic infection such as Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum which can cause a prolonged diarrhea. There has not been any study done regarding the presence of parasitical infection causing diarrhea around Jatinangor. Methods: In order to identify the parasitic infection, a descriptive study was carried out on 16 fecal samples collected from diarrheal patient who visited Puskesmas Jatinangor from September–November 2012. The parasites were checked by using wet mount method Results: The parasites found were Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, but none of Giardia lamblia. There were also other findings such as Iodamoeba butschlii and Entamoeba coli. Conclusion: Positive findings of Entamoeba histolytica and Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrhea patients is most probably due to contaminated water and food. Measures need to be done to improve sanitary condition in Cikeruh River to prevent diarrhea.

Demam dengue (DD) merupakan penyakit endemis di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Kasus DD di Kota Bandung mencapai angka tertinggi di antara kota lain di Jawa Barat, yaitu sebesar 1.180 kasus. Belum ditemukan obat yang tepat dalam menangani infeksi ini. Walaupun sudah ditemukan vaksin, namun penggunaan vaksin ini masih terbatas pada usia dan kalangan tertentu. Dengan demikian, pengendalian vektor baik secara kimiawi maupun biologis, masih menjadi prioritas. Salah satu agen biologis untuk mengendalikan populasi larva nyamuk adalah Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Penelitian dilakukan selama bulan Januari–Desember 2015. Penelitian ini merupakan suatu eksperimen dengan rancangan faktorial yang bertujuan mendapatkan isolat Bt dari tanah di berbagai ketinggian di Kota Bandung. Sampel tanah diambil dari ketinggian 600 m, 800 m, serta 1000 m dan setiap ketinggian diambil 3 lokasi dengan metode acak. Bt diisolasi dengan medium selektif. Isolat bakteri yang diperoleh kemudian diidentifikasi dengan pewarnaan gram, pengamatan endospora subterminal, uji fermentasi glukosa, sitrat, indol, dan manitol. Kelimpahan Bt di tiap ketinggian dihitung menggunakan Bt index. Hasil identifikasi mendeteksi terdapat 3 isolat yang menunjukkan kemiripan dengan Bt, yaitu isolat STBD.2.02, CBRM.3.01, dan KOPO.3.02. Nilai Bt index menunjukkan kelimpahan Bt di ketinggian 800 m lebih tinggi dibanding dengan ketinggian yang lain.