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SUMMARY: Maize plastid terminal oxidase1 (ZmPTOX1) plays a pivotal role in seed development by upholding redox balance within seed plastids. This study focuses on characterizing the white kernel mutant 3735 (wk3735) mutant, which yields pale‐yellow seeds characterized by heightened protein but reduced carotenoid levels, along with delayed germination compared to wild‐type (WT) seeds. We successfully cloned and identified the target gene ZmPTOX1, responsible for encoding maize PTOX—a versatile plastoquinol oxidase and redox sensor located in plastid membranes. While PTOX's established role involves regulating redox states and participating in carotenoid metabolism in Arabidopsis leaves and tomato fruits, our investigation marks the first exploration of its function in storage organs lacking a photosynthetic system. Through our research, we validated the existence of plastid‐localized ZmPTOX1, existing as a homomultimer, and established its interaction with ferredoxin‐NADP+ oxidoreductase 1 (ZmFNR1), a crucial component of the electron transport chain (ETC). This interaction contributes to the maintenance of redox equilibrium within plastids. Our findings indicate a propensity for excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in wk3735 seeds. Beyond its known role in carotenoids' antioxidant properties, ZmPTOX1 also impacts ROS homeostasis owing to its oxidizing function. Altogether, our results underscore the critical involvement of ZmPTOX1 in governing seed development and germination by preserving redox balance within the seed plastids. Significance Statement: Aside from its established role as a vital regulator of redox states and its involvement in carotenoid metabolism, as observed in Arabidopsis leaves and tomato fruits, this study marks the inaugural exploration into PTOX's function within storage organs lacking a photosynthetic system. Our findings elucidate how ZmPTOX1 significantly impacts protein and starch accumulation in seeds, along with the pace of seed germination. Moreover, it actively maintains redox equilibrium across various stages of seed development and germination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Cross-education (CE) refers to neuromuscular gains in the untrained limb upon contralateral limb training. To date, only laboratory-based exercise programs have demonstrated CE. Home-based exercise prescription eliciting CE could have greater clinical applicability. Objective: To determine the effect of an 8-week, home-based unilateral strength training intervention on isokinetic muscle strength, muscular excitation, and power in trained and untrained plantar flexors. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty-four healthy participants were randomized to intervention (n = 20) or control (n = 14). The intervention group completed 3 sets of 12 repetitions of progressively loaded unilateral calf raises 3 days per week. Concentric and eccentric peak torque were measured using isokinetic dynamometry at 30°/s and 120°/s. Maximal electromyogram amplitude was simultaneously measured. Power was measured using a jump mat. All variables were measured at preintervention, midintervention, and postintervention. Results: Strength significantly increased bilaterally pre–post at both velocities concentrically and eccentrically in intervention group participants. Maximal electromyogram amplitude significantly increased pre–post bilaterally at both velocities in the medial gastrocnemii of the intervention group. Power significantly increased bilaterally pre–post in the intervention group, with a dose–response effect demonstrated in the untrained plantar flexors. The CE effects of strength, power, and electromyogram activation were 23.4%, 14.6%, and 25.3%, respectively. All control group values were unchanged pre–post. Conclusion: This study shows that a simple at-home unilateral plantar flexor exercise protocol induces significant increases in contralateral strength, muscular excitation, and power. These results suggest the applicability of CE in home rehabilitation programs aiming to restore or maintain neuromuscular function in inactive individuals or immobilized ankles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifarious novel photocatalysts based on hybrid nanocomposites have been developed to boost photocatalytic efficiency. However, the photocatalytic property of hybrid nanocomposites is still bound by inferior thermal stability, tardive charge motion kinetics and few active sites. In this work, a convenient and facile cation exchange approach was conceptually provided for fabricating a well-designed and robust P–N heterojunction based on Mn–Zn–S–ethylenediamine hybrid nanocomposite. Such hybrids take ZnS–ethylenediamine as the skeleton, and the Mn2+ cations are superseded and inserted into the interlayer of ZnS through the cation exchange approach, thus forming the Mn–Zn–S–ethylenediamine hybrid nanocomposite. Hence, as-synthesized ZnS–Mn1.0 had a significantly promoted photoactivity for reducing p-nitroaniline (94.5%) and p-nitrotoluene (88.6%) to the corresponding amino derivatives, besides oxidizing phenol (94.6%) under simulated solar irradiation. Meanwhile, PEC measurements illustrated that the interface created by this cation exchange approach was beneficial to promoting the motion behavior and prolonging the lifetime of photo-generated charges. Through this work we hope to offer an emerging strategy to finely design and fabricate all hybrid nanocomposite-based heterostructured photocatalysts for enhancing solar-to-chemical energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under complex field conditions, robust and efficient boll detection at maturity is an important tool for pre-harvest strategy and yield prediction. To achieve automatic detection and counting of long-staple cotton in a natural environment, this paper proposes an improved algorithm incorporating deformable convolution and attention mechanism, called YOLO-C, based on YOLOv7: (1) To capture more detailed and localized features in the image, part of the 3 × 3 convolution in the ELAN layer of the backbone is replaced by deformable convolution to improve the expressiveness and accuracy of the model. (2) To suppress irrelevant information, three SENet modules are introduced after the backbone to improve the ability of feature maps to express information, and CBAM and CA are introduced for comparison experiments. (3) A WIoU loss function based on a dynamic non-monotonic focusing mechanism is established to reduce the harmful gradients generated by low-quality examples on the original loss function and improve the model performance. During the model evaluation, the model is compared with other YOLO series and mainstream detection algorithms, and the model mAP@0.5 achieves 97.19%, which is 1.6% better than the YOLOv7 algorithm. In the model testing session, the root mean square error and coefficient of determination ( R 2 ) of YOLO-C are 1.88 and 0.96, respectively, indicating that YOLO-C has higher robustness and reliability for boll target detection in complex environments and can provide an effective method for yield prediction of long-staple cotton at maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article challenges the notion that cover crops are effective in increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. The authors argue that the study's validity is questionable due to the exclusion of relevant published experimental data that show clear positive effects of cover crops on SOC stocks. They also criticize the authors for not following international standards for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The article concludes that doubts about the positive effects of cover crops on SOC are unjustified and criticizes the authors' opinions on the relevance of policies and public subsidies. [Extracted from the article]

Synthesis of y-SiQDs and their application to image H 2 S in cells and onion tissue. [Display omitted] Yellow fluorescent silicon quantum dots (y-SiQDs) with 22.2% fluorescence quantum yield were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method using 3-glycidoxypropyl triethoxysilane (GOTS) and m-aminophenol. The excitation wavelength is 550 nm with an emission wavelength of 574 nm, which effectively avoids the interference of biological autofluorescence. Notably, the synthesis approach does not require any post-modification and the y-SiQDs can be directly used for hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) quantification due to static quenching. It exhibits high sensitivity and excellent selectivity for H 2 S with a 0.2-10 μM (R2 = 0.9953) linear range and detection limit of 54 nM. y-SiQDs have excellent stability and biocompatibility and can be used for H 2 S imaging in living cells and onion tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the efficacy and safety of posterior atlantoaxial fusion (AAF) with C1-2 pedicle screw fixation for atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) in pediatric patients with mucopolysaccharidosis IVA (MPS IVA). This study included 21 pediatric patients with MPS IVA who underwent posterior AAF with C1-2 pedicle screw fixation. Anatomical parameters of the C1 and C2 pedicle were measured on preoperative computed tomography (CT). The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale was used to evaluate the neurological status. The fusion and accuracy of pedicle screw was assessed on postoperative CT. Demographic, radiation dose, bone density, surgical, and clinical data were recorded. Patients reviewed included 21 patients younger than 16 years with an average age of 7.4 ± 4.2 years and an average of 20.9 ± 7.7 months follow-up. Fixation of 83 C1 and C2 pedicle screws was performed successfully and 96.3% of them were identified as being safe. One patient developed postoperative transient disturbance of consciousness and one developed fetal airway obstruction and died about 1 month after the surgery. Out of the remaining20 patients, fusion was achieved, symptoms were improved, and no other serious surgical complications were observed at the latest follow-up. Posterior AAF with C1-2 pedicle screw fixation is effective and safe for AAD in pediatric patients with MPS IVA. However, the procedure is technically demanding and should be performed by experienced surgeons with strict multidisciplinary consultations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variation of trap states and the involving kinetics on the Ag‐TiO2 interfaces after the adsorption of reactant molecules were explored with the help of the combination of spectroscopic, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical methods by using para‐aminothiophenol (PATP) as a probe molecule. The results of photoluminescence spectroscopy and chronoamperometry revealed the distribution of trap states of Ag‐TiO2 heterostructures and the influence of PATP's adsorption. Kinetic measurements of open‐circuit photovoltage showed that the adsorption of PATP affects not only the electron lifetime (τn) but also the recombination mechanism of charge‐carrier on Ag‐TiO2 heterostructures. The analysis of the obtained effective recombination orders indicated that the charge‐carrier recombination on the Ag‐TiO2 electrode followed second‐order kinetics, while the one of the Ag‐TiO2/PATP electrode evolved from first‐order kinetics at first (at higher Voc) to second‐order kinetics (at lower Voc). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, intelligent robots have facilitated intelligent production, and a new type of problem (personnel–robot-position matching (PRPM)) has been encountered in personnel–position matching (PPM). In this study, a dynamic three-sided matching model is proposed to solve the PRPM problem in an intelligent production line based on man–machine collaboration. The first issue considered is setting the dynamic reference point, which is addressed in the information evaluation phase by proposing a method for setting the dynamic reference point based on the prospect theory. Another important issue involves multistage preference information integration, wherein a probability density function and a value function are introduced. Considering the attenuation of preference information in a time series, the attenuation index model is introduced to calculate the satisfaction matrix. Furthermore, a dynamic three-sided matching model is established. Additionally, a multi-objective decision-making model is established to optimize the matching of multiple sides (personnel, intelligent robots, and positions). Subsequently, the model is transformed into a single objective model using the triangular balance principle, which is introduced to obtain the final optimisation results in this modelling process. A case study is presented to illustrate the practicality of the dynamic three-sided matching model in intelligent environments. The results indicate that this model can solve the PRPM problem in an intelligent production line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Their success in this regard underscores the benefits of mining local archives in the PRC to study China's Cold War experiences. Despite problems with archival access and numerous other obstacles, the field of Cold War studies in the People's Republic of China (PRC) has expanded greatly in recent years. In August 2011, ECNU and the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars inaugurated the ECNU-Wilson Center Cold War Studies Initiative (housed at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, DC), which subsequently has offered Chinese Cold War scholars and doctoral students new opportunities to conduct research in the United States. [Extracted from the article]

This survey explains how the field of Cold War studies has been able to survive and even flourish in the People's Republic of China (PRC) from 2000 to the present, despite all the practical and political obstacles. It reviews several areas that Chinese scholars have been exploring: the economic Cold War; foreign intelligence operations and psychological warfare; nuclear strategies; the sciences during the Cold War and overseas education projects; and China's policies toward neighboring countries during the Cold War. The article outlines the major practical challenges facing Chinese scholars and the potential for overcoming these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the main cause of death following trauma. The neuroprotective effect of sevoflurane (Sev) has been implicated in cerebral I/R injury. However, the mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to explore its function in PC12 exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) and in rats challenged with I/R. Sev pretreatment reduced the damage of PC12 cells after OGD/R treatment. Moreover, Sev pretreatment ameliorated neurobehavioral deficits induced by I/R treatment, reduced brain infarct volume, and decreased apoptosis of neurons in hippocampal tissues. Sev pretreatment reduced the surface expression of glutamate receptor 1 (GRIA1) in neurons, while GRIA1 reduced the neuroprotective effects of Sev pretreatment in vitro and in vivo. There was no difference in the surface expression of GRIA2 in rats with I/R and PC12 cells exposed to OGD/R. The ratio of GRIA1/GRIA2 surface expression was reduced, and calcium permeable-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (CP-AMPAR) was blocked by Sev. Together, Sev might exert beneficial effects on cerebral I/R-induced neuronal injury through inhibiting the surface expression of GRIA1 and blocking CP-AMPAR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The use of rootstock is effective at protecting plants from soil-borne diseases, however, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Methods: In this study, the root-associated microbiomes and root exudate profiles of rootstock (grafted) and self-rooted (ungrafted) watermelon plants grown in plastic shelters heavily infected with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (FON) were characterized. Results: We showed that grafting markedly controlled Fusarium wilt disease, greatly reduced FON abundance in the rhizoplane and endosphere, and improved microbial diversity across rhizosphere to endosphere in continuous cropping soils. We further found that grafting significantly changed the composition of root-associated microbiomes, improved microbial association network complexity, and had potential beneficial bacterial taxa like Streptomycetales and Sphingomonadales, and fungal taxa like Capnodiales and Sebacinales significantly enriched in grafted watermelon. The grafted watermelon also possessed a distinct root exudate profile from the ungrafted watermelon and rootstock plants, with organic acids (potential autotoxins) significantly depleted but more plant defense-related metabolites such as organosulfur compounds and benzenoids enriched in comparison to ungrafted watermelon. Conclusion: Together, our results suggest that grafting facilitates plant disease resistance potentially by direct antagonism effect through root exudates and indirectly by shaping the protective root-associated microbiomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modulating the transport route of photogenerated carriers on hollow cadmium sulfide without changing its intrinsic structure remains fascinating and challenging. In this work, a series of well-defined heterogeneous hollow structural materials consisting of CdS hollow nanocubes (CdS NCs) and graphitic C3N4 nanoparticles (CN NPs) were strategically designed and fabricated according to an electrostatic interaction approach. It was found that such CN NPs/CdS NCs still retained the hollow structure after CN NP adorning and demonstrated versatile and remarkably boosted photoreduction performance. Specifically, under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm), the hydrogenation ratio over 2CN NPs/CdS NCs (the mass ratio of CN NPs to CdS NCs is controlled to be 2%) toward nitrobenzene, p-nitroaniline, p-nitrotoluene, p-nitrophenol, and p-nitrochlorobenzene can be increased to 100%, 99.9%, 83.2%, 93.6%, and 98.2%, respectively. In addition, based on the results of photoelectrochemical performances, the 2CN NPs/CdS NCs reach a 0.46% applied bias photo-to-current efficiency, indicating that the combination with CN NPs can indeed improve the migration and motion behavior of photogenerated carriers, besides ameliorating the photocorrosion and prolonging the lifetime of CdS NCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• 20 model protein adsorption by four mixed-mode resins was investigated. • QSAR models were developed with random forest and gradient boosting methods. • The QSAR models had high predictive performance of protein adsorption capacities. • The SHAP theory was applied to evaluate the key descriptors obtained. Mixed-mode chromatography is promising for protein separation, but the structural diversities of proteins result in distinct adsorption behaviors. This study used machine learning methods to establish the quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) between the protein adsorption capacity on mixed-mode resins and the molecule properties of target proteins and mixed-mode ligands. Four mixed-mode resins and twenty proteins were tested at different pHs and salt concentrations. Two machine learning models, random forest and gradient boosting, were developed successfully to predict protein adsorption capacities. The determination coefficients (R2) of the training dataset, validation dataset, and test dataset ranged around 0.94–0.97, 0.79–0.82, and 0.90–0.93, respectively. Several key descriptors that have significant impacts on adsorption capacities were identified by a two-step descriptor elimination method. Moreover, the SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) method was used to reveal the mechanism of target protein adsorption on mixed-mode resins. The results provided a valuable guidance for the design and selection mixed-mode resins for the separation and purification of target proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A thermodynamic description of the Ti-Al-Fe system was established with reassessed Ti-Al and Ti-Fe binary systems using density function theory (DFT) data. All stable and metastable end members of BCC_B2, BCC_D03/B32, BCC_L21, inverse BCC_L21, Laves C14, D019-Ti3Al, L10-TiAl, Ti Al2, Ti3Al5, D022-TiAl3, τ2 and τ3 in the Ti-Al, Ti-Fe and Ti-Al-Fe systems were energetically defined with available experimental data and DFT calculations, reaching reasonable consistency. The ternary description was used to successfully calculate the A2-B2-L21 transformation in Fe-rich corner and A2-B2 transformation in Ti-rich corner, allowing the design of Ti-rich and Fe-rich alloys in this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high surface-to-volume ratio of nanostructured components in microelectronics and other advanced devices, the thermal resistance at material interfaces can strongly affect the overall thermal behavior in these devices. Therefore, the thermal boundary resistance, R, must be taken into account in the thermal analysis of nanoscale structures and devices. This article is a tutorial on the determination of R and the analysis of interfacial thermal transport via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In addition to reviewing the commonly used equilibrium and non-equilibrium MD models for the determination of R, we also discuss several MD simulation methods which can be used to understand interfacial thermal transport behavior. To illustrate how these MD models work for various interfaces, we will show several examples of MD simulation results on thermal transport across solid-solid, solid-liquid, and solid-gas interfaces. The advantages and drawbacks of a few other MD models such as approach-to-equilibrium MD and first-principles MD are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano‐/micro‐reactors have emerged as a powerful platform for chemical synthesis. Here, we develop fiber‐spinning chemistry (FSC) based on a microfluidic blow spinning (MBS) technique, allowing the availability of nanoreactors for chemical synthesis with scale‐up capacities. Proof‐of‐concept experiments focus on the utilization of MBS‐derived fibrous nanoreactors for large‐scale production of ligand‐free perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) in one step. Typically, methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX3, X=Cl, Br, and I) PQDs in situ synthesized at large scale inside polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber films (size 120 cm ×30 cm per hour), exhibit high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of 71 %, tunable emissive peaks (448–600 nm), and superb PL stability. The PQDs/polymer nanofiber films are potentially useful for CO2 conversion, wide‐color‐gamut displays and light‐emitting diode (LED) devices. These findings may guide the development of nano‐/micro‐reactor technology for scale‐up production of nanomaterials with various potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano‐/micro‐reactors have emerged as a powerful platform for chemical synthesis. Here, we develop fiber‐spinning chemistry (FSC) based on a microfluidic blow spinning (MBS) technique, allowing the availability of nanoreactors for chemical synthesis with scale‐up capacities. Proof‐of‐concept experiments focus on the utilization of MBS‐derived fibrous nanoreactors for large‐scale production of ligand‐free perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) in one step. Typically, methylammonium lead halide (MAPbX3, X=Cl, Br, and I) PQDs in situ synthesized at large scale inside polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber films (size 120 cm ×30 cm per hour), exhibit high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of 71 %, tunable emissive peaks (448–600 nm), and superb PL stability. The PQDs/polymer nanofiber films are potentially useful for CO2 conversion, wide‐color‐gamut displays and light‐emitting diode (LED) devices. These findings may guide the development of nano‐/micro‐reactor technology for scale‐up production of nanomaterials with various potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The satellite laser ranging (SLR) echo signals of the multi-reflector defunct spacecraft contain multiple distance information corresponding to the corner cube reflectors (CCRs) in different installation positions. The relative distances between different CCRs and their variations depend on the rotation state of the object. However, the rotation of many defunct spacecraft is relatively slow over a short observation time span. In this case, estimating the effective rotation state is still difficult due to the limited amount of information. In this paper, a slow-rotating multi-reflector defunct spacecraft CZ-2C R/B (NORAD ID 31114) is taken as an example to develop a new method to estimate the rotation state through laser ranging measurements from a single short arc. The reference vector method is used in new attitude representation. The reduced expressions between the relative distances, their first derivative and rotation state are derived. Through the state estimation method combining grid search and differential corrections, the reduced parameters are estimated efficiently and accurately. In addition, the consistent orientation of maximum principal axis of inertia of CZ-2C R/B are obtained, which provides effective information for the subsequent research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Currently, autologous fat transplantation (AFT) still has a low graft survival rate. Elevation of the AFT graft survival rate is a challenge. This study investigated the effect of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on AFT. Methods. Twelve adult male SD rats were randomly divided into two groups after AFT: the control group (n = 6) and the HBO group (n = 6). The rats were killed at 7, 14, and 28 days after transplantation to take the transplanted adipose tissues. The volume and weight of the tissues were detected. The pathological changes in the adipose tissues were observed after H&E staining. Microvessel density and levels of transforming growth factor- (TGF-) β, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the transplanted adipose tissues were measured with CD31 immunohistochemical stain, ELISA, and biochemical reagents, respectively. Additionally, the protein expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor- (VEGF-) A and platelet-derived growth factor- (PDGF) A in the adipose tissues were detected by Western blot. Results. HBO significantly preserved the volume and weight of the transplanted adipose tissue (p < 0.01) and maintained the pathological structure of the transplanted adipose tissue. HBO therapy was effective in reducing inflammatory factor (TGF-β and TNF-α) levels and oxidative stress (MDA) in the transplanted adipose tissue (p < 0.01) and significantly increased the level of CD31 and angiogenesis-related factors including VEGF-A and PDGF-A (p < 0.01) to promote angiogenesis. Conclusion. HBO therapy regulated the immune response of fat grafts, stimulated their angiogenesis, and ultimately promoted their survival after AFT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of the anode potential on the electrochemical performance and protective ability of the passive film formed on the brass alloy in the soil solution of the Zhouyuan site was investigated by electrochemical measurements, atomic force microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The corrosion resistance of brass alloy in a corrosion soil environment decreases with the increase of applied anodic potential. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that the passive film is mainly composed of metal oxide. Mott–Schottky results revealed that the passive films behave as p‐type semiconductors at passive potentials and the acceptor density is in the range of 1021 cm−3 and increased with an increase in the film‐forming potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Linezolid has been reported to protect against chronic bone and joint infection. In this study, linezolid was loaded into the 3D printed poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold with nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) to explore the effect of this composite scaffold on infected bone defect (IBD). PLGA scaffolds were produced using the 3D printing method. Drug release of linezolid was analyzed by elution and high-performance liquid chromatography assay. PLGA, PLGA-HA, and linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds, were implanted into the defect site of a rabbit radius defect model. Micro-CT, H&E, and Masson staining, and immunohistochemistry were performed to analyze bone infection and bone healing. Evaluation of viable bacteria was performed. The cytocompatibility of 3D-printed composite scaffolds in vitro was detected using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). Long-term safety of the scaffolds in rabbits was evaluated. The linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds exhibited a sustained release of linezolid and showed significant antibacterial effects. In the IBD rabbit models implanted with the scaffolds, the linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds promoted bone healing and attenuated bone infection. The PLGA-HA scaffolds carrying linezolid upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes including collagen I, runt-related transcription factor 2, and osteocalcin. The linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds promoted the proliferation and osteogenesis of BMSCs in vitro via the PI3K/AKT pathway. Moreover, the rabbits implanted with the linezolid-loaded scaffolds showed normal biochemical profiles and normal histology, which suggested the safety of the linezolid-loaded scaffolds. Overall, the linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds fabricated by 3D printing exerts significant bone repair and anti-infection effects. [Display omitted] • Linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds exhibited a sustained release of linezolid. • Linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds promoted bone healing in rabbit radius defect model. • Linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds prevented infection in vivo. • Linezolid-loaded PLGA-HA scaffolds exhibited good biocompatibility and promoted osteogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The enormous potential of mRNA-based therapeutics in vaccines and medicine has led to the consideration of various mRNA sizes, ranging from ∼1000 to 10,000 nucleotides (nt). However, the commonly used Oligo-deoxythymidine (Oligo dT) affinity resins are not initially designed for such a wide range of sizes, and present challenges in achieving optimal performance for the separation of a given mRNA. In this paper, two factors of the resin beads, pore size and grafting were focused. The effects of varying pore sizes, ranging from 150 to 850 nm, on both static and dynamic adsorption for varying-length mRNA (1000–8500 nt) were investigated. It was found that static adsorption capacity and uptake kinetics were correlated with the mRNA length. Interestingly, dynamic binding capacities (DBCs) showed an increase-then-decrease trend with increasing pore size. An optimal pore size of about 350 nm could lead to the highest DBCs for all tested mRNA. Additionally, the effects of polymer grafting on the adsorption performance were studied. The results revealed that polymer-grafted resin exhibited 24–55% higher DBCs than non-grafted resin. The enhanced DBCs could be attributed to the improved uptake rate facilitated by the polymer grafted. These investigations emphasize the importance of optimizing pore size and grafting for Oligo dT affinity resins, providing valuable guidance for selecting and designing new resins for different mRNA products. • Adsorption behaviors of Oligo dT affinity resins were studied for varying mRNA. • Effects of pore size and grafting on the adsorption were focused. • Static adsorption capacity and uptake kinetics were correlated with mRNA length. • Highest dynamic binding capacities were found with the pore size of 350 nm. • Grafted resin showed 24-55% higher dynamic binding capacity than non-grafted resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D-π-A dyes are an ideal strategy for building near-infrared fluorescent probes that have a large Stokes shift due to their excellent properties of adjustable emission wavelength and Stokes shift. Developing a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe (JTPQ-Cys) capable of detecting cysteine (Cys) was the aim of this study. In JTPQ-Cys, julolidine served as the electron donor (D) and quinoline as the electron acceptor (A), with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene as the π-bridge. The π-conjugation and vibrational/rotational activity of the molecule were increased by the introduction of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene, causing the molecule to exhibit NIR emission and a large Stokes shift. When JTPQ-Cys was used to detect Cys, a clear fluorescence turn-on signal was observed at 741 nm, together with a Stokes shift of 268 nm. The limit of detection of JTPQ-Cys for Cys is 24 nM. Moreover, JTPQ-Cys has been utilized successfully for imaging studies of Cys in cells and zebrafish because it has good photostability, low cytotoxicity, and a high signal-to-noise ratio. Overall, our findings demonstrate the potential of JTPQ-Cys to be one of the best choices for detecting Cys in biological systems, and JTPQ is an ideal fluorophore to construct fluorescence dyes for bioimaging. [Display omitted] • A novel fluorophore JTPQ with excellent properties was designed based on D-π-A. • Using acrylate and JTPQ, JTPQ-Cys was synthesized with high selectivity for Cys. • JTPQ-Cys shows a NIR turn-on signal at 741 nm and a large Stokes shift of 268 nm. • JTPQ-Cys shows great sensitivity for imaging Cys in living cells and zebrafish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aggregation of fine or ultrafine particles in liquid due to the nanobubble (NB) bridging capillary force is a key process for many industrial applications. The magnitude and direction of the NB capillary force (NBCF) are directly affected by the geometry of the NB gas bridge between two adjoining particles. Although the NBCF can be accurately measured using experimental techniques, it is very challenging to monitor the images of a NB capillary bridge in nanoscale spatial resolution in NBCF measuring experiments. As a result, the capillary force model that predicts the dependence of the NBCF on the geometry of the NB bridge has never been explicitly verified using experimental means. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to study the NBCF between two parallel plates. MD simulations can readily measure both the NB bridge geometry and the resulting NBCF, which allows us to explicitly verify the predictions from the capillary force model. Our modeling results show that the capillary force model gives a good prediction of the NBCF for both concave and convex NB capillary bridges. Furthermore, with the assumption of constant contact angle and number of gas atoms inside the capillary bridge, we develop an improved capillary force model, which predicts the variation of the bridge geometry and the NBCF with the separation between two parallel surfaces. The continuum predictions from the improved capillary force model are corroborated by the MD simulation results and are consistent with the existing experimental data on NBCFs between two solid surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cu 2-x Se has been known as an ideal thermoelectric material for application in the middle-high temperature range due to the outstanding electric transmission conductivity and relatively low lattice thermal conductivity. However, its performance is significantly constrained by its high thermal conductivity and thermal stability issues, as well as its difficulty in element doping because of the influence of atomic size and atomic solid solubility. Here, we prominently reduced the thermal conductivity of Cu 2-x Se by addition different amounts of WS 2 to the Cu 2-x Se matrix, and successfully improved the power factor of the material because of the reduction of high Cu defects to coordinate the three mutually coupled parameters. The zT value of the WS 2 -doping Cu 2-x Se sample was eventually enhanced by 56% compared with pristine Cu 2-x Se, and up to ca. 1 at 823 K. Further, we found that the symmetry of the Cu 2-x Se crystal had not been destroyed undergoing the doping of WS 2 into its crystal lattice, and the doped sample showed good thermal stability when cycle test was carried out twice between 315 K and 823 K. Cu 2-x Se were prepared by colloidal synthesis, and it's thermal conductivity was reduced by doping with different amounts of WS 2 into the Cu 2-x Se matrix, and the power factor of the doping material was improved through the reduction of high Cu defects to coordinate the three mutually coupled parameters. The ZT value of the WS 2 -doping Cu 2-x Se sample was eventually enhanced by 56% compared with pristine Cu 2-x Se, and up to ca. 1 at 823 K. [Display omitted] • The samples of WS 2 -doping Cu 2-x Se were prepared. • WS 2 -doping Cu 2-x Se had low thermal conductivity and high power factor through the reduction of high carrier concentration. • The zT value of the WS 2 -doping Cu 2-x Se sample was eventually enhanced by 56% compared with pristine Cu 2-x Se, and up to ca. 1 at 823 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, goniosynechialysis (GSL), and trabectome in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG). Twenty patients (22 eyes) of PACG treated with combined phacoemulsification, intraocular lens implantation, GSL, and trabectome between September 2017 and September 2020 were included in this case series study. The intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications, and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were recorded at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Successful surgery was defined as IOP < 21 mmHg with or without IOP-lowering medications. IOP was decreased significantly from 22.07 ± 6.62 mmHg at baseline to 15.06 ± 3.39 mmHg at 12 months' follow-up (p = 0.001). The number of glaucoma medications was significantly reduced from 2.68 ± 1.17 preoperatively to 0.78 ± 0.73 at 12 months' follow-up (p < 0.01). The rate of successful surgery was 88.9% at 12 months. The reduction in IOP showed a positive correlation with baseline IOP (p < 0.001), and the reduction in number of glaucoma medications was positively correlated with baseline number of glaucoma medications (p < 0.001). There were no vision-threatening complications intraoperatively or postoperatively. Combined phacoemulsification, IOL implantation, GSL, and trabectome were effective and safe in PACG patients in this study. These combined surgical techniques may be useful in PACG patients, especially those with long term and extensive peripheral anterior synechiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, visible-light-driven photocatalysts are considered to be prospective candidates for solving the crisis of energy shortage and environment pollution. Herein, with the support of WO3 nanorods (NRs), which possess a fast electron transmission and low carrier diffusion, a series of direct Z-scheme ZnIn2S4/WO3 photocatalysts are exquisitely fabricated by an in situ self-assembly route with ZnIn2S4 (ZIS) and WO3 NRs. Photocatalytic activities towards both selective hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds and non-selective oxidation of organic compounds demonstrate that these as-fabricated heterostructured nanocomposites exhibit remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activities owing to the highly efficient separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. Furthermore, the characteristics of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra clearly suggest that the as-fabricated nanocomposites follow the direct Z-scheme-dominated photoredox catalytic mechanism. Additionally, combining the results of ESR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), it can be concluded that the photo corrosion of ZnIn2S4 is significantly postponed after integration with WO3 NRs. Finally, we will be greatly pleased if this work could afford a theoretical exemplification and synthetic strategy for rationally designing and utilizing direct Z-scheme photocatalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphine – oxazoline (PHOX) ligands are a very important class of privileged ligands in asymmetric catalysis. A series of highly rigid oxa-spiro phosphine – oxazoline (O-SIPHOX) ligands based on O-SPINOL was synthesized efficiently, and their iridium complexes were synthesized by coordination of the O-SIPHOX ligands to [Ir(cod)Cl]2 in the presence of sodium tetrakis-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenylborate (NaBArF). The cationic iridium complexes showed high reactivity and excellent enantioselectivity in the asymmetric hydrogenation of 1-methylene-tetrahydro-benzo[d]azepin-2-ones (up to 99% yield and up to 99% ee). A key intermediate of the anti-obesity drug lorcaserin could be efficiently synthesized using this protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galectin-8 and galectin-9 belong to tandem repeat-type galectins, and in the present study, these two genes were cloned in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. The open reading frame (ORF) of the mandarin fish galectin-8 and galectin-9 contains 942, and 1008 bp, encoding 313 and 335 amino acids, respectively. As a conserved feature, an N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and a C-terminal CRD were observed in each of the two galectins in mandarin fish. In healthy fish, galectin-8 and -9 were constitutively expressed in all organs/tissues examined, and their expression can be induced following the stimulation of LPS and poly(I:C). It is obvious that galectin-8 had a higher increase at mRNA level following the stimulation of poly(I:C). It is further demonstrated that mandarin fish galectin-8 inhibited the growth of Flavobacterium columnare and Streptococcus agalactiae , and in addition to the two species of bacteria, galectin-9 inhibited also the growth of Edwardsiella piscicida , which provides the basis for further understanding their antibacterial role in immune response of mandarin fish. • Galectin-8 and galectin-9 genes were cloned from mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. • N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and C-terminal CRD were observed in these two galectins. • Galectin-8 and -9 were constitutively expressed in all organs/tissues examined. • The expression of galectin-8 and -9 were induced following LPS and also poly(I:C) stimulation. • Galectin-8 and galectin-9 inhibited the growth of F. columnare and S. agalactiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Galectin-8 and galectin-9 belong to tandem repeat-type galectins, and in the present study, these two genes were cloned in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. The open reading frame (ORF) of the mandarin fish galectin-8 and galectin-9 contains 942, and 1008 bp, encoding 313 and 335 amino acids, respectively. As a conserved feature, an N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and a C-terminal CRD were observed in each of the two galectins in mandarin fish. In healthy fish, galectin-8 and -9 were constitutively expressed in all organs/tissues examined, and their expression can be induced following the stimulation of LPS and poly(I:C). It is obvious that galectin-8 had a higher increase at mRNA level following the stimulation of poly(I:C). It is further demonstrated that mandarin fish galectin-8 inhibited the growth of Flavobacterium columnare and Streptococcus agalactiae , and in addition to the two species of bacteria, galectin-9 inhibited also the growth of Edwardsiella piscicida , which provides the basis for further understanding their antibacterial role in immune response of mandarin fish. • Galectin-8 and galectin-9 genes were cloned from mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi. • N-terminal carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), and C-terminal CRD were observed in these two galectins. • Galectin-8 and -9 were constitutively expressed in all organs/tissues examined. • The expression of galectin-8 and -9 were induced following LPS and also poly(I:C) stimulation. • Galectin-8 and galectin-9 inhibited the growth of F. columnare and S. agalactiae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the influence of temperature effect on polaron in a quantum well (QW) with asymmetric Gaussian potential (AGP). By employing strongly coupling method of Pekar variational (SCMPV), the ground state (GS), the first-excited state (FES) energies and transition frequency (TF) of the polaron are derived. The state-energies and the TF as relationship of the temperature T and the electron phonon coupling strength (EPCS) are obtained by using quantum statistics theory (QST). We have found that the state-energies and the TF increase when the temperature is increasing. The states-energies and the TF are decreased with raising the EPCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microalgae are unicellular organisms that act as the crucial primary producers all over the world, typically found in marine and freshwater environments. Most of them can live photo-autotrophically, reproduce rapidly, and accumulate biomass in a short period efficiently. To adapt to the uninterrupted change of the environment, they evolve and differentiate continuously. As a result, some of them evolve special abilities such as toleration of extreme environment, generation of sophisticated structure to adapt to the environment, and avoid predators. Microalgae are believed to be promising bioreactors because of their high lipid and pigment contents. Genetic engineering technologies have given revolutions in the microalgal industry, which decoded the secrets of microalgal genes, express recombinant genes in microalgal genomes, and largely soar the accumulation of interested components in transgenic microalgae. However, owing to several obstructions, the industry of transgenic microalgae is still immature. Here, we provide an overview to emphasize the advantage and imperfection of the existing transgenic microalgal bioreactors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eutrophication of natural water bodies is moderated by transformation of nitrate (NO3−) in riparian wetlands, which serve as filters of infiltrating drain water from upland agricultural areas. The present study comprised field observations, laboratory experiments and metagenomic studies to describe NO3− removing transformation pathways and interactions with the cycling of iron (Fe) in a temperate riparian wetland soil profile down to 1 m depth. Water samples from piezometers showed a distinct plume of NO3− in the subsurface soil where agricultural drain water was infiltrating. However, within a distance of few meters in the water flow direction, NO3− was depleted from the percolating water. Sampling and analyses of soil from the active zone of the biogeochemical NO3− removal showed that denitrifying enzyme activity was ~ tenfold higher in the upper 0–25 cm than in the lower 25–100 cm. Yet, net transformation of NO3− was substantial also at 25–100 cm when assayed with relatively undisturbed soil samples and by 15N tracer techniques in soil slurries. Transformation pathways of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium and anaerobic ammonium oxidation were identified, but were quantitatively minor as compared to denitrification. Heterotrophic denitrification and denitrification mediated by oxidation of ferrous iron, Fe(II), were identified as important processes in the wetland soil. The latter was substantiated by geochemical observations, by rates of NO3− depletion in slurry incubations with added FeCl2, and by identification of microorganisms with known capacity of NO3− reduction coupled to Fe(II) oxidation (Acidovorax sp.). The transformation pathway of iron-mediated NO3− reduction could involve biotic and abiotic reactions, and N2O, which is a potent greenhouse gas, was a major product of the process. It remains to be seen under field conditions if N2O emission hotspots are linked to specific sites of dynamic NO3− reduction coupled to Fe(II) oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: Thus far, biological roles of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain controversial. Moreover, its expression, clinicopathologic and prognostic significance in HCC have not been comprehensively investigated, therefore needing further evidence. METHODS: PAI1 expression was measured, using tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical staining, in matched HCC and adjacent liver samples from 178 patients with HCC after curative resection. The correlations of PAI1 H-scores with clinicopathologic variables and survival were further evaluated. Its prognostic value was finally confirmed in some public databases. RESULTS: It was found that PAI1 expression was significantly higher in HCC than in adjacent liver tissues. Moreover, high PAI1 expression was more frequent in those with multiple lesions. Univariate analyses showed that PAI1 expression was negatively associated with both overall and relapse-free survival. Although PAI1 expression was not statistically significant in multivariate Cox regression test, combination of it with TNM stage effectively distinguished survival and relapse, and served as an independent prognostic factor. In the online available datasets of HCC and liver cancer used, SERPINE1, the gene encoding PAI1, was also revealed to be prognostic. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that high PAI1 expression was predictive for unfavorable biological behavior and long-term prognosis in HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose (C6H12O6) is common in soils and widely used as a model substrate to trace the turnover of dissolved organic carbon. Yet, challenges and limitations of extraction and direct quantification of glucose in divergent soils are poorly documented. Here we used a simplified procedure for extraction and enzymatic glucose quantification with 18 soils representing different pH, clay and organic carbon (OC) contents. Extracts were reacted for 30 min (20°C) with glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and o-dianisidine. The reaction was terminated with H2SO4 and oxidized o-dianisidine was measured spectrophotometrically (540 nm). Recovery of glucose from mineral soils was not significantly affected by soil pH and OC, but decreased to 96% forincreasing clay contents (up to 45% clay). Extraction of soil in water (1:5, w/v) for 0.5 min was sufficient for sandy soils, whereas clayey soils were extracted for 5 min with benzoic acid (0.1%, w/v) as antimicrobial agent. Assays with organic soils (20% and 29% OC) showed that enzymatic glucose quantification was impeded presumably by extractable humic substances. It was possible to address this limitation with matrix-matched standard curves, but results from organic soils should be interpreted with care. The procedure had a detection limit of ~1.5 µg g−1 soil and was applicable to small (1 g) soil samples allowing to trace the recovery and dynamics of glucose in time-course experiments. The procedure could also be applied to native soil samples in which case references for colorimetric background are prepared by adding H2SO4 to the soil extract prior to the addition of assay reagents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque deposits in the brain are considered to be one of the main pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The sequential proteolytic cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by the aspartyl proteases β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase produces Aβ. Therefore, BACE1 inhibition is a very attractive target for the treatment of AD. Our previous work identified a DNA aptamer named A1 that can bind to BACE1 with high affinity and specificity and exhibits a distinct inhibitory effect on BACE1 activity in an AD cell model. The purpose of this research was to test the effect of aptamer A1 in Tg6799 mice. Four-month-old Tg6799 mice were randomly divided into two groups and treated with aptamer A1 and ineffective aptamer A1scr, respectively, by intracerebroventricular injection. Subsequent behavioral experiments showed that treatment with the aptamer A1 improved the cognitive abilities of the AD mice. Western blot indicated that BACE1 and soluble amyloid precursor protein β (sAPPβ) expression significantly decreased in the A1-treated mice. Moreover, aptamer A1 reduced the content of Aβ42 and the number and density of senile plaques in AD mice. Therefore, our results indicate that aptamer A1 is a novel specific and potent BACE1 inhibitor and is a promising potential target for the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulmonary metastases of endometrial stromal sarcoma (ESS) are uncommon and can be difficult to diagnose. The aims of the present study were to investigate the clinical and pathological features, and enhance the awareness of pulmonary metastases in patients with low-grade ESS. The study reports a case of low-grade ESS that resulted in cystic and nodular pulmonary metastases. Furthermore, the PubMed database was searched using 'pulmonary metastases of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma' as the key phrase. The literature on pulmonary metastases of low-grade ESS was reviewed and 35 cases were included in the present study. The clinical manifestations, imaging data, pathological features, treatment and prognosis of the 35 previously reported cases and the current case were retrospectively analyzed. The age range of the 36 patients diagnosed with low-grade ESS was 28–65 years. The time period from confirmation of ESS to lung metastases was 1.5–27 years. In 50% of the patients, the pulmonary metastases were asymptomatic. The most common pulmonary symptom was dyspnea, followed by chest pain, pneumothorax and coughing. The most common chest imaging presentation was multiple pulmonary nodules, followed by a solitary nodule or mass. Histology was used to identify that the pulmonary metastases had the pathological features of low-grade ESS. The immunohistochemical results demonstrated strong diffuse immunoreactivity for cluster of differentiation 10, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor in almost all the specimens. The review of the literature revealed that pulmonary metastases from low-grade ESS are rare but not negligible. Furthermore, the detailed clinical information, imaging findings and immunohistochemical detection are important for making a diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor building blocks of varying dimensionality have been used to prepare multifunctional heterostructural photocatalysts that can efficiently separate photo-generated carriers to enhance photocatalytic activity, while exposing the desired reactive facets of the semiconductor via structure engineering remains a fascinating strategy. In this work, ultrathin graphitic‑carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4) nanosheets (NSs) and NiO nanorods (NRs) with exposed {110} facets were utilized as assembly units to strategically construct well-defined g-C 3 N 4 @NiO heterostructure via a facile self-assembly, and g-C 3 N 4 NSs were uniformly and intimately enwrapped on the NiO NRs. This shell nanostructure possessed remarkably high photocatalytic activity in the oxidation of organic compounds and in photoelectrochemical reactions. The underlying reasons accounting for the considerably improved photocatalytic oxidation performances of g-C 3 N 4 @NiO heterostructure were examined, which resulted from the more efficient charge separation/transfer thanks to the peculiar structural merits of g-C 3 N 4 NSs and NiO NRs, as well as from the intimate interfacial contact and unique spatial integration mode between them. The predominant active species in the photocatalytic oxidation were determined unambiguously, which enabled to elucidate the mechanism of the photocatalytic oxidation. Unlabelled Image • Highly selective photocatalytic oxidation of organic compounds. • g-C 3 N 4 @NiO shell nanostructure was strategically constructed. • A possible recover mechanism of g-C 3 N 4 @NiO was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meta-analyses suggest a global potential of cover crops to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks, yet with a large variation across studies, which underlines the need to understand the effect of cover crops on carbon (C) sequestration under specific soil and climate conditions. We studied the C sequestration potential from cover crops, based on a Danish long-term field experiment (LTE) initiated in 1997, where SOC and C in the fractions of particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral associated organic matter (MAOM) was measured to 1-m depth. Next, we performed a mesocosm study where the fate of 14C-labeled cover crop residues (fodder radish, Raphanus sativus L.) and SOC priming were traced in two texturally similar soils from the LTE with different SOC concentrations (2.0 vs. 2.6% SOC). The results showed that cover cropping for up two decades had negligible effect on SOC in POM and MAOM fractions. Yet, the mesocosm study showed considerable overall SOC increases (20–25% of added C) when the cover crop C input exceeded rates of 0.2–0.3 mg C g−1 in the two soils. This was due to a combination of new SOC formation and priming effects shifting from positive to negative. The input rates of 0.2–0.3 mg C g−1 correspond to the C input from cover crops with an aboveground yield of approximately 0.7–1.1 Mg dry matter ha−1, which is a level not always achieved at the field site. The combined observations from the field and mesocosm study suggest that SOC buildup was not constrained by soil C saturation, but rather by low cover crop productivity and/or positive priming effects. Therefore, agricultural management practices (e.g., species choice and sowing time) should be adopted to achieve a sufficient cover crop C input to secure that the positive priming effect is not exceeding the rate of SOC formation. • Cover cropping for up two decades had negligible effect on SOC to 1-m depth. • Low cover crop C input resulted in overall C loss due to positive priming. • High C input caused C increase due to SOC formation and negative priming. • Cover crop C input should exceed a certain threshold to ensure C sequestration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We academically explore the properties of the coherence time (CT) of an electron powerful coupled to the phonons in a RbCl quantum pseudodot (QPD) qubit with an exterior electric field alongside the ρx direction. By employing the Pekar type variational method (PTVM) and the Fermi golden rule, the CT changes with the electric field, the chemical potential of the two-dimensional electron gas (CPTDEG), the zero point of the pseudoharmonic potential (ZPPHP) and the polaron radius is studied. The examined results indicate ① that the CT of RbCl QPD qubit decays with aggrandizing electric field, ② that the CT is a decreasing function of the CPTDEG, the ZPPHP and the polaron radius, ③ that here we can find that we can adjust the CT by changing the external electric field, the CPTDEG, the ZPPHP and the polaron radius. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging evidence has shown that abnormal microRNA (miRNA) expression play an important role in initiation, progression and metastasis in several tumors, including colorectal cancer. Here, we attempted to explore the expression and function of miR-141–3p in colorectal cancer. MiR-141–3p expression was measured in tissue samples, colorectal cancer cell lines and normal human colon epithelium cell line FHC by real-time PCR. The biological roles of miR-141–3p in colorectal cancer were investigated both in vitro and a mouse model in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis, real-time PCR, Western blot and luciferase reporter analysis were performed to validate the association between miR-141–3p and its potential targets. Our results suggested that miR-141–3p expression was down-regulated in colorectal cancer tissues and colorectal cancer cell lines compared to the normal tissues and normal colon cells. Patients with low miR-141–3p had poor outcome. In addition, Overexpression of miR-141–3p significantly delayed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells in vitro, as well as obviously attenuated tumor growth in a xenograft model in vivo. Furthermore, Our results showed that miR-141–3p inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion via directly targeting tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 (TRAF5). In summary, miR-141–3p acts as a tumor suppressor, via directly targeting TRAF5 and indicated miR-141–3p might be a potential therapeutic target for colorectal cancer. • MiR-141-3p expression was down-regulated in colorectal cancer tissues and colorectal cancer cell lines. • Overexpression of miR-141-3p significantly delayed the progression of colorectal cancer via directly targeting TRAF5. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WT1 associated protein (WTAP), playing an important role in several malignancies owing to its complex function in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation, is an independent prognostic indicator for pancreatic cancer (PC). However, its specific role and underlying mechanism in PC remain unclear. In the present study, we found that WTAP could promote migration/invasion and suppress chemo-sensitivity to gemcitabine in PC. Further mechanical investigation revealed that WTAP could bind to and stabilize Fak mRNA which in turn activated the Fak-PI3K-AKT and Fak-Src-GRB2-Erk1/2 signaling pathways. In addition, GSK2256098, a specific Fak inhibitor, could reverse WTAP-mediated chemo-resistance to gemcitabine and metastasis in PC. Taken together, Fak inhibitor might be a promising therapeutic option for PC patients with WTAP overexpression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context. Solar Rossby waves (r modes) have recently been discovered in the near-surface horizontal flow field using the techniques of granulation-tracking and ring-diagram analysis applied to six years of SDO/HMI data. Aims. Here we apply time-distance helioseismology to the combined SOHO/MDI and SDO/HMI data sets, which cover 21 years of observations from May 1996 to April 2017. The goal of this study is to provide an independent confirmation over two solar cycles and in deeper layers of the Sun. Methods. We have measured south-north helioseismic travel times along the equator, which are sensitive to subsurface north-south flows. To reduce noise, the travel times were averaged over travel distances from 6° to 30°; the mean distance corresponds to a p-mode lower turning point of 0.91 R⊙. The 21-year time series of travel-time measurements was split into three seven-year subsets and transformed to obtain power spectra in a corotating frame. Results. The power spectra all show peaks near the frequencies of the classical sectoral Rossby waves for azimuthal wavenumbers in the range 3 ≤ m ≤ 15. The mode frequencies and linewidths of the modes with m ≤ 9 are consistent with a previous study whereas modes with m ≥ 10 are shifted toward less negative frequencies by 10–20 nHz. While most of these modes have e-folding lifetimes on the order of a few months, the longest lived mode, m = 3, has an e-folding lifetime of more than one year. For each mode, the rms velocity at the equator is in the range of 1–3 m s−1, with the largest values for m ∼ 10. No evidence for the m = 2 sectoral mode is found in the power spectrum, implying that the rms velocity of this mode is below ∼0.5 m s−1. Conclusions. This work confirms the existence of equatorial global Rossby waves in the solar interior over the past two solar cycles and shows that time-distance helioseismology is a promising technique to study them deep in the convection zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding genetic diversity patterns of endangered species is an important premise for biodiversity conservation. The critically endangered salamander Andrias davidianus, endemic to central and southern mainland in China, has suffered from sharp range and population size declines over the past three decades. However, the levels and patterns of genetic diversity of A. davidianus populations in wild remain poorly understood. Herein, we explore the levels and phylogeographic patterns of genetic diversity of wild‐caught A. davidianus using larvae and adult collection with the aid of sequence variation in (a) the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) fragments (n = 320 individuals; 33 localities), (b) 19 whole mtDNA genomes, and (c) nuclear recombinase activating gene 2 (RAG2; n = 88 individuals; 19 localities). Phylogenetic analyses based on mtDNA datasets uncovered seven divergent mitochondrial clades (A–G), which likely originated in association with the uplifting of mountains during the Late Miocene, specific habitat requirements, barriers including mountains and drainages and lower dispersal ability. The distributions of clades were geographic partitioned and confined in neighboring regions. Furthermore, we discovered some mountains, rivers, and provinces harbored more than one clades. RAG2 analyses revealed no obvious geographic patterns among the five alleles detected. Our study depicts a relatively intact distribution map of A. davidianus clades in natural species range and provides important knowledge that can be used to improve monitoring programs and develop a conservation strategy for this critically endangered organism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dendrobium huoshanense, a unique species in the genus Orchidaceae, is only found in China and is known as "mihu". Due to the lack of quality control, the use of D. huoshanense in the herbal market has been limited. In this study, methods based on thin‐layer chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization multi‐stage tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify the flavonoids in D. huoshanense and distinguish this species from other Dendrobium species. Using thin‐layer chromatography, a characteristic band was observed for D. huoshanense, and this band was absent from the thin‐layer chromatography plates of other Dendrobium species. Then, using high‐performance liquid chromatography, nine peaks of flavonoids were observed in the chromatograms of ten batches of D. huoshanense. Ultimately, 22 flavonoids in D. huoshanense were identified by multi‐stage tandem mass spectrometry, and 11 of these compounds are being reported from D. huoshanense for the first time. In addition, two compounds both with molecular weights of 710, were identified as being unique to D. huoshanense; one of these compounds, apigenin‐6‐C‐α‐L‐rhamnosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucoside‐8‐C‐α‐L‐arabinoside, was proven to be responsible for the characteristic thin‐layer chromatography band of D. huoshanense. These analysis methods can be applied for the identification and quality control of D. Huoshanense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Increasing subsoil organic carbon (C) inputs could potentially mitigate climate change by sequestering atmospheric CO 2. Yet, microbial turnover and stabilization of labile C in subsoils are regulated by complex mechanisms including the availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and sulfur (S). The present study mimicked labile organic C input using a versatile substrate (glucose) to address the interaction between C-induced mineralization, N-P-S availability, and microbial physiology in topsoil (20 cm) and subsoil (60, 100, and 300 cm) from a temperate agricultural sandy loam soil. A factorial incubation study (42 days) showed that net losses of added C in topsoil were constant, whereas C losses in subsoils varied according to nutrient treatments. Glucose added to subsoil in combination with N was fully depleted, whereas glucose added alone or in combination with P and S was only partly depleted, and remarkably 59–92% of the added glucose was recovered after the incubation. This showed that N limitation largely controlled C turnover in the subsoil, which was also reflected by microbial processes where addition of glucose and N increased β -glucosidase activity, which was positively correlated to the maximum CO 2 production rate during incubation. The importance of N limitation was substantiated by subsoil profiles of C source utilization, where microbial metabolic diversity was mainly related to the absence or presence of added N. Overall, the results documented that labile C turnover and microbial functions in a temperate agricultural subsoil was controlled to a large extent by N availability. Effects of glucose-induced microbial activity on subsoil physical properties remained ambiguous due to apparent chemical effects of N (nitrate) on clay dispersibility. Highlights • Nutrient availability was not limiting added glucose decomposition in topsoil. • N limitation largely controlled carbon turnover in subsoils. • Costimulation of β -glucosidase activity and respiration occurred in subsoils. • Microbial metabolic diversity in subsoil increased in the presence of added N. • Added glucose could be chemically recovered from N-limited subsoils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a cheap but harmful additive in food industry, 1‐phenylazo‐2‐naphthol (Sudan I) has attracted lots of attentions, which mainly focused on the determinations using the HPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS techniques. However, the fragmentation mechanisms are generally scarce. In this paper, the fragmentation pathways of protonated Sudan I in gas‐phase were investigated by a combination of electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Initially, the cleavage of azo bond is triggered by ionizing proton migration from the oxygen atom of O‐protonated Sudan I to adjacent N atom through a six‐member ring transition state, leading to a single ion‐neutral complex (INC‐s). Subsequently, the direct decomposition of INC‐s gives the naphtol nitrene ion at m/z 156. Meanwhile, INC‐s may occur an intermolecular single electron transfer (SET) reaction via the crossing points (INC‐mecp), affording the triple ion‐neutral complex (INC‐t) consisting of naphtol nitrene radical and aniline radical ion. Finally, followed by the decomposition of INC‐t, the aniline radical ion at m/z 156 is formed. Further studies on Electrostatic potential map, Natural population analysis (NPA) and frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) during the proposed mechanism are also found to be in good agreement with experimental observations. Taken together, our results presented here not only provide mechanistic information for better understanding the Sudan I, but also give insights into other related harmful additives in food industry. The cleavage mechanism of azo bond in protonated Sudan I in gas‐phase was investigated. The cleavage is triggered by proton migration from the oxygen to adjacent N atom, leading to the single ion‐neutral complex (INC‐s). INC‐s occurs a single electron transfer, affording the triple ion‐neutral complex (INC‐t). The productions were formed by the dissociation of INC‐s and INC‐t. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract There is an increasing need to develop lower cost titanium alloys. In this investigation, Ti-Al-Mn ternary alloy system was experimentally and computationally investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to assess its thermodynamic models and parameters. The Ti-rich region was accurately assessed in this investigation, including multiple phase region boundaries and the identifications of all related phases. Based on the experimental results from this investigation and various literature articles, the thermodynamic description of Ti-Al-Mn in this work is in good agreement with experimental results and can be applied as a basis to develop higher-order multicomponent titanium alloys. Graphical abstract fx1 Highlights • The Ti-rich region in Ti-Al-Mn system was investigated experimentally. • Thermodynamic description of Ti-Al-Mn system was reassessed for Ti-rich regions. • This thermodynamic work contributes to the commercial titanium alloy database. • L1 2 phase was confirmed and characterized of morphology and lattice parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]