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For this research, three hydrophobically modified polyacrylamides, HPAAB, HPAAF, and HPAAS, with multiple hydrophobic monomers were designed, synthesized, and used as thickeners in aqueous ink for digital ink-jet printing. The structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The viscosity–average molecular weight was determined by intrinsic viscosity determination and was adjusted according to hydrophobic content. The critical association concentration (CAC) of polymers was measured simultaneously using the apparent viscosity method and the fluorescence spectrum. The formation of a network structure and the mechanism of hydrophobic association are visualized dynamically with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at different concentrations. Under the same conditions, HPAAB exhibited excellent thickening ability across different pH levels, temperatures, and shear rates, which is caused by the longer hydrophobic side chain and the stronger hydrophobic effect of the behenyl polyoxyethylene ether methacrylate (BEM) group. Furthermore, an aqueous ink using HPAAB as a thickener displays significant printability and stability, functioning much better than a corresponding aqueous ink that uses a commercial thickener. This is the first example of a hydrophobic associating polyacrylamide, incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic units within a single hydrophobic chain, thereby serving as an efficient thickener for aqueous ink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To identify predictors of length of stay (LOS) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program and evaluate the safety and cost‐efficiency of the ERAS program with reduced LOS for unselected patients in a Chinese population. Methods: A total of 311 consecutive, unselected patients undergoing primary THA at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed and divided into two groups: LOS ≤ 3 and LOS > 3 group. All patients were managed with the same ERAS protocol and went back home after discharge. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent risk factors for LOS > 3. Harris Hip Score at 90‐day follow‐up, 90‐day readmission rate, and hospitalization costs were compared between two groups. Results: Multivariate regression analysis identified female gender (odds ratio [OR] = 2.623), living alone (OR = 4.127), and primary osteoarthritis of hip (OR = 3.565) to be correlated with LOS > 3. Preoperative hemoglobin (HB), postoperative HB, drain use, blood transfusion, diabetes, respiratory disease, osteoporosis, number of comorbidities, and CCI score showed no significant influence on LOS after adjusting for other risk factors in the multivariate model. Harris Hip Score and readmission rate at 90‐day follow‐up showed no significant differences between two groups. Patients in LOS > 3 group had approximately 3948.6 Chinese yuan higher hospital costs. Conclusion: Female gender, living alone, and primary osteoarthritis of hip were identified as independent risk factors for prolonged LOS. The experience from our institution suggested aggressive management of comorbidities in the ERAS program can minimize the influence of comorbidities on LOS. The safety, efficiency, and costs‐saving benefits of the ERAS program with reduced LOS for unselected patients was confirmed in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethanolic root extract of Codonopsis lanceolata were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan induced rat hind paw edema model and displayed a significant activity of 51.82% inhibition at 200 mg/kg at 3 h (p < 0.05). Further isolation of the extract yielded two new triterpenoid saponins, named codonolaside I (1) and codonolaside II (2). The spectroscopic and chemical data revealed their structures to be 3-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1->3)-(6'-O-methyl)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-30, 16a-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid 28-O-[P-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnpyranosyl (1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl] ester (1), and 3beta, 16alpha-dihydroxyolean-12-ene-28-oic acid 28-O-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl (1-->4)-alpha-L-rhamnpyranosyl (1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl] ester (2).