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The aim of this study is to investigate the frequency and distribution of human HLA sharing and maternal HLA allele expression in couples with recurrent pregnancy loss in Taiwan.We retrospectively reviewed couples experienced two or more pregnancy loss before 20th weeks of gestation from March 2014 to November 2020 having HLA determination. Fertile individuals with one or more live-birth offspring receiving HLA allele determination during the same period were included as the control group. The distribution and frequency of HLA sharing were analyzed and presented by descriptive statistics. Fisher Exact Test were used to analyze specific maternal and paternal HLA allele comparing individuals with RPL to fertile group. P-value0.05 was thought to be statistically significant.72 couples were enrolled from March 2014 to November 2020. Regarding the distribution of HLA sharing, HLA sharing between females and their male partners less and equal to 2 pairs were found in 40.3% of the couples. HLA sharing greater and equal to 3 pairs are found in 59.8% couples. HLA sharing was most frequently found in alleles HLA-A02, A11, DQ07, C07 and B60 in descending order. There was a significant lower expression of HLA-B13 in women with RPL compared to women who had successful pregnancy (p = 0.0234). Compared infertile men with fertile men cohort, the frequency of HLA-DR04 (p = 0.0438, OR 2.444, 95% CI 1.0251-5.8287), HLA-DR12 (p = 0.001, OR 30.85, 95% CI 4.0296-236.19) and HLA-15 (p = 0.0357, OR 9.354, 95% CI 1.1610-75.37) were found to be significantly higher in men with RPL. On the contrary, HLA-DR07 (p = 0.0085, OR 0.124, 95% CI 0.0264-0.587) and HLA-DR10 (p = 0.0395, OR 0.048, 95% CI 0.0027-0.8641) were found to be significantly lower in men with RPL.We found a tendency to recurrent pregnancy loss in couples with more than 2 pairs of HLA sharing. The similarity of HLA sharing, the expression of maternal HLA-B13 allele and paternal HLA-DR alleles in Taiwanese couples might play a role in recurrent pregnancy loss.

Research suggests that K-12 teacher candidates are not prepared to meet the needs of English Learners (ELs) (O'Neal, Ringler, & Rodriguez, 2008), and that their belief systems about teaching impact their ability to learn best practices for instruction (Nosich, 2009). In order to be successful teachers of ELs, teacher candidates must be adequately prepared to meet the needs of diverse learners by making targeted changes to instruction. It is essential that teacher preparation programs include opportunities to develop knowledge and skills. The goal of this study was to evaluate one preparation program's effect on knowledge, beliefs and attitudes, and self-efficacy of teacher candidates in regard to teaching ELs. The study examined perceptions, experience and knowledge of ELs and the effectiveness of a teacher preparation program in changing teacher candidates' beliefs about ELs. This exploratory study builds on previous research from a four-phase elementary teacher preparation program at a research institution.

To compare the clinical outcome of IVF treatment after pituitary suppression with two different oral contraceptives (OCs).65 patients who received IVF treatment was classified into 2 groups based on the difference of OCs they used for pituitary suppression before ovarian hyperstimulation. Group 1 included 36 patients who received monophasic OCs. Group 2 included 29 patients who received triphastic OCs. Both groups received the OCs from the 5th day of the cycle for consecutive 21 days. The hormone profiles after OCs and clinical outcome of IVF treatment were compared between two groups. Two-sample t-tests and X2 tests were used for statistical analyses. P0.05 was considered statistically significant.The mean age and basal hormone profiles were comparable between two groups. After ovulation suppression with different OCs, the day 2 FSH and LH value revealed statistically significant difference between two groups(4.2+/-1.8 vs 6.0+/-2.6; 2.7+/-2.0 vs 4.2+/-3.3 respectively). The numbers of oocyte per retrieval and fertilization rate were comparable between two groups, but higher quality embryos as revealed by the cleavage speed were noted in the triphastic OCs group. Although statistically not significant, higher implantation rate and pregnancy rate were also noted in the triphastic OCs group.Different OCs for pituitary suppression can result in different hormone profiles. Ovulation induction in IVF treatment should be individualized according to these hormone changes to achieve the optimal clinical outcome. Triphastic OCs exceeds monophastic OCs in producing good quality embryo in IVF-ET treatment.

Objective The aim of this study was to identify an optimal stimulation protocol for intrauterine insemination (IUI) to obtain an acceptable pregnancy rate and low frequency of multiple pregnancies. Materials and Methods In total, 340 patients, who received intrauterine insemination because of ovulation dysfunction, were enrolled in this study. Group I consisted of 203 patients who received recombinant FSH (r-FSH) 150U every other day as an ovulation induction agent. Group II consisted of 137 patients who received r-FSH 100U every other day as an ovulation induction agent. All patients in both groups also received clomiphene citrate 100 mg/day for consecutive five days from the fifth day of the cycle. Only patients with at least two follicles >18 mm on the human chorionic gonadotropin injection days were included in this study. Results The clinical pregnancy rate was 14.8% (30/203) in Group I compared with 20.4% (28/137) in Group II, p > 0.05. The incidence of multiple pregnancy was 41.7% (10/24) in Group I compared with 12.5% (3/24) in Group II, p Conclusions The concurrent use of low-dose r-FSH and clomiphene citrate would seem not only to be cost-effective but also highly satisfactory in that it prevents high-order multiple pregnancies.

In this study, the method of employing preretrieval vaginal douching with aqueous povidone iodine is examined to see if it can decrease the incidence of pelvic abscess without compromising the clinical outcome of IVF-ET.Patients with ovarian endometrioma and received IVF-ET treatment were retrospectively classified into two groups according to the difference of vaginal douching solution immediately before oocyte retrieval.There was no difference in the fertilization rate (81.2% versus 79.8%, P0.05), implantation rate (19.2% versus 23.3%, P0.05), clinical pregnancy rate (39.3% versus 46.2%, P0.05) between the two groups. There was no infection in patients of group two but two cases in group one developed pelvic abscess and needed surgical intervention.Vaginal douching with aqueous povidone iodine followed by normal saline irrigation immediately before oocyte retrieval is effective in preventing the pelvic infection without compromising the outcome of IVF treatment.

To evaluate the effect of laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy for endometrioma on the clinical outcome of IVF treatment.Patients who received IVF treatment were retrospectively classified into two groups. Group 1 included 95 patients who received IVF due to tubal occlusion. Group 2 included 127 patients who had received laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy for endometrioma(s) followed by IVF treatment. Clinical outcomes of IVF treatment were compared between two groups.More oocytes were harvested per retrieval in Group 1 than Group 2 (p0.05). The fertilization rate was higher in Group 1 than Group 2 (p0.05). Although the implantation rate was higher in Group 2 (p0.05), the clinical pregnancy rate revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups.Women who received ovarian cystectomy for endometriomas have fewer oocytes harvested during IVF treatment. However, their chance of pregnancy was comparable to patients with tubal problems who underwent IVF treatment.

Sperm preparation has play an integral part in the success of in-vitro fertilization. The aim of this study was to compare 2 different density gradient preparations for sperm separation in respect to sperm recovery, motility, motion parameters and clinical outcome after intrauterine insemination.One-hundred and 21 women who received intrauterine insemination due to ovulation dysfunction were randomly allocated into 2 groups, using either the Percoll (Amersham, Pharmacia Biotech AB, Sweden) or the PureSperm (Nidacon, Göteborg, Sweden) density gradient method for sperm preparation. The characteristics of sperm before and after separation and the clinical outcome of intrauterine insemination were compared between the 2 groups.PureSperm and Percoll demonstrated comparable ability to recover the sperms with progressive motility. There was no difference in motion parameters and the number of sperm recovered with progressive motility between the Percoll and the PureSperm density gradient preparations. The clinical pregnancy rate was also comparable between the 2 groups, 12.5% (7/56) in the PureSperm group compared to 13.8% (9/65) in the Percoll group, (p0.05).Despite using different density composition and volume, PureSperm demonstrated clinical effect comparable to that of Percoll in preparing sperm for intrauterine insemination.