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Objetivo. Determinar el impacto de aplicaciones de biocarbón enriquecido con abonos orgánicos sobre los grupos de nematodos de suelo. Materiales y métodos. El estudio se desarrolló en el Organopónico Vivero Alamar, Habana del Este, Cuba. Se evaluó el efecto de las aplicaciones de biocarbón sobre el crecimiento y producción de tres hortalizas y una planta aromática. Se realizaron muestreos de suelos antes de la siembra y después de aplicado el biocarbón. Se tomó 100 g de suelo por muestra, a las 72 horas se recolectaron, mataron, fijaron y contabilizaron los especímenes. Los datos del número de géneros al inicio y posterior a la aplicación se vertieron en una base de datos en Excel. Resultados. Se encontraron ocho géneros de nematodos (Cephalobus, Pelodera, Aphelenchus, Aphelenchoides, Tylenchus, Dolichodorus, Mononchus y Pratylenchus) y especímenes de las familias Rhabditidae y Dorylaimidae. La presencia del grupo de los bacteriófagos (Cephalobus sp.) y de representantes de la familia Rhabditidae se encontró en todos los cultivos evaluados posterior a la aplicación del biocarbón. No hubo presencia de fitoparásitos y el número de nematodos fungivoros (Aphelenchus sp.) aumentó. Conclusión. El uso del biocarbón demostró ser una alternativa útil y sencilla para elevar la estabilidad de los suelos.

Ciudad y territorio en el siglo XXI: reflexiones desde el Derecho Público es una obra colectiva que aborda los desafíos actuales de las ciudades y los territorios desde una perspectiva legal. Escrito por varios autores especializados, el libro ofrece reflexiones innovadoras sobre temas como la planificación urbana, la gobernanza territorial, la participación ciudadana y la sostenibilidad. Proporciona nuevas ideas y enfoques para mejorar la gestión y el desarrollo de las ciudades, convirtiéndose en una lectura imprescindible para comprender los retos que enfrenta nuestra sociedad urbana en el siglo XXI.

Objetivo. Determinar la satisfacción de los estudiantes de primer nivel con su preparación previa al ingreso a la carrera de Medicina de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario validado por criterio de expertos, con preguntas de opciones y una pregunta abierta, a 111 estudiantes que durante el periodo octubre 2017 a febrero 2018 estaban cursando el primer nivel de la carrera de Medicina y así conocer cómo valoraron ellos su preparación previa al inicio de sus estudios universitarios y del semestre de nivelación. Se analizó además la vía de ingreso y el comportamiento de la reprobación en ese periodo en las diferentes las materias, datos que se resumieron mediante la utilización de números absolutos y porcentajes. Resultados. Resultó un predominio de los estudiantes del sexo femenino con 62(55,9 %), de los cuales la edad promedio fue de 18 años, un 84,8% rindieron pruebas de ingreso para acceder a la carrera. La mayoría de los estudiantes evaluaron como satisfactoria su preparación previa, y más de la mitad dijo estar parcialmente satisfecho respecto a sus expectativas en la preparación durante el semestre de nivelación. Los contenidos de Anatomía resultaron los que más manifestaron los estudiantes debían haberse reforzado en la nivelación. Conclusión. La preparación recibida por los estudiantes, previo al ingreso, según el criterio de una mayoría resultó ser satisfactoria. El semestre de nivelación cumplió parcialmente las expectativas de los estudiantes.

In this work we compiled information on current and emerging microbial-based fertilization practices, especially the use of cell-free microbial culture filtrates (CFs), to promote plant growth, yield and stress tolerance, and their effects on plant-associated beneficial microbiota. In addition, we identified limitations to bring microbial CFs to the market as biostimulants. In nature, plants act as metaorganisms, hosting microorganisms that communicate with the plants by exchanging semiochemicals through the phytosphere. Such symbiotic interactions are of high importance not only for plant yield and quality, but also for functioning of the soil microbiota. One environmentally sustainable practice to increasing crop productivity and/or protecting plants from (a)biotic stresses while reducing the excessive and inappropriate application of agrochemicals is based on the use of inoculants of beneficial microorganisms. However, this technology has a number of limitations, including inconsistencies in the field, specific growth requirements and host compatibility. Beneficial microorganisms release diffusible substances that promote plant growth and enhance yield and stress tolerance. Recently, evidence has been provided that this capacity also extends to phytopathogens. Consistently, soil application of microbial cell-free culture filtrates (CFs) has been found to promote growth and enhance the yield of horticultural crops. Recent studies have shown that the response of plants to soil application of microbial CFs is associated with strong proliferation of the resident beneficial soil microbiota. Therefore, the use of microbial CFs to enhance both crop yield and stress tolerance, and to activate beneficial soil microbiota could be a safe, efficient and environmentally friendly approach to minimize shortfalls related to the technology of microbial inoculation. In this review, we compile information on microbial CFs and the main constituents (especially volatile compounds) that promote plant growth, yield and stress tolerance, and their effects on plant-associated beneficial microbiota. In addition, we identify challenges and limitations for their use as biostimulants to bring them to the market and we propose remedial actions and give suggestions for future work.

Abstract Background Pepper is one of the most cultivated crops worldwide, but is sensitive to salinity. This sensitivity is dependent on varieties and our knowledge about how they can face such stress is limited, mainly according to a molecular point of view. This is the main reason why we decided to develop this transcriptomic analysis. Tolerant and sensitive accessions, respectively called A25 and A6, were grown for 14 days under control conditions and irrigated with 70 mM of NaCl. Biomass, different physiological parameters and differentially expressed genes were analysed to give response to differential salinity mechanisms between both accessions. Results The genetic changes found between the accessions under both control and stress conditions could explain the physiological behaviour in A25 by the decrease of osmotic potential that could be due mainly to an increase in potassium and proline accumulation, improved growth (e.g. expansins), more efficient starch accumulation (e.g. BAM1), ion homeostasis (e.g. CBL9, HAI3, BASS1), photosynthetic protection (e.g. FIB1A, TIL, JAR1) and antioxidant activity (e.g. PSDS3, SnRK2.10). In addition, misregulation of ABA signalling (e.g. HAB1, ERD4, HAI3) and other stress signalling genes (e.g. JAR1) would appear crucial to explain the different sensitivity to NaCl in both accessions. Conclusions After analysing the physiological behaviour and transcriptomic results, we have concluded that A25 accession utilizes different strategies to cope better salt stress, being ABA-signalling a pivotal point of regulation. However, other strategies, such as the decrease in osmotic potential to preserve water status in leaves seem to be important to explain the defence response to salinity in pepper A25 plants.

La fibromialgia es una enfermedad con fuerte impacto psicológico, de evolución crónica que provoca dolor, rigidez e hipersensibilidad en músculos, tendones y articulaciones por más de tres meses de evolución. Generalmente está asociada a alteraciones cognitivas, disminución del sueño, astenia, ansiedad y depresión a diferentes grados. Aunque la etiología no se conoce con exactitud, el diagnóstico es clínico por exclusión. En este estudio se determinó la eficacia de la terapia cognitivo-conductual (TCC) en pacientes con fibromialgia en el Hospital Básico Miguel H. Alcívar de Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador. El estudio fue descriptivo y prospectivo en 30 pacientes diagnosticados de fibromialgia, en el periodo de mayo a septiembre de 2017. La mayoría de los pacientes fueron mujeres entre 30 y 40 años de edad, cuyo síntoma principal fue el dolor generalizado, con espectro ansioso-depresivo. Se utilizó el test de ansiedad y depresión hospitalaria para diagnosticar la presencia de ansiedad y depresión antes y después de la terapia. Los pacientes con fibromialgia fueron tratados con hipnosis, con un enfoque cognitivo conductual, en el 70,1 % los síntomas desaparecieron o mejoraron durante los meses en los que mantuvieron el tratamiento, lo cual demuestra la efectividad del tratamiento con TCC en pacientes con fibromialgia.

El objetivo de esta investigación es aportar un instrumento que permita conocer y analizar el grado de alfabetización ambiental del profesorado en formación inicial de Educación Infantil y Primaria. Para ello se ha seguido un proceso de diseño, tras la revisión de la literatura existente sobre el campo y validación a través de un juicio de expertos y prueba piloto. Como resultado se ha obtenido un cuestionario denominado Cuestionario de Dimensiones Ambientales (CDA), conformado por tres dimensiones: conocimientos y habilidades, actitudes y emociones y comportamientos; 9 categorías; 13 subcategorías y 75 ítems. Consideramos que es un instrumento fiable, consistente, claro y pertinente que cumple con la finalidad principal que se propone en la situación actual de crisis ecosocial.

Introducción: El envejecimiento es un fenómeno poblacional mundial, que genera un grupo cada vez más numeroso de adultos mayores con el consiguiente deterioro físico y mental a esa edad, por lo que se hace necesario establecer mecanismos, políticas y actitudes que favorezcan un envejecimiento digno, las Cátedras del Adulto Mayor han sido un espacio idóneo para lograr este objetivo. El presente estudio tuvo como finalidad determinar el nivel de autotrascendencia de los adultos mayores asistentes a una la Cátedra Universitaria del Adulto Mayor y la repercusión en su calidad de vida. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de 65 adultos mayores matriculados en una de estas cátedras durante el período lectivo 2017-2018, en la localidad de Cumanayagua de la provincia Cienfuegos (Cuba). Para obtener la información necesaria se aplicó una entrevista en profundidad y se aplicó la escala de autotrascendencia de Pamela G. Reed (1987). Resultados: El promedio de edad de los ancianos fue de 73,5 años, y el 68,7 % pertenecen al sexo femenino. El nivel de autotrascendencia de los adultos mayores estudiados fue alto. Conclusión: Quedo demostrado que estos contextos aglutinan a personas de diferente edad, sexo, escolaridad y zonas de residencia y además favorecen a elevar el nivel de autotrascendencia de los adultos matriculados y la mejora en su calidad de vida.

Introduction: The increase in life expectancy and the aging of the population are associated with an increase in the prevalence of chronic diseases. Comorbidities have an important impact on prognosis and functional capacity leading to a progressive deterioration of autonomy and quality of life and an increase in demand for medical care. Establishment of an accurate prognosis constitutes one of the primary objectives in healthcare. An accurate estimate of prognosis helps clinicians make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions, prevent iatrogenesis, and consider palliative care strategy as needed. It also allows the patient and family members to organize their preferences and priorities. Objective: To evaluate the PROFUND scale in patients with heart failure from a prognostic point of view. Methods: A multicenter cohort study including patients admitted for heart failure to internal medicine departments over a 6-month period will be carried out. Inclusion criteria are patients with a diagnosis of heart failure and at least two criteria of multipathological patients and NT-proBNP >1500 pg/ml upon admission. The PROFUND scale will be applied to all patients. Patients will be then stratified into four groups according to the PROFUND scale: low, moderate, moderate-high and high mortality risk. Conclusion: Our work is a prospective study that aims to apply the PROFUND scale to patients with heart failure in the hospital setting with the purpose of helping in decision-making with our patients, which could lead to improvements in the management of resources in our health system.

Calcium deficiency or its inefficient translocation to pepper fruits leads to considerable economic loss by reducing the number of marketable fruits. The present study proposes grafting as an environmentally friendly technique to effectively reduce such loss. A commercial variety (Al-cudia F1; V) was grafted onto two pepper (Capsicum annum L.) accessions (V/A6 and V/A8), a hybrid rootstock (V/N) and was also self-grafted (V/V). All rootstock–scion combinations were cultivated under greenhouse conditions with optimal and suboptimal Ca supply and assessed for fruit yield and biomass production, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence, mineral concentration in leaves and fruits as well as several fruit quality parameters. The V/N plants demonstrated an enhanced capacity for increased biomass, higher yield and number of commercial fruits and greater mean fruit weight compared with the other rootstock–scion combinations. These improvements are attributed primarily to increased intrinsic water efficiency. Additionally, a significantly higher Ca concentration in leaves was found under suboptimal Ca conditions in the V/N combination than that found in the other rootstock–scion combinations indicating a higher capacity for Ca uptake and translocation. Under the same conditions, the concentration of organic acids in fruits, such as citric and tartaric, which impact the organoleptic quality, was also higher in V/N plants. Consequently, we can conclude that grafting pepper onto tolerant rootstocks is a successful tool for ameliorating the negative impact of suboptimal Ca conditions on pepper crop performance and fruit quality.

Abstract Background Epidural analgesia during labor can provide effective pain relief, but can also lead to adverse effects. The practice of moderate exercise during pregnancy is associated with an increased level of endorphins in the blood, and this could also provide pain relief during labor. Aerobic water exercises, rather than other forms of exercise, do not negatively impact articulations, reduce edema, blood pressure, and back pain, and increase diuresis. We propose a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a moderate water exercise program during pregnancy on the need for epidural analgesia during labor. Methods A multi-center, parallel, randomized, evaluator blinded, controlled trial in a primary care setting. We will randomised 320 pregnant women (14 to 20 weeks gestation) who have low risk of complications to a moderate water exercise program or usual care. Discussion The findings of this research will contribute toward understanding of the effects of a physical exercise program on pain and the need for analgesia during labor. Trial registration ISRCTN Registry identifier:14097513 register on 04 September 2017. Retrospectively registered.

Background and Objectives: The prevalence and incidence of heart failure (HF) have been increasing in recent years as the population ages. These patients show a distinct profile of comorbidity, which makes their care more complex. In recent years, the PROFUND index, a specific tool for estimating the mortality rate at one year in pluripathology patients, has been developed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of the PROFUND index and of in-hospital and 30-day mortality after discharge of patients admitted for acute heart failure (AHF). Materials and Methods: A prospective multicenter longitudinal study was performed that included patients admitted with AHF and ≥2 comorbid conditions. Clinical, analytical, and prognostic variables were collected. The PROFUND index was collected in all patients and rates of in-hospital and 30-day mortality after discharge were analyzed. A bivariate analysis was performed with quantitative variables between patients who died and those who survived at the 30-day follow-up. A logistic regression analysis was performed with the variables that obtained statistical significance in the bivariate analysis between deceased and surviving subjects. Results: A total of 128 patients were included. Mean age was 80.5 +/− 9.98 years, and women represented 51.6%. The mean PROFUND index was 5.26 +/− 4.5. The mortality rate was 8.6% in-hospital and 20.3% at 30 days. Preserved left ventricular ejection fraction was found in 60.9%. In the sample studied, there were patients with a PROFUND score < 7 predominated (89 patients (70%) versus 39 patients (31%) with a PROFUND score ≥ 7). Thirteen patients (15%) with a PROFUND score < 7 died versus the 13 (33%) with a PROFUND score ≥ 7, p = 0.03. Twelve patients (15%) with a PROFUND score < 7 required readmission versus 12 patients (35%) with a PROFUND score ≥ 7, p = 0.02. The ROC curve of the PROFUND index for in-hospital mortality and 30-day follow-up in patients with AHF showed AUC 0.63, CI: 95% (0.508–0.764), p Conclusions: The PROFUND index is a clinical tool that may be useful for predicting short-term mortality in elderly patients with AHF. Further studies with larger simple sizes are required to validate these results.

Background and objectives: Patients with heart failure (HF) often present with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and require oral anticoagulation with coumarin anticoagulants such as acenocoumarol. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between time in therapeutic range (TTR) and the risk of early readmission. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was carried out on hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of HF between 2014 and 2018 who had adverse effects due to oral anticoagulation with acenocoumarol (underdosing, overdosing, or hemorrhage). Clinical, analytical, therapeutic, and prognostic variables were collected. TTR is defined as the duration of time in which the patient’s International Normalized Ratio (INR) values were within a desired range. Early readmission was defined as readmission within 30 days after hospital discharge. Patients were divided into two groups depending on whether or not they had a TTR less than 60% (TTR < 60%) over the 6 months prior to the adverse event. Results: In the cohort of 304 patients, the mean age was 82 years, 59.9% of the patients were female, and 54.6% had a TTR < 60%. Patients with TTR < 60% had a higher HAS-BLED score (4.04 vs. 2.59; p < 0.001) and INR (6 vs. 5.31; p < 0.05) but lower hemoglobin (11.67 vs. 12.22 g/dL; p < 0.05). TTR < 60% was associated with early readmission after multivariate analysis (OR: 2.05 (CI 95%: 1.16–3.61)). They also had a higher percentage of hemorrhagic events and in-hospital mortality but without reaching statistical significance. Conclusions: Patients with HF and adverse events due to acenocoumarol often have poor INR control, which is independently associated with a higher risk of early readmission.

Currently, limited water supply is a major problem in many parts of the world. Grafting peppers onto adequate rootstocks is a sustainable technique used to cope with water scarcity in plants. For 1 month, this work compared grafted peppers by employing two rootstocks (H92 and H90), with different sensitivities to water stress, and ungrafted plants in biomass, photosynthesis, and antioxidant response terms to identify physiological–antioxidant pathways of water stress tolerance. Water stress significantly stunted growth in all the plant types, although tolerant grafted plants (variety grafted onto H92, Var/H92) had higher leaf area and fresh weight values. Var/H92 showed photosynthesis and stomata conductance maintenance, compared to sensitive grafted plants (Var/H90) and ungrafted plants under water stress, linked with greater instantaneous water use efficiency. The antioxidant system was effective in removing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that could damage photosynthesis; a significant positive and negative linear correlation was observed between the rate of CO2 uptake and ascorbic acid (AsA)/total AsA (AsAt) and proline, respectively. Moreover, in Var/H92 under water stress, both higher proline and ascorbate concentration were observed. Consequently, less membrane lipid peroxidation was quantified in Var/H92.

In this study, hybrid pepper rootstock NIBER® is tested for its ability to overcome water stress situations under soil conditions. The impact of deficit irrigation (DI) on yield and fruit quality, irrigation water use efficiency is evaluated, and consequently, the agronomic impact of employing water-stress tolerant rootstock is compared to ungrafted pepper plants. For this purpose, plants of the California-type sweet pepper ‘Maestral F1’ grafted onto NIBER® underwent a sustained DI regime during seasons 2018 and 2019 and were compared to their respective controls. Plants were drip-fertirrigated, and volumetric soil water content was continuously monitored by capacitance sensors. Gas exchange and leaf water potential measurements were taken early in the morning and midday 58, 79, and 114 days after transplanting. Plant and fruit dry biomass, marketable quality, blossom-end rot incidence and harvest index were also determined. For consecutive years, our results confirmed that grafting a pepper cultivar onto an appropriate rootstock (NIBER® in this case) as part of a DI strategy can overcome the negative effects of sustained water stress conditions. The plant biomass production and fruit yields of grafted plants were less affected by DI due to less sensitivity to water stress. This can be attributed to a less marked reduction in shoot dry weight in the grafted plants, which allowed greater whole photosynthesis by maintaining sink activity compared to ungrafted plants.

Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme represent a valuable tool for tomato breeding, particularly for tolerance to abiotic stresses. Water stress and salinity are major constraints to tomato’s cultivation, and for which limited genetic variability has been reported within the cultivated species. We evaluated four accessions of S. pimpinellifolium and four of S. l. var. cerasiforme for their adaptation to water deficit and salinity. The CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, substomatal CO2 concentration, transpiration rate, and leaf chlorophyll concentration were evaluated, as well as morphological and agronomic traits. The accessions showed a remarkable inter- and intra-species response variability to both stresses. Two S. pimpinellifolium accessions and one S. l. var. cerasiforme showed unaltered physiological parameters, thus indicating a good adaptation to water deficit. Two S. l. var. cerasiforme accessions showed an interesting performance under salt stress, one of which showing also good adaptation to water stress. In general, both stresses showed a negative impact on leaf size and fruit fresh weight, especially in the big-sized fruits. However, flowering, fruit setting and earliness remained unaltered or even improved when compared to control conditions. Stressed plants yielded fruits with higher ° Brix. Response to stresses seemed to be linked to origin environmental conditions, notwithstanding, variability was observed among accessions of the same region.

In vegetables, tolerance to drought can be improved by grafting commercial varieties onto drought tolerant rootstocks. Grafting has emerged as a tool that copes with drought stress. In previous results, the A25 pepper rootstock accession showed good tolerance to drought in fruit production terms compared with non-grafted plants and other rootstocks. The aim of this work was to study if short-term exposure to drought in grafted plants using A25 as a rootstock would show tolerance to drought now. To fulfill this objective, some physiological processes involved in roots (rootstock) and leaves (scion) of grafted pepper plants were analyzed. Pepper plants not grafted (A), self-grafted (A/A), and grafted onto a tolerant pepper rootstock A25 (A/A25) were grown under severe water stress induced by PEG addition (-0.55 MPa) or under control conditions for 7 days in hydroponic pure solution. According to our results, water stress severity was alleviated by using the A25 rootstock in grafted plants (A/A25), which indicated that mechanisms stimulated by roots are essential to withstand stress. A/A25 had a bigger root biomass compared with plants A and A/A that resulted in better water absorption, water retention capacity and a sustained CO2 assimilation rate. Consequently, plants A/A25 had a better carbon balance, supported by greater nitrate reductase activity located mainly in leaves. In the non-grafted and self-grafted plants, the photosynthesis rate lowered due to stomatal closure, which limited transpiration. Consequently, part of NO3- uptake was reduced in roots. This condition limited water uptake and CO2 fixation in plants A and A/A under drought stress, and accelerated oxidative damage by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and H2O2, which were highest in their leaves, indicating great sensitivity to drought stress and induced membrane lipid peroxidation. However, drought deleterious effects were slightly marked in plants A compared to A/A. To conclude, the A25 rootstock protects the scion against oxidative stress, which is provoked by drought, and shows better C and N balances that enabled the biomass to be maintained under water stress for short-term exposure, with higher yields in the field.

En el presente trabajo abordamos el estudio del cambio del conocimiento didáctico de un grupo de maestros de Primaria en formación inicial, sobre la evaluación en Ciencias. La investigación se enmarca en un Proyecto de I+D+i y en el contexto de un curso formativo basado en aprender a enseñar ciencias por investigación escolar y en la interacción con prácticas docentes innovadoras. La investigación sigue una metodología cualitativa siendo el instrumento fundamental de recogida de datos las producciones escritas por los futuros maestros durante los tres momentos en los que se divide el estudio. Del análisis de estas producciones se concluye que hay un progreso en su conocimiento de la evaluación en las tres categorías estudiadas (sentido, instrumentos y contenido de la evaluación) próximas a un modelo didáctico tradicional, pero sin alcanzar el modelo alternativo que consideramos deseable.

New sources of water stress and salinity tolerances are needed for crops grown in marginal lands. Pepper is considered one of the most important crops in the world. Many varieties belong to the genus Capsicum spp., and display wide variability in tolerance/sensitivity terms in response to drought and salinity stress. The objective was to screen seven salt/drought-tolerant pepper accessions to breed new cultivars that could overcome abiotic stresses, or be used as new crops in land with water and salinity stress. Fast and effective physiological traits were measured to achieve the objective. The present study showed wide variability of the seven pepper accessions in response to both stresses. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration reduced mainly under salinity due to stomatal and non-stomatal (Na+ accumulation) constraints and, to a lesser extent, in the accessions grown under water stress. A positive relationship between CO2 fixation and fresh weight generation was observed for both stresses. Decreases in Ys and YW and increased proline were observed only when accessions were grown under salinity. However, these factors were not enough to alleviate salt effects and an inverse relation was noted between plant salt tolerance and proline accumulation. Under water stress, A31 was the least affected and A34 showed the best tolerance to salinity in terms of photosynthesis and biomass.

The objectives of the paper were to study the pattern of root growth (measured by minirhizotrons) in relation to trunk, fruit and shoot growth and the effects of crop load on tree growth and yield in peach trees. Two crop load (commercial and low) treatments were applied in a mature early-maturing peach tree orchard growing in Mediterranean conditions. Root growth dynamics were measured using minirhizotrons during one growing season. Shoot, trunk and fruit growth were also measured. At harvest, all fruits were weighed, counted and sized. Roots grew throughout the year but at lower rates during the active fruit growth phase. Root growth was asynchronous with shoot growth, while root and trunk growth rates were highest after harvest, when the canopy was big enough to allocate the photo-assimilates to organs that would ensure the following season’s yield. Shoot and fruit growth was greater in the low crop load treatment and was accompanied by a non-significant increase in root growth. High level of fruit thinning decreased the current yield but the fruits were more marketable because of their greater size.

En este trabajo se describe y analiza el cambio en las concepciones sobre la evaluación en Ciencias de la Naturaleza que experimentan estudiantes del Grado de Maestro de Educación Primaria en la Universidad de Sevilla, que participaron en un curso de formación inicial para aprender a enseñar ciencias en Primaria. Los 347 participantes se organizaron en 92 equipos distribuidos en cinco aulas dirigidas por cinco formadores distintos que compartían el mismo programa formativo. Se analizan las producciones escritas de evaluación elaboradas por estos equipos al inicio y al final del curso. Los resultados revelan que, mayoritariamente, hay un cambio en su conocimiento de la evaluación en las tres categorías estudiadas (sentido, instrumentos y contenido de la evaluación), aunque no se logra un predominio del enfoque formativo de la misma. Describimos los diferentes niveles de progresión sobre la evaluación que pueden servir de referencia en la formación inicial.

El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los cambios en los parámetros nutricionales y condición física en adolescentes deportistas luego de consumir harina de pescado como complemento nutricional. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cuasi-experimental, ciego para los investigadores, en 100 adolescentes futbolistas, divididos en dos grupos homogéneos en todos los parámetros de estudio. Se le brindó harina de pescado durante cuatro meses a uno de los grupos. Luego de evaluar el estado nutricional y la condición física, antes y después de la intervención, no se encontraron cambios en el estado nutricional, ni antropométricos ni de laboratorio, tampoco en la condición física; pero sí en los niveles de hemoglobina y hematocrito entre los que consumieron la harina de pescado y el grupo control. En conclusión, el consumo de harina de pescado no se tradujo en cambios en el estado nutricional ni en la condición física de adolescentes deportistasThe objective of the study is to identify the changes in the nutritional parameters and the physical condition of teenage players after eating fishmeal as a nutritional complement. For this purpose, a quasi-experimental study, blinded for investigators, was conducted, involving 100 teenage football players, divided in two groups, homogeneous in terms of all study parameters, one of which received fishmeal for four months. After evaluating the nutritional status and physical condition, before and after the intervention, no change was found in the nutritional and anthropometric status or laboratory results, or in the physical condition. However, those who received fishmeal did report a change in their hemoglobin and hematocrit levelsin comparison to the control group. In conclusion, the consumption of fishmeal did not lead to changes in the nutritional status or the physical condition of teenage football players

This special issue of the CLEI Electronic Journal consists of an invited paper on 25 years of Model-Driven Web Engineering as well as extended and revised versions of the Selected Papers presented at the XIX Ibero-American Conference on Software Engineering (CIbSE 2016).

Se realiza la presentación de dos pacientes, operadas en nuestro servicio con el diagnóstico inicial de tumor ginecológico, cuya sintomatología era bastante vaga e indefinida. Nos llamó la atención, no tanto el diagnóstico final de la entidad, como sí la ausencia casi total de síntomas en el primero de los casos a pesar del tamaño de la lesión y de le edad de la paciente, en presencia de un abdomen prácticamente ocupado en su totalidad por un tumor. Estos tumores llegaron a pesar una vez fuera de su habitad 18 y 10 libras respectivamente. No por la infrecuencia, sino por la magnitud de los mismos, es que nos dimos a la tarea de su presentación y divulgación.

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de las patologías herniarias, dentro de estas específicamente la hernia inguinal. En el periodo comprendido entre el 2001 hasta el 2005 se realizaron un total de 2245 intervenciones quirúrgicas por parte del servicio de Cirugía General, de estas fueron hernias inguinales 497, representando un 22.1 % del total de intervenciones quirúrgicas del servicio. La hernia indirecta representó un 87.9 % y la directa un 6 %, mientras que otras variedades representaron un 6 %. Se encontró además que en el hombre esta patología representó un 90.5 % en comparación a la mujer con un 9.5%. El 30 % de estas hernias fueron tratadas por la técnica de Nyhus, por vía anterior, (Técnica Facial), de ellas solamente recidivó el 12.3 %. El grupo de edad más afectado estuvo comprendido entre los mayores de 60 años para un 67.2 % de los tratados, es de señalar que este resultado responde al hecho que todos los estudiados fueron pacientes ingresados, sin incluir los casos operados ambulatoriamente,

Anorectal malformations are one of big causes of de intestinal obstruction in newborns. They constitute around 25% of digestive malformations. Have a frequency of 1 in 4000 born alive. They are more frequent in the male (1.4:1) and 40 to 70% of the patients have one or more associate anomalies. We presented the Good Clinical Practices Guideline for Anorectal malformations, approved by consensus in the 2nd National Good Clinical Practices Workshop in Pediatric Surgery (Manzanillo, Cuba, September 31 - October 3, 2002).

BackgroundMigration research is in rapid expansion and increasingly based on sophisticated satellite-tracking devices subject to constant technological refinement, but is still ripe with descriptive studies and in need of meta-analyses looking for emergent generalisations. In particular, coexistence of studies and devices with different frequency of location sampling and spatial accuracy generates doubts of data compatibility, potentially preventing meta-analyses. We used satellite-tracking data on a migratory raptor to: (1) test whether data based on different location sampling frequencies and on different position subsampling approaches are compatible, and (2) seek potential solutions that enhance compatibility and enable eventual meta-analyses.Methodology/principal findingsWe used linear mixed models to analyse the differences in the speed and route length of the migration tracks of 36 Black kites (Milvus migrans) satellite-tagged with two different types of devices (Argos vs GPS tags), entailing different regimes of position sampling frequency. We show that different location sampling frequencies and data subsampling approaches generate large (up to 33%) differences in the estimates of route length and migration speed of this migratory bird.Conclusions/significanceOur results show that the abundance of locations available for analysis affects the tortuosity and realism of the estimated migration path. To avoid flaws in future meta-analyses or unnecessary loss of data, we urge researchers to reach an agreement on a common protocol of data presentation, and to recognize that all transmitter-based studies are likely to underestimate the actual distance traveled by the marked animal. As ecological research becomes increasingly technological, new technologies should be matched with improvements in analytical capacity that guarantee data compatibility.

Introducción: la transmisión de Mycobacterium tuberculosis es un riesgo reconocido en las instituciones de salud. El riesgo varía según el tipo de instalación, la prevalencia de tuberculosis (TB) en la comunidad, el grupo ocupacional de los trabajadores, el área de la instalación en que trabajan y la efectividad del control. Objetivo: describir las características de la enfermedad tuberculosa y los resultados del tratamiento entre los trabajadores de salud atendidos en el Programa de Control de la Tuberculosis del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. Material y método: estudio descriptivo observacional de casos entre trabajadores de salud (TS) y pacientes (controles) entre que ingresaron al Programa de Control de la Tuberculosis (PCT) del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) entre 1994 al 2007. Resultados: de enero 1994 a diciembre 2007 se atendieron 957 enfermos de tuberculosis de los cuales 159 (16,6%) fueron TS, con edad promedio de 31,05 ±8,79, siendo 84 (52,8%) mujeres y 122 (76,7%) con enfermedad pulmonar. De estos 36,5% fueron profesionales y 34,6% estudiantes de ciencias de la salud. Entre los profesionales de la salud hubo 41 médicos (71%) y de ellos los residentes fueron mayoría (63%). Entre los estudiantes de ciencias de la salud el grupo mayoritario fue el de los estudiantes de medicina (87%), y dentro de ellos la mayoría (75%) externos e internos. De 20 cepas con sensibilidad realizada 11 (55%) fueron resistentes al menos a un fármaco, 5 (25%) multidrogoresistentes, 8 (40%) resistentes a isoniacida, 6 (30%) a rifampicina, 6 (30%) a estreptomicina y 4 (20%) a etambutol. Setenta y cuatro (60,7%) de los 122 TS con TB pulmonar ingresaron con BK negativo, y sólo 41 (33,6%) controles (p