Search

Since the development of fibroblast activation protein-targeted radiopharmaceuticals, 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) PET/CT has been found to be suitable for detecting primary and metastatic lesions in many types of tumors. However, there is currently a lack of reliable data regarding the clinical impact of this family of probes. To address this gap, the present study aimed to analyze the clinical impact of 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT by examining a large cohort of patients with various tumors. Methods: In total, 226 patients (137 male and 89 female) were included in this retrospective analysis. Pancreatic cancer and head and neck cancers were the most common tumor types in this cohort. TNM stage and oncologic management were initially determined with gold standard imaging, and these results were compared with 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT. Changes were classified as major and minor. Results: For 42% of all patients, TNM stage was changed by 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT results. Most of these changes resulted in upstaging. A change in clinical management occurred in 117 of 226 patients. Although a major change in management occurred in only 12% of patients, there was a significant improvement in the ability to accurately plan radiation therapy. In general, the highest clinical impact of 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT imaging was found in patients with lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and head and neck tumors. Conclusion: 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT is a promising imaging probe that has a significant impact on TNM stage and clinical management. 68Ga-FAPI PET/CT promises to be a crucial new technology that will improve on conventional radiologic imaging methods such as contrast-enhanced CT and contrast-enhanced MRI typically acquired for cancer staging.

Abstract H2O transforms to two forms of superionic (SI) ice at high pressures and temperatures, which contain highly mobile protons within a solid oxygen sublattice. Yet the stability field of both phases remains debated. Here, we present the results of an ultrafast X-ray heating study utilizing MHz pulse trains produced by the European X-ray Free Electron Laser to create high temperature states of H2O, which were probed using X-ray diffraction during dynamic cooling. We confirm an isostructural transition during heating in the 26-69 GPa range, consistent with the formation of SI-bcc. In contrast to prior work, SI-fcc was observed exclusively above ~50 GPa, despite evidence of melting at lower pressures. The absence of SI-fcc in lower pressure runs is attributed to short heating timescales and the pressure-temperature path induced by the pump-probe heating scheme in which H2O was heated above its melting temperature before the observation of quenched crystalline states, based on the earlier theoretical prediction that SI-bcc nucleates more readily from the fluid than SI-fcc. Our results may have implications for the stability of SI phases in ice-rich planets, for example during dynamic freezing, where the preferential crystallization of SI-bcc may result in distinct physical properties across mantle ice layers.

The progress of the DFG-funded NFDI4Chem consortium (NFDI 4/1 - project number 441958208) in data management in chemistry is outlined in our latest report, highlighting the steps we have taken to integrate a data-centric approach within the chemistry community. This interim report offers a comprehensive overview of our data management activities, covering the reporting period from October 2020 to August 2023.The shift to digital tools in research documentation is driven by our work with Electronic Laboratory Notebooks (ELNs), such as Chemotion ELN, offering systematic data storage for easy retrieval and sharing. Additionally, we focus on developing repositories, such as Chemotion repository and RADAR4Chem, which fulfil the needs for the storage of chemical data. The NFDI4Chem Search Service ensures easy data access from our repositories. Our efforts extend to community engagement through conference visits and online presence, aimed at creating awareness for (digital) research data management and connecting to chemistry students and researchers. Our training programs have reached over 600 participants to date. Initiatives like the FAIR4Chem award and the Chemistry Data Days promote cultural change towards FAIR data. Our Editors4Chem initiative collaborates with publishers for standardised data management and the Ontologies4Chem workshops organised by our consortium promote the ontology development in the field.Apart from the consortium's engagement for chemists, NFDI4Chem members played key roles in the development of the NFDI as a whole. Being actively involved in the sections and task forces, NFDI4Chem promotes collaborative solutions across NFDI consortia.

IntroductionCryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) is the most prevalent enteric protozoan parasite causing infectious diarrhea in neonatal calves worldwide with a direct negative impact on their health and welfare. This study utilized next-generation sequencing (NGS) to deepen our understanding of intestinal epithelial barriers and transport mechanisms in the pathophysiology of infectious diarrhea in neonatal calves, which could potentially unveil novel solutions for treatment.MethodsAt day 1 of life, male Holstein-Friesian calves were either orally infected (n = 5) or not (control group, n = 5) with C. parvum oocysts (in-house strain LE-01-Cp-15). On day 8 after infection, calves were slaughtered and jejunum mucosa samples were taken. The RNA was extracted from collected samples and subjected to sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) between the infected and CTRL groups were assessed using DESeq2 at a false discovery rate < 0.05 and used for gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis in Cytoscape (v3.9.1).Results and discussionTo study the pathophysiology of infectious diarrhea on intestinal permeability, 459 genes related to epithelial cell barrier integrity and paracellular and transmembrane transport systems were selected from 12,908 identified genes in mucus. Among, there were 61 increased and 109 decreased gene transcripts belonged to adhesion molecules (e.g. ADGRD1 and VCAM1), ATP-binding cassette (ABC, e.g. ABCC2 and ABCD1) and solute carrier (SLC, e.g. SLC28A2 and SLC38A3) transporters, and ion channels (e.g. KCNJ15). Our results suggest deregulation of cellular junctions and thus a possibly increased intestinal permeability, whereas deregulation of ABC and SLC transporters and ion channels may influence the absorption/secretion of amino acids, carbohydrates, fats, and organic compounds, as well as acid-based balance and osmotic hemostasis. Besides pathogen-induced gene expression alterations, part of the DEG may have been triggered or consequently affected by inflammatory mechanisms. The study provided a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of infectious diarrhea in neonatal calves and the host-pathogen interactions at the transcript level. For further studies with a particular focus on the transport system, these results could lead to a new approach to elucidating pathophysiological regulatory mechanisms.

Introduction: Target volume delineation is routinely performed in postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for breast cancer patients, but it is a time-consuming process. The aim of the present study was to validate the quality, clinical usability and institutional-specific implementation of different auto-segmentation tools into clinical routine. Methods: Three different commercially available, artificial intelligence-, ESTRO-guideline-based segmentation models (M1-3) were applied to fifty consecutive reference patients who received postoperative local RT including regional nodal irradiation for breast cancer for the delineation of clinical target volumes: the residual breast, implant or chestwall, axilla levels 1 and 2, the infra- and supraclavicular regions, the interpectoral and internal mammary nodes. Objective evaluation metrics of the created structures were conducted with the Dice similarity index (DICE) and the Hausdorff distance, and a manual evaluation of usability. Results: The resulting geometries of the segmentation models were compared to the reference volumes for each patient and required no or only minor corrections in 72 % (M1), 64 % (M2) and 78 % (M3) of the cases. The median DICE and Hausdorff values for the resulting planning target volumes were 0.87–0.88 and 2.96–3.55, respectively. Clinical usability was significantly correlated with the DICE index, with calculated cut-off values used to define no or minor adjustments of 0.82–0.86. Right or left sided target and breathing method (deep inspiration breath hold vs. free breathing) did not impact the quality of the resulting structures. Conclusion: Artificial intelligence-based auto-segmentation programs showed high-quality accuracy and provided standardization and efficient support for guideline-based target volume contouring as a precondition for fully automated workflows in radiotherapy treatment planning.

Dieser Artikel beschreibt Herausforderungen, Ziele und Möglichkeiten strategischer Kommunikation zum Forschungsdatenmanagement. Er zeigt, wie das Chemie-Konsortium zur Umsetzung einer Nationalen ForschungsDatenInfrastruktur NFDI4Chem arbeitet, um mit begrenzten Ressourcen möglichst effektiv den Einsatz von Forschungsdatenmanagement und den Output FAIRer Daten in der Chemie zu erhöhen. Beschrieben wird die Erstellung und Umsetzung einer Kommunikationsstrategie von der Analyse über die Planung und Implementierung bis hin zur Evaluierung.

Abstract Subducting sedimentary layer typically contains water and hydrated clay minerals. The stability of clay minerals under such hydrous subduction environment would therefore constraint the lithology and physical properties of the subducting slab interface. Here we show that pyrophyllite (Al2Si4O10(OH)2), one of the representative clay minerals in the alumina-silica-water (Al2O3-SiO2-H2O, ASH) system, breakdowns to contain further hydrated minerals, gibbsite (Al(OH)3) and diaspore (AlO(OH)), when subducts along a water-saturated cold subduction geotherm. Such a hydration breakdown occurs at a depth of ~135 km to uptake water by ~1.8 wt%. Subsequently, dehydration breakdown occurs at ~185 km depth to release back the same amount of water, after which the net crystalline water content is preserved down to ~660 km depth, delivering a net amount of ~5.0 wt% H2O in a phase assemblage containing δ-AlOOH and phase Egg (AlSiO3(OH)). Our results thus demonstrate the importance of subducting clays to account the delivery of ~22% of water down to the lower mantle.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to determine if colostrum and the equipment for harvesting and feeding colostrum are sources of fecal ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL/AmpC-E. coli) in calves. Therefore, 15 male calves fed with pooled colostrum on a dairy farm and held individually in an experimental barn, the colostrum pool and the equipment for harvesting and feeding colostrum were sampled and analyzed for the occurrence of ESBL/AmpC-E. coli. The ESBL-AmpC-E. coli suspicious isolates were subjected to whole-genome sequence analysis. Forty-three of 45 fecal samples were tested positive for ESBL/AmpC-E. coli. In the colostrum sample and in the milking pot, we also found ESBL/AmpC-E. coli. All 45 E. coli isolates were ESBL-producers, mainly commensal sequence type (ST) 10, but also human-extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli ST131 and ST117 were found. The clonal identity of six fecal isolates with the ESBL-E. coli isolate from the colostrum and of five fecal isolates with the strain from the milking pot demonstrates that the hygiene of colostrum or the colostrum equipment can play a significant role in the spread of ESBL-E. coli. Effective sanitation procedures for colostrum harvesting and feeding equipment are crucial to reduce the ESBL-E. coli shedding of neonatal dairy calves.

Adaptive management, a process of planning, implementing, and evaluating management strategies, is often recommended for monitoring ecological systems. However, few examples of successful implementation and retrospective case studies exist. We provide a case study of adaptively managing hatchery-assisted protection and recovery for Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and winter steelhead trout (O. mykiss) during and after the removal of two large mainstem dams in the Elwha River, WA. We summarize key aspects of the monitoring and adaptive management plan over the last decade and highlight successes, challenges, and complications during the plan’s implementation. The Elwha Monitoring and Adaptive Management Guidelines included a trigger-based system for moving through four phases of recovery that included preservation, recolonization, local adaptation, and viable natural population, each with differing levels of hatchery production as the management actions. The monitoring component of the plan has been very successful, providing critical data to guide management actions that otherwise may not have occurred and, opportunistically, provided data for other native species in the Elwha River. Implementing adaptive management provided mixed results and was at times hindered by divergent management goals among project partners, the inflexibility of the Endangered Species Act regulatory requirements as implemented for this project, and conflicting information among guidance documents. We learned that some metrics and triggers in the plan were ill-defined or too difficult to measure in the field. In some cases, the performance indicators and/or triggers were successfully modified to incorporate what was learned; however, in other cases, we were unable to revise the values due to differing opinions among partners. The ability to reach consensus on revised triggers appeared to be influenced by the recovery trajectory of the species involved. The implemented adaptive management strategy resulted in substantial collaboration and learning, which resulted in revised management strategies, but was imperfect. Sufficient long-term funding is necessary to implement a well-designed monitoring program and could benefit from including a defined leadership position to shepherd and facilitate a multi-stakeholder adaptive management program. Additionally, incorporating adaptive management into legally binding conditions under the Endangered Species Act is feasible, but requires substantial pre-planning in close coordination with regulatory agencies.

Large dam removal is being used to restore river systems, but questions remain regarding their outcomes. We examine how the removal of two large dams in the Elwha River, coupled with hatchery production and fishing closures, affected population attributes of Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (O. mykiss). Initial responses by returning adult Chinook salmon and steelhead was an increase in the number and spatial extent of natural and hatchery origin fish. Although few naturally produced juvenile Chinook salmon and steelhead outmigrants were observed prior to and during dam removal, abundances increased three years after adult fish passage was restored, suggesting that impacts due to downstream sedimentation after dam removal were reduced. The Chinook salmon population demographics remain dominated by hatchery production, while increases in winter steelhead abundance included both hatchery and natural-origin spawners. The spatial expansion of winter steelhead upstream of former dam sites was predominantly by natural-origin spawners. We also observed a natural “reawakening” of summer steelhead that were in part derived from an up-river resident population that returned to the Upper Elwha. Our results showed that a combination of habitat, hatchery, and harvest actions can result in positive responses for salmonid populations.

Radiation causes damage to normal tissues that leads to increased oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, highlighting the need for the selective radioprotection of healthy tissues without hindering radiotherapy effectiveness in cancer. This study shows that adiponectin, an adipokine secreted by adipocytes, protects normal tissues from radiation damage in vitro and in vivo. Specifically, adiponectin (APN) reduces chronic oxidative stress and fibrosis in irradiated mice. Importantly, APN also conferred no protection from radiation to prostate cancer cells. Adipose tissue is the primary source of circulating endogenous adiponectin. However, this study shows that adipose tissue is sensitive to radiation exposure exhibiting morphological changes and persistent oxidative damage. In addition, radiation results in a significant and chronic reduction in blood APN levels from adipose tissue in mice and human prostate cancer patients exposed to pelvic irradiation. APN levels negatively correlated with bowel toxicity and overall toxicities associated with radiotherapy in prostate cancer patients. Thus, protecting, or modulating APN signaling may improve outcomes for prostate cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy.

NMRium is the first web-based software that allows displaying, processing, interpretation, and teaching of 1D and 2D NMR data in a user-friendly interface. It can import the most common data formats (e.g., JCAMP-DX, Bruker, Varian, and Jeol). While the scope for the use of NMRium encompasses a variety of applications such as being a component in data repositories or electronic lab notebooks (ELN), performing structure elucidation or preparing raw spectral data for publication, it also excels in enhancing teaching of NMR interpretation. In this paper, we present some current possibilities of this new tool. Several series of exercises are already provided on https://www.nmrium.org/teaching.

Background & Aims: Inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be treated by stereotactic body radiotherapy. However, carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is more effective for sparing non-tumorous liver. High linear energy transfer could promote therapy efficacy. Japanese and Chinese studies on hypofractionated CIRT have yielded excellent results. Because of different radiobiological models and the different etiological spectrum of HCC, applicability of these results to European cohorts and centers remains questionable. The aim of this prospective study was to assess safety and efficacy and to determine the optimal dose of CIRT with active raster scanning based on the local effect model (LEM) I. Methods: CIRT was performed every other day in four fractions with relative biological effectiveness (RBE)-weighted fraction doses of 8.1–10.5 Gy (total doses 32.4–42.0 Gy [RBE]). Dose escalation was performed in five dose levels with at least three patients each. The primary endpoint was acute toxicity after 4 weeks. Results: Twenty patients received CIRT (median age 74.7 years, n = 16 with liver cirrhosis, Child-Pugh scores [CP] A5 [n = 10], A6 [n = 4], B8 [n = 1], and B9 [n = 1]). Median follow up was 23 months. No dose-limiting toxicities and no toxicities exceeding grade II occurred, except one grade III gamma-glutamyltransferase elevation 12 months after CIRT, synchronous to out-of-field hepatic progression. During 12 months after CIRT, no CP elevation occurred. The highest dose level could be applied safely. No local recurrence developed during follow up. The objective response rate was 80%. Median overall survival was 30.8 months (1/2/3 years: 75%/64%/22%). Median progression-free survival was 20.9 months (1/2/3 years: 59%/43%/43%). Intrahepatic progression outside of the CIRT target volume was the most frequent pattern of progression. Conclusions: CIRT of HCC yields excellent local control without dose-limiting toxicity. Impact and implications: To date, safety and efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma have only been evaluated prospectively in Japanese and Chinese studies. The optimal dose and fractionation when using the local effect model for radiotherapy planning are unknown. The results are of particular interest for European and American particle therapy centers, but also of relevance for all specialists involved in the treatment and care of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, as we present the first prospective data on carbon ion radiotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma outside of Asia. The excellent local control should encourage further use of carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and design of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Trials Registration: The study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01167374).

O presente trabalho utiliza um modelo bayesiano multinível para estimar o efeito da dotação de patrimônios culturais e naturais na quantidade de turistas estrangeiros recebida por 17 estados brasileiros nos anos de 2014, 2016 e 2019. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que a certificação de patrimônios por órgãos nacionais e internacionais pode, mesmo sem intenção ou indiretamente, servir como sinalização de qualidade para os turistas em potencial e, dessa forma, aumentar o fluxo de turistas internacionais recebido por uma determinada região.

Background: Due to superior image quality and daily adaptive planning, MR-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (MRgSBRT) has the potential to further widen the therapeutic window in radiotherapy of localized prostate cancer. This study reports on acute toxicity rates and patient-reported outcomes after MR-guided adaptive ultrahypofractionated radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer within the prospective, multicenter phase II SMILE trial. Materials and methods: A total of 69 patients with localized prostate cancer underwent MRgSBRT with daily online plan adaptation. Inclusion criteria comprised a tumor stage ≤ T3a, serum PSA value ≤ 20 ng/ml, ISUP Grade group ≤ 4. A dose of 37.5 Gy was prescribed to the PTV in five fractions on alternating days with an optional simultaneous boost of 40 Gy to the dominant intraprostatic lesion defined by multiparametric MRI. Acute genitourinary (GU-) and gastrointestinal (GI-) toxicity, as defined by CTCAE v. 5.0 and RTOG as well as patient-reported outcomes according to EORTC QLQ-C30 and -PR25 scores were analyzed at completion of radiotherapy, 6 and 12 weeks after radiotherapy and compared to baseline symptoms. Results: There were no toxicity-related treatment discontinuations. At the 12-week follow-up visit, no grade 3 + toxicities were reported according to CTCAE. Up until the 12-week visit, in total 16 patients (23 %) experienced a grade 2 GU or GI toxicity. Toxicity rates peaked at the end of radiation therapy and subsided within the 12-week follow-up period. At the 12-week follow-up visit, no residual grade 2 GU toxicities were reported and 1 patient (1 %) had residual grade 2 enteritic symptoms. With exception to a significant improvement in the emotional functioning score following MRgSBRT, no clinically meaningful changes in the global health status nor in relevant subscores were reported. Conclusion: Daily online-adaptive MRgSBRT for localized prostate cancer resulted in an excellent overall toxicity profile without any major negative impact on quality of life.

Abstract Positron emission tomography with 68Gallium (68Ga) labeled inhibitors of fibroblast activation protein (68Ga-FAPI-PET) is a promising imaging technique for patients with recurrent pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). To date, it is not clear if different acquisition timepoints for 68Ga-FAPI-PET may result in comparable imaging information and if repetitive 68Ga-FAPI-PET imaging may add diagnostic value to single timepoint acquisition for recurrent PDAC. Here we analyzed retrospectively early (20 min p.i.) and late (60 min p.i.) 68Ga-FAPI-PET imaging using FAPI-46 of 33 patients with possible recurrence of PDAC concerning detection rates and uptake over time of local recurrences, metastases, inflammatory lesions of the pancreas, cholestatic lesions of the liver and reactive tissue. 33 patients with histologically confirmed PDAC after complete or partial resection of the pancreas and possible recurrence were examined by 68Ga-FAPI-46-PET acquired 20- and 60-min post injection (p.i.) of the radiotracer. FAPI-positive lesions were classified as local recurrences, metastases, inflammatory lesions of the pancreas (ILP), cholestatic lesions of the liver and reactive tissue based on histology, PET- and CT-morphology and clinical information. Lesions were contoured, and standardized uptake values (SUVmax and SUVmean) and target-to-background ratios (TBR) were analyzed for both acquisition timepoints. In total, 152 FAPI-positive lesions (22 local relapses, 47 metastases, 26 inflammatory lesions of the pancreas, 28 reactive tissues, and 29 cholestatic lesions) were detected. Detection rates for the early and late acquisition of 68Ga-FAPI-46-PET were almost identical except cholestatic lesions, which showed a higher detection rate at early imaging. SUV parameters and TBRs of ILP significantly decreased over time. Cholestatic lesions showed a tendency towards decreasing uptake. All other types of lesions showed relatively stable uptake over time. Early and late acquisition of 68Ga-FAPI-PET results in comparable imaging information in patients with possible recurrence of PDAC. Two timepoint imaging offers additional diagnostic potential concerning differential diagnoses.

In the original publication [...].

An experimental platform for dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) research has been developed at the High Energy Density (HED) Instrument at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (European XFEL). Advantage was taken of the high repetition rate of the European XFEL (up to 4.5 MHz) to collect pulse-resolved MHz X-ray diffraction data from samples as they are dynamically compressed at intermediate strain rates (≤103 s−1), where up to 352 diffraction images can be collected from a single pulse train. The set-up employs piezo-driven dDACs capable of compressing samples in ≥340 µs, compatible with the maximum length of the pulse train (550 µs). Results from rapid compression experiments on a wide range of sample systems with different X-ray scattering powers are presented. A maximum compression rate of 87 TPa s−1 was observed during the fast compression of Au, while a strain rate of ∼1100 s−1 was achieved during the rapid compression of N2 at 23 TPa s−1.

BackgroundApart from superior soft tissue contrast, MR-guided stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) offers the chance for daily online plan adaptation. This study reports on the comparison of dose parameters before and after online plan adaptation in MR-guided SBRT of localized prostate cancer.Materials and methods32 consecutive patients treated with ultrahypofractionated SBRT for localized prostate cancer within the prospective SMILE trial underwent a planning process for MR-guided radiotherapy with 37.5 Gy applied in 5 fractions. A base plan, derived from MRI simulation at an MRIdian Linac, was registered to daily MRI scans (predicted plan). Following target and OAR recontouring, the plan was reoptimized based on the daily anatomy (adapted plan). CTV and PTV coverage and doses at OAR were compared between predicted and adapted plans using linear mixed regression models.ResultsIn 152 out of 160 fractions (95%), an adapted radiation plan was delivered. Mean CTV and PTV coverage increased by 1.4% and 4.5% after adaptation. 18% vs. 95% of the plans had a PTV coverage ≥95% before and after online adaptation, respectively. 78% vs. 100% of the plans had a CTV coverage ≥98% before and after online adaptation, respectively. The D0.2cc for both bladder and rectum were

One of the leading causes of infectious diarrhea in newborn calves is the apicomplexan protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). However, little is known about its immunopathogenesis. Using next generation sequencing, this study investigated the immune transcriptional response to C. parvum infection in neonatal calves. Neonatal male Holstein-Friesian calves were either orally infected (N = 5) or not (CTRL group, N = 5) with C. parvum oocysts (gp60 subtype IIaA15G2R1) at day 1 of life and slaughtered on day 7 after infection. Total RNA was extracted from the jejunal mucosa for short read. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between infected and CTRL groups were assessed using DESeq2 at a false discovery rate < 0.05. Infection did not affect plasma immunohematological parameters, including neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, leucocyte, thrombocyte, and erythrocyte counts as well as hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration on day 7 post infection. The immune-related DEGs were selected according to the UniProt immune system process database and were used for gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis using Cytoscape (v3.9.1). Based on GO analysis, DEGs annotated to mucosal immunity, recognizing and presenting antigens, chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, B and T cells mediated by signaling pathways including toll like receptors, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, T cell receptor, and NF-KB were upregulated, while markers of macrophages chemotaxis and cytosolic pattern recognition were downregulated. This study provides a holistic snapshot of immune-related pathways induced by C. parvum in calves, including novel and detailed feedback and feedforward regulatory mechanisms establishing the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune response in neonate calves, which could be utilized further to develop new therapeutic strategies.