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Considering a sustainable society, it is highly desirable to develop coatings that combine excellent wear-resistance, healing and recovery capabilities with tunable mechanical properties.

Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) is an excellent forage species widely distributed in Gansu, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia, and other provinces of China (Gong et al. 2019). In July 2021, typical leaf spot symptoms were observed on the leaves of smooth bromegrass plants in Ewenki Banner of Hulun Buir, China (49°5′8″N, 119°44′28″E, alt. 622.5 m). Approximately 90% of plants were affected, with symptoms apparent throughout the plant but mainly concentrated on the lower middle leaves. We collected 11 plants to identify the causal pathogen of leaf spot on smooth bromegrass. Samples (5×5 mm) of symptomatic leaves were excised and surface-sanitized with 75% ethanol for 3 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, and incubated on water agar (WA) at 25℃ for three days. The lumps were cut along the edges and transplanted to potato dextrose agar (PDA) for subculture. After two purification cultures, ten strains, termed HE2 to HE11, were collected. The front side of the colony morphology was cottony or woolly, the center was greyish-green, circled with greyish-white color, with reddish pigmentation on the reverse. The conidia were globose or subglobose, yellow-brown or dark brown, with surface verrucae, and 23.89±3.76×20.28±3.23 μm (n = 50) in size. The morphological characteristics of the mycelia and conidia of the strains mtched those of Epicoccum nigrum (El-Sayed et al. 2020). The primers ITS1/ITS4 (White et al. 1991), LROR/LR7 (Rehner and Samuels 1994), 5F2/7cR (Sung et al. 2007), and TUB2Fd/TUB4Rd (Woudenberg et al. 2009) were used to amplify and sequence four phylogenic loci (ITS, LSU, RPB2 and β-tubulin), respectively. The sequences of ten strains have been deposited in GenBank, and the detailed accession numbers were shown in Table S1. BLAST analysis of these sequences showed 99-100%, 96-98%, 97-99% and 99-100% homology with the E. nigrum strain in the ITS, LSU, RPB2 and TUB sequenced regions, respectively. The sequences of ten test strains and other Epicoccum spp. strains obtained from GenBank were aligned by ClustalW by MEGA (version 11.0) software. After a series of alignment, cutting and splicing, the phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method with 1000 bootstrap replicates based on the ITS, LSU, RPB2, and TUB sequences. The test strains were clustered together with E. nigrum, with branch support rate of 100%. Combined with morphological and molecular biological characteristics, ten strains were identified as E. nigrum. For the pathogenicity test, the seeds of smooth bromegrass were soaked for four days and then sown into six pots (10 cm diameter × 15 cm height) and kept in a greenhouse under a 16-h photoperiod with temperatures of 20-25°C and 60% relative humidity. Microconidia of the strain produced on wheat bran medium after 10 days were washed with sterile deionized water, filtered through three layers of sterile cheese cloth, quantified, and the concentration adjusted to 1 × 106 microconidia/ml with a hemocytometer. When the plants had grown to a height of about 20 cm, the leaves of plants in three pots were sprayed with the spore suspension, 10 mL per pot, while the remaining three pots were inoculated with sterile water and served as controls (LeBoldus and Jared 2010). The inoculated plants were cultured in an artificial climate box under a 16-h photoperiod with temperatures of 24°C and 60% relative humidity. Brown spots were apparent on the leaves of the treated plants after five days, whereas the leaves of the controls remained healthy. The same E. nigum strain were re-isolated from the inoculated plants and identified by the morphological and molecular techniques described above. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot disease caused by E. nigrum on smooth bromegrass in China, as well as in the world. Infection with this pathogen could reduce the yield and quality of smooth bromegrass production. For this reason, strategies for the management and control of this disease should be developed and implemented.

In order to improve the tribological properties of graphene reinforced polymer composites, ionic liquids (IL) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were deposited on the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets surface to ameliorate the compatibility between graphene and bismaleimide (BMI) matrix, as well as the stability of their self-lubricating transfer films. Their tribological properties were evaluated, and the wear mechanism was studied by means of surface/interface analysis, respectively. It could be found that CQDs/IL/rGO could improve the stability of the friction coefficient and decrease the volume wear rate of their BMI composites. When the filler amount was only 0.6 wt%, the friction coefficient and volume wear rate of CQDs/IL/rGO/BMI composites decreased by 41.2% and 94.7% compared with the neat BMI, respectively. Also, the CQDs/IL/rGO/BMI composites exhibited the lowest friction coefficient fluctuations and volume wear rate than those of other composites. Because of the synergistic effects of the CQDs, IL and rGO, uniform, continuous and steady self-lubricating transfer film could be formed during the friction process, thus significantly improving the anti-friction and wear-resistance properties of CQDs/IL/rGO/BMI composites. More importantly, the unique combinations of advantages of each functional component can also be applied in many other fields, such as catalysis, chemical sensors, etc.

Water-based polymers have been widely used in coating materials, but their durability and service life are often greatly reduced due to macroscopic damage or cracking caused by external forces. In this paper, poly(propylene glycol) terminated with ortho-amiomethylphenyl diboronic acid (AMPBA-PPG) and cross-linked polymer containing boroxine (CLP-boroxine) were synthesized by nucleophilic substitution. Then the CLP-boroxine was introduced into waterborne polyurethane (WPU) to prepare AMPBA-PPG/WPU composite emulsion for leather finishing and CLP-boroxine/WPU composite film. The self-healing characterization results showed that the self-healing efficiency of the 15 wt% CLP-boroxine/WPU film was as high as 93.6% after only 4 h of water stimulation at room temperature. Compared with neat WPU finished leather, the leather samples finished with AMPBA-PPG/WPU exhibited more excellent wear-resistance. More importantly, the leather coating finished with AMPBA-PPG/WPU still showed nice wear-resistance even after wear and self-healing treatment. These results are attributed to that the hydrogen bonds between AMPBA-PPG and WPU, WPU, and WPU, and the dynamic reversible covalent bonds in AMPBA-PPG can improve/increase the self-healing efficiency of the composite coating. In addition, the boron hydroxyl groups in AMPBA-PPG could also react with the hydroxyl groups on the leather surface, thereby further improving the wear-resistance of the leather coating. Dynamic boronate ester bonds can not only endow WPU excellent self-healing properties but also improve wear-resistance of its leather coating.

Novel cationic fluoroalkyl-terminated hyperbranched polyurethane (CHBPUF) latex was synthesized by graft reaction of perfluorohexyl ethyl alcohol and hyperbranched polyurethane (CHBPU), which was previously prepared from interaction between hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched polymer and PU prepolymer manufactured via the acetone process, as well as using neutralization, adding water, and high-speed stirring operations. We characterized the resultants and investigated its surface properties by IR, NMR, XRD, TEM, TGA, DSC, FE-SEM, AFM, XPS, and contact angle measurements, etc. IR and NMR tests confirmed that the fluorinated fragments had been grafted onto the tail end of CHBPU. XRD, TEM, DSC, and FE-SEM results all accounted for there were multi-crystals in CPU, CHBPU and CHBPUF. TGA result showed that thermal stabilities of the CPU, CHBPU, and CHBPUF latex films were enhanced in turn. XPS and AFM analyses demonstrated that the fluorine-containing segments from the CHBPUF terminals were likely to migrate and enrich at the film-air surface of the CHBPUF latex film, which made water contact angle and water absorption of the CHBPUF film be as 108.9° and 13.9%, respectively, compared to those of the CPU film (90.4° and 97.5%). This indicates that water resistance of the CPU film can be efficiently enhanced by fluorinated polyurethane with novel fluoroalkyl-terminated hyperbranched structure and thus CHBPUF latex can find potential application in hydrophobic coating field.

Waterborne polyurethane (PU) emulsions are widely used in various fields and the demand for them is ever-increasing over the years. However, the hydrophilic chain extender inevitably bonded into the PU backbone can affect the water tolerance of PU. Thus, it is of great importance to improve PU water resistance effectively. Herein, novel fluoroalkyl-terminated hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPUF) latex was accordingly synthesized by graft reaction of perfluorohexyl ethyl alcohol and hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPU), which was previously obtained from interaction between hydroxyl-terminated hyperbranched polymer and PU prepolymer manufactured via the acetone process, as well as using neutralization, adding water, and high-speed stirring operations. We characterized the resultants and investigated its surface properties by IR, NMR, TEM, XRD, TGA, DSC, FE-SEM, AFM, XPS, and contact angle measurements, etc. IR and NMR tests confirmed that the fluorinated fragments had been grafted onto the tail end of HBPU. TEM, XRD, DSC, and FE-SEM results all accounted for the fact that there were multi-crystals in PU, HBPU and HBPUF. TGA results showed that thermal stabilities of the PU, HBPU, and HBPUF latex films were enhanced in turn. XPS and AFM analyses demonstrated that the fluorine-containing segments from the HBPUF terminals were prone to migrate and enrich on the film-air surface of the HBPUF latex film, which made water contact angle and water absorption of the HBPUF film be as 113.9° and 11.1%, respectively, compared to those of the PU film (77.8° and 136.2%). This research indicates that water resistance of the PU film can be efficiently enhanced by fluorinated polyurethane with novel fluoroalkyl-terminated hyperbranched structure.

A novel triazine-based fluorinated diol, CC-F, was synthesized from cyanuric chloride (CC), octafluoropentanol (OFP), and ethanolamine (MEA). Subsequently, a series of fluorinated waterborne polyurethanes (CC-FPUF-n, n expressed as mass percentages of CC-F in product formula) were synthesized using CC-F as the chain extender. The chemical structure of the product was verified using the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques. The influence of the CC-F contents on the properties of the latex particles, surface properties, thermal stabilities, and mechanical properties of CC-FPUF films was determined using the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Mechanical tests were also conducted for the same. The results revealed that the hydrophobic and mechanical properties of the CC-FPUF films were improved. Water contact angle and tensile strength values of the CC-FPUF-8 film were 125.8° and 36.63 MPa, respectively, which were, respectively, 34.1° and 24.47 MPa higher than those of the CC-FPUF-0 film. Thus, the embedding of CC-F into polyurethane molecules could significantly improve the hydrophobic and mechanical properties of the waterborne polyurethane films. Therefore, these novel fluorinated waterborne polyurethanes can be potentially used for hydrophobic coatings in the future.

Novel crosslinked polysiloxane/SiO 2 nanocomposite (CLPS-SiO 2 ) was successfully prepared via the in-situ condensation reaction of silica sols and crosslinked polysiloxane with end-capped triethoxysilane in solvent, which was firstly fabricated through the modification of our previously developed crosslinked polysiloxane with end-capped epoxy groups using aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and noted as APTES-CLPS. Chemical structures and thermal properties of the as-prepared resultants were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectra ( 1 H/ 13 C NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). CLPS-SiO 2 was applied as surface modification agent to treat cotton fabrics. Film morphologies and surface properties were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurements, and other instruments. FTIR and NMR confirmed structure of the products. CLPS-SiO 2 showed better thermal stability than APTES-CLPS due to anchor of the nanosilica. APTES-CLPS could deposit a smooth film on cotton fiber surface. Besides, CLPS-SiO 2 also coated the fibers with many nano-scaled tubercles beneath this smooth film by SEM. However, the APTES-CLPS film and the CLPS-SiO 2 film on silicon-wafer were never homogeneous and had a few low or high peaks. The root mean square roughness (Rq) of APTES-CLPS film reached to 0.441 nm in 2 × 2 μm 2 scanning field and at 5 nm data scale. Owing to the incorporation of nanosilica, that of CLPS-SiO 2 film continuously increased and could attain 4.528 nm in 2 × 2 μm 2 scanning field and at 20 nm data scale. XPS analysis further demonstrates that there was a CLPS-SiO 2 film covered on the cotton surface and the silyl groups had the tendency to enrich at the film–air interface. In addition, hydrophobicity of the CLPS-SiO 2 treated fabric would be enhanced with augment of the amount of nanocomposite. Water contact angle of this fabric could finally attain 158.0°. But most of all, its color and softness would not be influenced instead. The CLPS-SiO 2 treated fabric possessed good washing durability.

Polysilsesquioxane–fluoroacrylate copolymer [poly(methyl methacrylate)–butyl acrylate–dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate)] (FPSQ) composite latex particles with a trilayer core–shell morphology were manufactured by seeded emulsion polymerization, where PSQ latex particles bearing reactive methacryloxypropyl moieties were first produced by the hydrolysis-condensation of (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, and then they were utilized as seeds, with methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate as the inner and outer shell monomers. Fourier-transform infrared spectra and 1H-NMR confirm the structure of the FPSQs. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy demonstrate that the obtained composite emulsion particles emerge with the trilayer core–shell pattern. Due to the anchoring of PSQ nanoparticles, the thermal stabilities of the FPSQ films are strengthened, and the resistance to heat is gradually improved along with the increase of the fluoroacrylate dose in the polymer matrix composite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and hydrophobicity investigations indicate that the fluorinated chain segments tend to concentrate at the film–air two-phase interface. In addition, the AFM result denotes that importing more fluorine into the FPSQ hybrid material will engender greater phase separation and enrichment of the fluoroalkyl segments and a rougher morphology. Thus, the water contact angle of the FPSQ film can ultimately reach 121.4 °. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44845

Novel cross-linked polysiloxane with end-capped epoxy groups as waterproofing agent for fabric was synthesized by hydrosilylation of polymethylhydrosiloxane and an epoxy groups-terminated polyvinylmethylsiloxane, which was previously prepared via anionic ring-opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, 2, 4, 6, 8-Tetramethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane, and epoxy group-terminated polydimethylsiloxane using tetramethylammonium hydroxide as a catalyst. Synthesis parameters were discussed in detail. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra confirmed structure of the resultants. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis further verifies that the cross-linked polysiloxane film was indeed covered on cotton surface. Thermal stability of those polymers was improved with augment of the cross-linking degree.

An epoxy group-terminated polyvinylmethylsiloxane (EPVMS) was firstly prepared via the cohydrolysis/condensation reaction of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), 2,4,6,8-Tetramethyl-2,4,6,8-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4V), and epoxy group-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (ETP) under a base catalyst. Then, the EPVMS was reacted with polymethylhydrosiloxane oligomer (PHMS) by hydrosilylation to develop novel crosslinked polysiloxane with end-capped epoxy groups (CLPS). The chemical structure and the thermal property of the as-prepared products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (1H/13C NMR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Finally, the CLPS was applied as the finishing agent to treat the cotton fabrics. The film morphology and the surface properties were examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurements, and other instruments. FT-IR and NMR results confirmed the structure of the resultants. The crosslinked polysiloxane CLPS showed better thermal stability than the uncrosslinked polysiloxane EPVMS. The CLPS film on cotton fabric surface seemed to be smooth compared to the control by SEM. However, owing to the crosslinked structure, the CLPS film on silicon-wafer was inhomogeneous and had a few weak or strong peaks. At 5 nm data scale and in 2×2 μm2 scanning field, the root mean square roughness of CLPS film reached to 0.414 nm. XPS analysis further demonstrates that there was a CLPS film covered on the cotton surface. Hydrophobicity of the CLPS treated fabric was superior to that of the EPVMS treated one. Whiteness of the treated fabrics by CLPS and EPVMS did not change at all compared to the control. The softness of the two treated fabrics was both better than that of control and particularly the softness of the EPVMS treated fabrics was preferable. The CLPS treated fabric possessed good washing durability.

Fluorinated polyacrylate latexes are preferably candidates for the textile water repellent finishes as a result of their special surface property and especially economical, low-toxic characteristics compared to fluorinated polyacrylate solutions. The benefits of soap-free latex prepared from reactive surfactants are now well known. We herein used a reactive emulsifier, ammonium allyloxtmethylate nonylphenol ethoxylates sulfate (DNS-86), to prepare novel self-crosslinking fluorinecontaining polyacrylate soap-free latex (FMBN) with core-shell structure by co-polymerization of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and N-methylolamide (NMA), and then treated the cotton fabric with FMBN. Results showed that the as-prepared latex particles had the uniform spherical core-shell structure with an average diameter of 116 nm. FMBN could form a smooth resin film on the treated fabric/fiber surface under Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) observation, but some protuberances appeared on that surface from Atomic force microscopy (AFM) image. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated the fluoroalkyl groups tended to enrich at the film-air interface. Hydrophobicity of the FMBN treated fabric was superior to that of the fabrics treated by general emulsion and the non-crosslinking one. In addition, the above three latexes didn’t influence whiteness of the treated fabrics at all. However, they all, and in especial two self-crosslinking latexes would make the treated fabrics stiffer compared to non-crosslinking one.

Fluorinated polyacrylate latexes are preferably potential materials for use in the textile finishing due to their special surface property and especially economical, low-toxic characteristics compared to fluorinated polyacrylate solutions. A novel cationic fluorine-containing polyacrylate soap-free latex (CFMBD) with core-shell structure was accordingly developed by co-polymerizing dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) using a cationic reactive emulsifier, maleic acid double ester-octadecyl poly(ethyleneoxy)20 ether-ethylene trimethyl ammonium chloride (R303). Then CFMBD was utilized to treat the cotton fabric. Results showed that the as-prepared latex had due structure and its particles had uniform spherical core-shell structure with an average diameter of 125 nm. The core-shell CFMBD latex film thus had two Tg and its thermal property was improved due to the introduction of DFMA. CFMBD could form a smooth resin film on the treated fabric/fiber surface under FESEM observation. XPS analysis indicated the fluoroalkyl groups had the tendency to enrich at the film-air interface. Hydrophobicity of the CFMBD treated fabric was slightly superior to that of the fabric treated by general emulsion but their oleophobicity was identical. Contact angles of water and diiodomethane on the CFMBD treated fabric surface could attain 133.5 ° and 105.5 °, respectively. However, washing durability of the treated fabric by CFMBD showed improvement compared to the general emulsion. In addition, CFMBD didn’t influence whiteness of the treated fabric but would make it slightly stiff at high doses.

Novel self-crosslinking fluorinated polyacrylate soap-free latices (FMBN) with core–shell structure were synthesized by semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization method from dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and N-methylolamide (NMA) in the presence of a polymerizable emulsifier-ammonium allyloxtmethylate nonylphenol ethoxylates sulfate (DNS-86). Effects of the DNS-86 and DFMA amounts on stability and properties of the FMBN emulsions were studied. Besides, the latices and their film were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectrum, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), laser particle size analyzer, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), contact angle goniometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. FT-IR spectra and 1 H NMR spectrum showed that DFMA successfully participated in soap-free emulsion polymerization and monomers formed the fluorinated acrylate copolymer. The resulted latex particles had the core–shell structure. The films formed from the FMBN latices thus had two T g . Their thermal stability and T g of the shell phase increased gradually with augment of DFMA amount in polymer. XPS, AFM and hydrophobicity analyses indicated the fluoroalkyl groups had the tendency to enrich at the film–air interface. This enrichment of fluorine at the film–air interface was more evident after the annealing process. Water contact angles of the FMBN film before and after the annealing process could attain 115.5° and 117.5°, individually.

Cationic fluorinated polyacrylate soap-free latex (CFMBD) was synthesized by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) with a novel cationic polymerizable emulsifier, maleic acid double ester-octadecyl poly(ethyleneoxy)20 ether-ethylene trimethyl ammonium chloride (R303), and 2,2′- azobis (2 - methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (VA-50) was utilized as the initiator. Effects of some factors, such as VA-50 amount, R303 amount and DFMA amount, on stability and average particle size of the CFMBD were discussed in detail, and the optimal polymerization condition was obtained. In addition, the emulsion and its film were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), contact angle goniometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. FTIR confirmed the structure of the CFMBD. With the increasing of DFMA amount, w...

The stearyl methacrylate modified polysiloxane/nanocomposite was synthesized by graft copolymerization between stearyl methacrylate modified polysiloxane with pendent epoxy groups and amino-functionalized nano silica. Then it was utilized to fabricate the superhydrophobic cotton fabric by one-step method. The structures, chemical compositions, thermal properties, surface morphology and wettability were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrum (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Static contact angle analyzer. Results showed that a hydrophobic polysiloxane film and many nano-scaled tubercles were coated on the surface of the treated cotton fabrics plus their inherent microscaled roughness, which were the reasons why cotton fabric changed from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. In addition, with increase of the amount of nanocomposite, hydrophobicity of the treated cotton fabric would be enhanced; water contact angle of this fabric could attain 157°, which was higher than 141.5° reached by the fabric treated with stearyl methacrylate modified polysiloxane. The superhydrophobic cotton fabric also possessed favorable washing durability. On the other hand, its air permeability, color and softness would not be influenced instead.

Superhydrophobic coating was developed on cotton fabric in this article using a dodecafluoroheptyl-containing polyacrylate (DFPA) and nanosilica. Film morphology of DFPA on cotton fibers/fabrics and chemical compositions of the treated cotton fabric were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. DFPA could form a relatively even film on the cotton fabric/fiber under SEM observation; however, it presented a rough and microphase-separated pattern under AFM observation. There were many mountain-like protuberances. The height of the protuberances and the root mean square roughness (Rms) of the film reached about 20–50 nm and 12.511 nm in 2 × 2-μm2 scanning field (as the scale data was 100 nm). XPS analysis indicated that the perfluoroalkyl groups had the tendency to enrich at the film–air interface. DFPA could make the treated cotton fabric with a water contact angle (WCA) at about 138.5°. Cotton fabric was previously roughened using a 1 wt % silica sol with an average particle size of 20–30 nm and then finished by DFPA; hydrophobicity of the resultant cotton fabric was strongly improved, and WCA could reach 153.6°. The color of this superhydrophobic fabric would not be influenced, but its softness decreased compared to untreated fabric. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013

We synthesized a novel cationic fluorinated polyacrylate latex (FLDH) with pendant long chain alkyl by copolymerization of perfluoroalkyl ethyl acrylate, lauryl methacrylate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate. FTIR, 1H-NMR, TEM, DSC, and TGA were used to characterize the as-prepared FLDH. Then fine morphology, components, and hydrophobicity of films on silicon wafer and cotton substrates were investigated by scanning electron microscope, field emission scanning electronic microscope, atomic force microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle meter, etc. Results showed that the FLDH particles had quasi-spherical core-shell structure with an average diameter of 144 nm. The core-shell FLDH film thus had two Tg and its thermal property was improved compared to fluorine-free acrylate latex. FLDH could form a film on both the cotton fiber and silicon wafer substrate. At an amplification of 100 nm, FLDH showed a smooth resin film on the treated fabric/fiber surface. However, as the observation rule decreased to 2 nm-almost a molecular lever-the FLDH film mostly exhibited an inhomogeneous structure and uneven morphology in its atomic force microscope images. There were many low or high peaks in FLDH topography. Consequently, in 5 μm2 scanning field, the root mean square roughness of FLDH film reached to 0.506 nm. XPS analysis indicated the perfluoroalkyl groups had the tendency to enrich at the surface. In addition, water contact angle of the treated fabric could attain 146.2°. FLDH do not influence whiteness of the treated fabric but will make it slightly stiff at high doses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci., 2013

Novel fluorinated polyacrylate emulsion (CFBDH) and solution (SFBDH) were synthesized by polymerization of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA) with butyl acrylate (BA), dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (HpA) via seeded emulsion polymerization and solution polymerization, respectively. Chemical structure, particle morphology, glass transition temperature and thermal property of resultant CFBDH and SFBDH were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, TEM, DSC and TGA, respectively. The as-prepared products were utilized to treat the clean silicon wafers and form films on it, and then morphology and hydrophobicity of films were investigated by SEM, AFM, contact angle meter, etc. Results showed that the CFBDH particles had uniform spherical core–shell structure with an average diameter of 126 nm. Core–shell CFBDH film thus had two Tg and SFBDH film only had one Tg. Their thermal properties were improved. The SFBDH film seemed less level and continuous than the CFBDH film by SEM at an amplification of 1000 and the observation rule of 20 μm. However, as the observation rule decreased to 3 nm, both the CFBDH and SFBDH films were inhomogeneous and existed in a phase-separated state with many low or high peaks in AFM images. The higher bright peaks in CFBDH film were much more and distributed uniformer than those in SFBDH film, but the roughness of CFBDH film was less than that of SFBDH film, the average roughness (Rq) of the CFBDH and SFBDH films reached to 0.205 nm and 0.336 nm in 1 μm2 scanning field, respectively. In addition, contact angles on CFBDH/Sil and SFBDH/Sil surfaces separately attained 104.3° and 98.5°.

A new heat supplying system is proposed that utilizes the exhausted gas of the boiler to substitute the extraction steam from the turbine as the driving force for the adsorption heat pump regarding the recovery of the condensation heat of power plant. However, our system is not subject to the low efficiency of wasted heat utilization due to the low temperature of flue gas, which hence possesses higher performance in COP factors in the utilization of heat than that of the conventional techniques of using flues gas, so the amount of extracted gas from turbine can be reduced and the power generate rate be enhanced. Subsequently, detailed evaluation of the performance of this system in the point of views of thermodynamics and economics are presented in this work. For the instance of a 330 MW heat supply unit, 5 sample cities are chosen to demonstrate and confirm our economic analysis. It is revealed that when the heating coefficient of the heat pump is 1.8, the investment payback periods for these 5 cities are within the range of 2.4 to 4.8 years, which are far below the service year of the heat pump, demonstrating remarkable economic benefits for our system.

We had successfully prepared novel fluorinated polyacrylate/polysilsesquioxane composite soap-free emulsion (FPSQ) by seeded emulsion polymerization of dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and butyl acrylate (BA), using polymethacryloxypropylsilsesquioxane (PSQ) latex particles synthesized by hydrolysis and polycondensation of (3-methacryloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (MAPTS) in the presence of a polymerizable emulsifier as seeds. Results confirmed that the as-prepared latex film had the due structure and its particles had the partial trilayer core-shell structure with an average diameter of 147.6 nm. Thermal stability of the FPSQ latex film was enhanced due to the introduction of PSQ nanoparticles. Then FPSQ was applied to cotton fabric and could form a relatively smooth film with some nanoparticles beneath it on the treated fabric/fiber surface under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) observation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated the fluoroalkyl groups tended to enrich at the film-air interface. Contact angles of water on the FPSQ treated fabric surface could attain 142.5°. In addition, FPSQ did not influence whiteness of the treated fabric at all but would make it stiff at high doses.

We used a polymerizable emulsifier, ammonium allyloxtmethylate nonylphenol ethoxylates sulfate (DNS-86), to synthesize self-crosslinking fluorinated polyacrylate soap-free latices (FMBN) with a core-shell structure by a semicontinuous seeded emulsion polymerization method from dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and N-methylolacrylamide (NMA) as self-crosslinking functional monomer. Then we examined the effects of DNS-86 and DFMA on stability, average particle size and hydrophobicity of the FMBN latices or their films in detail. While dosage of the DNS-86 and the DFMA were employed as 3 wt% (on the basis of the total-monomers weight) and 8 g in our recipe, the latex and its film could be acquired with higher stability and a smaller particle size and polydispersity index, as well as favorable hydrophobicity. FTIR confirmed the structure of the FMBN. The emulsion particles’ core-shell structure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Thermal stability of the copolymer was greatly improved with the increasing of the DFMA level. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the fluoroalkyl groups tended to enrich at the film-air interface. Meanwhile, hydrophobicity of the self-crosslinking soap-free latex film showed some improvement compared to the general one and the non-crosslinked one.

Cationic fluorinated polyacrylate soap-free latexes (CFMBD) with core-shell structure were prepared by co-polymerizing dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate (DFMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) using a novel cationic polymerisable emulsifier, maleic acid double ester-octadecyl poly(ethyleneoxy)20 ether-ethylene trimethyl ammonium chloride (R303). FT-IR spectra and 1H-NMR spectra confirmed that DFMA successfully participated in emulsion polymerization. The resulted emulsion particles had a core-shell structure. Compared with the latex prepared by mixed 1831/AEO-9 emulsifiers, the latexes prepared by R303 emulsifier had higher surface tension. In addition, hydrophobicity of the CFMBD latex film was superior to that of the general latex film under the same conditions. Those latex films showed the increasing thermal stability with augment of DFMA amount in polymer compared to fluorine-free one. XPS analysis indicated the fluoroalkyl groups had the tendency to enrich at the film-air interface. The fluorine-free latex film showed the relatively smooth surface morphology in its AFM image, however, there were numerous little protuberances on the film surface of the CFMBD latex from the polymer containing 27.5 wt% DFMA in total monomers weight dried at room temperature. Especially, after the annealing process, some peaks and lots of protuberances on that film appeared and the surface roughness was greatly increased. Water contact angles (WCAs) of fluorine-free latex film, that CFMBD film dried at room temperature and after the annealing process could attain 62.5°, 102.5° and 108.5°, respectively.

WASP(The water quality analysis simulation program) was recommended by EPA used as water quality model. It has been applied widely , It can simulate steady or unsteady water quality processes in such diverse water bodies as streams , lakes , reservoirs , estuaries. This paper introduced the compositions (DYNHYD、EUTRO、TOXI) , and the trans -formations among 8 targets in EUTRO model , its applications in and aboard , and its develop mental prospects and directions in future.

The detoxification of chrome shaving was firstly carried out to extract chromium from chrome shaving and release more active sites, and then this detanned chrome shaving utilized as an adsorbent for removal of chromium (III) from aqueous solutions was evaluated. Chrome shaving and detanned chrome shaving were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) analyses prior to adsorption test. Batch experiments were conducted to acquire the optimal treatment parameters. Datas show that adsorption capacity of detanned chrome shaving increases with rise of pH2–6 and the maxium adsorption capacity is 39.4 mg chromium (III) per 1 g detanned chrome shaving. The removal of chromium (III) by the detanned chrome shaving from aqueous solution is a quasi-instantaneous process and attains equilibrium after 30 minutes. After 6 recycling times, the DCS can still be used as an adsorbent to remove Cr (III) in effect. All demonstrate the better potential for using detanned chrome shaving as a low-cost alternative to the traditionally used adsorbent materials.

The feasibility of utilizing a solid waste from leather industry (chrome shaving) as an adsorbent for removal of chromium (III) from aqueous solutions was evaluated. Chrome shaving was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) prior to adsorption test in order to assess its surface morphology. Batch experiments were conducted to acquire the optimal treatment parameters. Datas show that adsorption capacity of chrome shaving increases with rise of pH from 2 to 6 and the maximum adsorption capacity is 8.42 mg chromium (III) per 1 g chrome shaving. The adsorption isotherm follows the Freundlich model well, suggesting an intraparticle diffusion process in the surface of the adsorbent. The removal of chromium (III) by chrome shaving from aqueous solution is a quasi-instantaneous process and attains equilibrium after 60 minutes. All demonstrate the potential for using chrome shaving as a low-cost alternative to the traditionally used adsorbent materials.