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Introduction: LIG is a biopolymer found in vascular plant cell walls that is created by networks of hydroxylated and methoxylated phenylpropane that are randomly crosslinked. Plant cell walls contain LIG, a biopolymer with significant potential for usage in modern industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It is a renewable raw resource. The plant is mechanically protected by this substance, which may increase its durability. Because it has antibacterial and antioxidant qualities, LIG also shields plants from biological and chemical challenges from the outside world. Researchers have done a great deal of work to create new materials and substances based on LIG. Numerous applications, including those involving antibacterial agents, antioxidant additives, UV protection agents, hydrogel-forming molecules, nanoparticles, and solid dosage forms, have been made with this biopolymer. Methods: For this review, a consistent literature screening using the Pubmed database from 2019–2024 has been performed. Results: The results showed that there is an increase in interest in lignin as an adaptable biomolecule. The most recent studies are focused on the biosynthesis and antimicrobial properties of lignin-derived molecules. Also, the use of lignin in conjunction with nanostructures is actively explored. Conclusions: Overall, lignin is a versatile molecule with multiple uses in industry and medical science [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement in performance in the domain of flexible wearable strain sensors has become increasingly significant due to extensive research on laser-induced graphene (LIG). An innovative doping modification technique is required owing to the limited progress achieved by adjusting the laser parameters to enhance the LIG's performance. By pre-treating with AgNO3, we successfully manufactured LIG with a uniform dispersion of silver nanoparticles across its surface. The experimental results for the flexible strain sensor exhibit exceptional characteristics, including low resistance (183.4 Ω), high sensitivity (426.8), a response time of approximately 150 ms, and a relaxation time of about 200 ms. Moreover, this sensor demonstrates excellent stability under various tensile strains and remarkable repeatability during cyclic tests lasting up to 8000 s. Additionally, this technique yields favorable results in finger bending and hand back stretching experiments, holding significant reference value for preserving the inherent characteristics of LIG preparation in a single-step and in situ manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice accumulation poses considerable challenges in transportation, notably in the domain of general aviation. The present study combines the strengths and limitations of conventional aircraft deicing techniques with the emerging trend toward all-electric aircraft. This study aims to utilize laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology to create a multifunctional surface, seamlessly integrating hydrophobic properties with efficient electrical heating to mitigate surface icing effectively. We investigated the utilization of a 10.6 μm CO2 laser for direct writing on polyimide (PI), a widely used insulating encapsulation material. From the thermomechanical perspective, our initial analysis using COMSOL Multiphysics software (V5.6) revealed that when the laser power P exceeds 5 W, the PI substrate experiences ablative damage. The experimental results show that when P ≤ 5 W, an increase in power has a positive impact on the quality, surface porosity, roughness reduction, line-spacing reduction, and water contact-angle enhancement of the graphene. Conversely, when P > 5 W, higher power negatively affects both the substrate and the graphene structure by inducing excessive ablation. However, it influences the graphene line height positively and is consistent with overall experimental–simulation congruence. Furthermore, the incorporation of high-quality graphene resulted in a surface that exhibited higher contact angles (CA > 120°), lower energy consumption, and higher heating efficiency compared to the use of traditional electrically heated materials for anti-icing applications. The potential applications of this one-step fabrication method extend across various industries, particularly aviation, marine engineering, and other ice-prone domains. Moreover, the method has extensive prospects for addressing pivotal challenges associated with ice formation and serves as an innovative and efficient anti-icing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, wearable flexible sensors have garnered significant attention for their potential in monitoring human physiological signals. Current research focuses on flexible sensors with a wide linear range, high sensitivity, and excellent reliability. Micronanostructures have been introduced to balance these three features to some extent. Inspired by the micronanostructures of human fingerprints, we propose a fingerprint-like flexible sensor that combines polydimethylsiloxane with a grating structure and laser-induced graphene. This fingerprint-like flexible sensor exhibits several desirable characteristics: a wider linear range (0-180°), faster response time (0.3 s), higher sensitivity (688.5 kPa-1), and excellent reliability (>10,000 cycles). These features make fingerprint-like flexible sensors particularly suitable for detecting various human physiological signals, including finger flexion, elbow flexion, finger pressure, and pulse. Therefore, there is considerable potential for integrating multiple fingerprint-like sensors into human physiological signal monitoring applications. This approach offers a promising direction for the future development of wearable flexible sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-inscribed graphene (LIG) is an emerging material for micro-electronic applications and is being used to develop supercapacitors, soft actuators, triboelectric generators, and sensors. The fabrication technique is simple, yet the batch-to-batch variation of LIG quality is not well documented in the literature. In this study, we conduct experiments to characterize batch-to-batch variation in the manufacturing of LIG electrodes for applications in electrochemical sensing. Numerous batches of 36 LIG electrodes were synthesized using a CO2 laser system on polyimide film. The LIG material was characterized using goniometry, stereomicroscopy, open circuit potentiometry, and cyclic voltammetry. Hydrophobicity and electrochemical screening (cyclic voltammetry) indicate that LIG electrode batch-to-batch variation is less than 5% when using a commercial reference and counter electrode. Metallization of LIG led to a significant increase in peak current and specific capacitance (area between anodic/cathodic curve). However, batch-to-batch variation increased to approximately 30%. Two different platinum electrodeposition techniques were studied, including galvanostatic and frequency-modulated electrodeposition. The study shows that formation of metallized LIG electrodes with high specific capacitance and peak current may come at the expense of high batch variability. This design tradeoff has not been discussed in the literature and is an important consideration if scaling sensor designs for mass use is desired. This study provides important insight into the variation of LIG material properties for scalable development of LIG sensors. Additional studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanism(s) of this variability so that strategies to improve the repeatability may be developed for improving quality control. The dataset from this study is available via an open access repository. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present work is aimed at studying how spatially periodic modulations of the refractive index of the medium, i.e., laser-induced gratings (LIGs), generated in a gas mixture containing methane (CH4) by nanosecond pulses of resonant mid-infrared laser radiation, can be used to measure various gas parameters. It is investigated to what extent the temporal profiles of the LIG signals, recorded as the power of the diffracted by LIGs continuous wave probe radiation, are specific to the composition, pressure, and temperature of a selected buffer gas. This specificity is illustrated by the LIG signal profiles recorded in the experiments in different gas mixtures under various conditions. Experimental data show that large LIG signals can be obtained even in mixtures with CH4 concentrations as low as ∼100 parts per million due to the strong absorption of the excitation light and subsequent rapid, highly exothermic, and partner-dependent collisional energy exchange of the laser-excited molecules with the environment. These two factors ensure high LIG generation efficiency by a small number of CH4 molecules and high sensitivity of signal strength and profile to variations of gas parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of graphene-based electrodes for application in energy storage and energy harvesting devices represents an important strategy for producing wearable devices with requisites of flexibility and good electrochemical performance. Herein, the use of laser-induced graphene (LIG) has been explored as a simple and efficient method for the production of interdigitated microsupercapacitors (μSCs) and back electrodes for triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) active layers by direct production of graphene from Kapton polyimide and by the transference of the pattern to polydimethylsiloxane (a typical tribonegative layer for TENG). An open circuit voltage of 189.7 V, short circuit current of 39.8 μA, and power of 302.5 μW (power density of 20.2 μW/cm2) was observed for the conventional TENG while an areal capacitance of 2.5 mF/cm2 with good retention in the energy generation and cyclability in energy storage was observed for the microsupercapacitor. The most relevant aspect to be considered is a single-step method for transference of back-electrode to the Poly(dimethylsiloxane) requiring minimal processing steps for morphology control in the friction layer and self-powered behavior for integration of TENG/microsupercapacitor in a power unit cell.

Introduction: LIG is a biopolymer found in vascular plant cell walls that is created by networks of hydroxylated and methoxylated phenylpropane that are randomly crosslinked. Plant cell walls contain LIG, a biopolymer with significant potential for usage in modern industrial and pharmaceutical applications. It is a renewable raw resource. The plant is mechanically protected by this substance, which may increase its durability. Because it has antibacterial and antioxidant qualities, LIG also shields plants from biological and chemical challenges from the outside world. Researchers have done a great deal of work to create new materials and substances based on LIG. Numerous applications, including those involving antibacterial agents, antioxidant additives, UV protection agents, hydrogel-forming molecules, nanoparticles, and solid dosage forms, have been made with this biopolymer. Methods: For this review, a consistent literature screening using the Pubmed database from 2019–2024 has been performed. Results: The results showed that there is an increase in interest in lignin as an adaptable biomolecule. The most recent studies are focused on the biosynthesis and antimicrobial properties of lignin-derived molecules. Also, the use of lignin in conjunction with nanostructures is actively explored. Conclusions: Overall, lignin is a versatile molecule with multiple uses in industry and medical science

Air, a widely recognized dielectric material, is employed as a dielectric layer in this study. We present a triboelectric sensor with a laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode and an air-trapped pad using silicone rubber (SR). A very thin device with a thickness of 1 mm and an effective gap for contact–separation between the films of silicone rubber and polyimide (PI) of 0.6 mm makes the device extremely highly sensitive for very low amplitudes of pressure. The fabrication of LIG as an electrode material on the surface of PI is the key reason for the fabrication of the thin sensor. In this study, we showed that the fabricated air-trapped padded sensor (ATPS) has the capability to generate an output voltage of ~32 V, a short-circuit current of 1.2 µA, and attain a maximum power density of 139.8 mW m−2. The performance of the ATPS was compared with a replicated device having a hole on the pad, allowing air to pass through during contact–separation. The observed degradation in the electrical output suggests that the trapped air in the pad plays a crucial role in enhancing the output voltage. Therefore, the ATPS emerges as an ultra-sensitive sensor for healthcare sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the unique lattice structure， graphene has very superior properties， but zero band gap has always restricted the development of graphene.Laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology can significantly enhance the performance of graphene，but LIG technology is still limited with small band gap， few capacitor sites and lamellar stacking problems.By doping LIG with heterogeneous atoms/nanoparticles， the microstructure， surface chemical activity and porosity of graphene can be regulated for improving the performance of LIG composite materials，which can provide the novel strategy of the development and application of LIG device.In this work， the doping systems of LIG in recent years were reviewed， and the effect of many heterogeneous atoms/nanoparticles doping on the structure and performance of LIG was analyzed.The characteristics of many LIG doping methods were expounded， and the application of doped LIG devices in various related fields was discussed，providing research ideas for developing artificial intelligence，energy storage and conversion，and health detection application devices by combining the characteristics of doped LIG with device performance.In the end， the LIG doped with heterogeneous atom/nanoparticles was summarized， and its development prospects were prospected.

The advancement in performance in the domain of flexible wearable strain sensors has become increasingly significant due to extensive research on laser-induced graphene (LIG). An innovative doping modification technique is required owing to the limited progress achieved by adjusting the laser parameters to enhance the LIG’s performance. By pre-treating with AgNO3, we successfully manufactured LIG with a uniform dispersion of silver nanoparticles across its surface. The experimental results for the flexible strain sensor exhibit exceptional characteristics, including low resistance (183.4 Ω), high sensitivity (426.8), a response time of approximately 150 ms, and a relaxation time of about 200 ms. Moreover, this sensor demonstrates excellent stability under various tensile strains and remarkable repeatability during cyclic tests lasting up to 8000 s. Additionally, this technique yields favorable results in finger bending and hand back stretching experiments, holding significant reference value for preserving the inherent characteristics of LIG preparation in a single-step and in situ manner.

Laser-inscribed graphene (LIG) is an emerging material for micro-electronic applications and is being used to develop supercapacitors, soft actuators, triboelectric generators, and sensors. The fabrication technique is simple, yet the batch-to-batch variation of LIG quality is not well documented in the literature. In this study, we conduct experiments to characterize batch-to-batch variation in the manufacturing of LIG electrodes for applications in electrochemical sensing. Numerous batches of 36 LIG electrodes were synthesized using a CO2 laser system on polyimide film. The LIG material was characterized using goniometry, stereomicroscopy, open circuit potentiometry, and cyclic voltammetry. Hydrophobicity and electrochemical screening (cyclic voltammetry) indicate that LIG electrode batch-to-batch variation is less than 5% when using a commercial reference and counter electrode. Metallization of LIG led to a significant increase in peak current and specific capacitance (area between anodic/cathodic curve). However, batch-to-batch variation increased to approximately 30%. Two different platinum electrodeposition techniques were studied, including galvanostatic and frequency-modulated electrodeposition. The study shows that formation of metallized LIG electrodes with high specific capacitance and peak current may come at the expense of high batch variability. This design tradeoff has not been discussed in the literature and is an important consideration if scaling sensor designs for mass use is desired. This study provides important insight into the variation of LIG material properties for scalable development of LIG sensors. Additional studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanism(s) of this variability so that strategies to improve the repeatability may be developed for improving quality control. The dataset from this study is available via an open access repository.

The development of a nanostructured copper–laser-induced graphene (LIG) composite that can catalyze the reduction of nitrate is described. The system was characterized using a range of surface analytical methods (SEM, Raman, DekTak profilometry). The electrochemical performance of the copper mesh in reducing nitrate was investigated, the nature of the catalytic response was elucidated, and the influence of potential interferences was critically appraised. The adaptation of the system as the basis of an electrochemical sensor for nitrate was assessed, which displayed a limit of detection of 4.7 μM nitrate. The analytical applicability in authentic media was evaluated through the analysis of two surface water samples and validated by standard spectroscopic (nitrate reductase–Griess methods). The LIG substrate offers a simple, scalable route towards the reduction of nitrate with a construction simplicity and sensitivity that is competitive with much more complex nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained considerable attention recently due to its unique properties and potential applications. In this study, we investigated using LIG in polyimide (PI) as a material for antenna applications. The LIG-−PI composite material was prepared by a facile picosecond laser (1064 nm) irradiation process, which resulted in a conductive graphene network within the PI matrix. Furthermore, LIG formation was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and sheet resistance measurements. Finally, a patch antenna from LIG with 2.45 GHz microwaves was simulated, produced and tested. These findings suggest that LIG−PI composites have great potential for use in high-frequency electronic devices and can provide a new avenue for the development of flexible and wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efficient energy storage from intermittent renewables can rely on the conversion of temporary energy excess by alkaline electrolysis, yielding oxygen and green hydrogen, which can be stored and used on demand. Electrodes made of laser-induced graphene (LIG) materials offer many advantages over the traditional graphene processing routes, due to inherent simplicity and low cost-benefit. Despite poorly studied, LIG electrodes are promising for water splitting when properly doped/modified with metals. However, proper design and processing optimization should be considered. The present study is devoted to the laser processing effects on the LIG electrode performance towards water splitting in alkaline media. Promising guidelines were obtained for hydrogen production, showing high electrochemical activity, while the microstructural degradation can be minimised by selecting suitable laser processing conditions, such as 3.6 W of laser power, 100 mm/s of laser scan rate, 36 mJ/mm of energy density and 2 laser scans. • Laser processing affects the LIG electrode performance during water splitting. • Effects of laser power, scan rate, energy density and laser scans were studied. • Low laser power is an essential processing parameter for the LIG's stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A simple and scalable method is developed for detecting trimethoprim (TMP). • A novel integration of [SeO 3 ]2− in La(OH) 3 lattice is proposed for TMP oxidation. • A porous filter is formed in situ on the µTMP-chip to avoid sample processing. • The chip detects TMP in real soil samples (recovery of 94.3–97.6 %). • Without the in-situ filter trapping biomass, the efficiency decreases by 15–45 %. The improper disposal of antibiotics in water bodies and using contaminated wastewater in irrigation severely damage the environment. Despite efforts to monitor these contaminants, effective detection methods are limited. Here, we design and develop a novel microfluidic electrochemical (EC) sensor for on-site detection of trimethoprim (TMP) using a selenite-enriched lanthanum hydroxide (La(OH) 3 :SeO x) working electrode and a polyimide (PI)-filter integrated microfluidic channel (MFC), thus termed a "µTMP-chip". For the first time, we introduced a new two-pronged strategy for enhancing TMP detection: i) incorporating selenite into the La(OH) 3 lattice to improve charge transfer properties and ii) using a laser-processed PI filter in the MFC to trap and isolate complex biomasses. Material characterizations confirmed that incorporating selenite into the La(OH) 3 lattice initiated La–O–Se bond formation and enhanced hybridization between the La 4f and O 2p orbitals. This process created holes in the O 2p valence band and improved the charge transfer properties, thus enhancing both sensitivity and selectivity. EC studies confirmed that when the PI filter is not used in the MFC, the µTMP-chip experiences a 15–45 % drop in efficiency. The scalable µTMP-chip offers cost-effective, highly reproducible TMP detection in soil and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA ligase (LIG) plays a key role in connecting the 3′-OH end of a DNA strand to the 5′-P end of another DNA strand, resulting in the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It has been reported that LIGs (including LIG1, LIG3 and LIG4) play important roles in the occurrence and progression of many cancers. However, the role of LIGs in breast cancer (BC) is still unclear. In this study, we aim to reveal the expression level, function, and prognostic value of LIGs in BC. Bioinformatic tools were used to study the expression level, potential function and prognostic value of LIG1 and LIG3 in BC patients. ENCORI was used to predict microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate LIG1 and LIG3 and established a valuable miRNA–mRNA regulation network for BC. We found that the expression of LIG1 and LIG3 was upregulated in BC and predicted high relapse-free survival (RFS) in BC patients. Functional annotation analysis was performed to reveal the role of LIG1 and LIG3 in BC. In addition, hsa-miR-22-3p was identified to be potentially involved in the regulation of LIG3. We suggest that LIG1 and LIG3 are novel valuable prognostic biomarkers for BC and has-miRNA-22-3p may be a potential therapeutic target for BC.

Copyright of South African Journal of Art History / Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Kunsgeskiedenis is the property of Art Historical Work Group of South Africa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ultra-sensitive and responsive humidity sensors were fabricated by deposition of graphene oxide (GO) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes fabricated by a low-cost visible laser scribing tool. The effects of GO layer thickness and electrode geometry were investigated. Sensors comprising 0.33 mg/mL GO drop-deposited on spiral LIG electrodes exhibited high sensitivity up to 1800 pF/% RH at 22 °C, which is higher than previously reported LIG/GO sensors. The high performance was ascribed to the high density of the hydroxyl groups of GO, promoted by post-synthesis sonication treatment, resulting in high water physisorption rates. As a result, the sensors also displayed good stability and short response/recovery times across a wide tested range of 0–97% RH. The fabricated sensors were benchmarked against commercial humidity sensors and displayed comparable performance and stability. Finally, the sensors were integrated with a near-field communication tag to function as a wireless, battery-less humidity sensor platform for easy read-out of environmental humidity values using smartphones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organophosphorus pesticides are widely used in industrial agriculture and have been associated with water pollution and negative impacts on local ecosystems and communities. There is a need for testing technologies to detect the presence of pesticide residues in water sources, especially in developing countries where access to standard laboratory methods is cost prohibitive. Herein, we outline the development of a facile electrochemical sensor for amperometric determination of organophosphorus pesticides in environmental water samples. A three-electrode system was fabricated via UV laser-inscribing on a polyimide film. The working electrode was functionalized with copper nanoparticles with affinity toward organophosphate compounds. The sensor showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.42 ± 1.69 µM for glyphosate, 7.28 ± 1.20 µM for glufosinate, and 17.78 ± 7.68 µM for aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA). Sensitivity was highest for glyphosate (145.52 ± 36.73 nA⋅µM−1⋅cm−2) followed by glufosinate (56.98 ± 10.87 nA⋅µM−1⋅cm−2), and AMPA (30.92 ± 8.51 nA⋅µM−1⋅cm−2). The response of the sensor is not significantly affected by the presence of several ions and organic molecules commonly present in natural water samples. The developed sensor shows promising potential for facilitating environmental monitoring of organophosphorus pesticide residues, which is a current need in several parts of the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained considerable attention recently due to its unique properties and potential applications. In this study, we investigated using LIG in polyimide (PI) as a material for antenna applications. The LIG-−PI composite material was prepared by a facile picosecond laser (1064 nm) irradiation process, which resulted in a conductive graphene network within the PI matrix. Furthermore, LIG formation was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and sheet resistance measurements. Finally, a patch antenna from LIG with 2.45 GHz microwaves was simulated, produced and tested. These findings suggest that LIG−PI composites have great potential for use in high-frequency electronic devices and can provide a new avenue for the development of flexible and wearable electronics.

[Display omitted] • Adsorption-controlled electrochemical system of TMB on PtNP-modified LIG surface. • TMB electrochemical reaction with reversible dimerization: voltammetric response. • TMB electrochemical reaction coupled to preceding oxidation: impedimetric response. • Adsorption-associated phasance as a function of affinity-bound protein concentration. • Capacitive immunosensing of rheumatoid factor; LOD = 0.515 U mL−1 in spiked serum. Electrokinetic modelling and experimental studies are conducted on an adsorption system, with a model redox-active adsorbate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB), strongly adsorbed to a platinum nanoparticle (PtNP)-modified porous laser induced graphene (LIG) surface. The adsorption-assisted system defined here involves an electrochemical reaction coupled to a preceding, surface-bound, chemical oxidation of the adsorbate. TMB is also known to undergo intermediate reversible dimerization during oxidation. A shift in the general expressions governing the voltammetric trends due to this reversible dimerization step, and the associated impact on the electrokinetic parameters is presented here for the first time. Impedance analysis reveals a modified Randles circuit, with the faradaic contribution of the adsorbate represented by a CPE circuit component. The adsorption-associated phasance, Q ads , is expressed as a function of the surface concentrations, Γ O and Γ R , of the oxidised and reduced forms. Changes in the total surface concentration of the adsorbate, Γ m , as a result of the presence of localised non-conductive entities, such as proteins, can be correlated to Q ads , and subsequently, this capacitive change can be utilised for affinity sensing of an antigen on a specific immunosurface. Proof of concept is carried out with the immunosensing of a model protein, rheumatoid factor, on a PtNP-modified LIG surface biofunctionalised with the specific capture probe, the Fc fragment of IgG. The relationship between the antigenic concentration C RF , Q ads and Γ m is established. This label-free, adsorption-assisted, capacitive biosensing mechanism has not be reported previously, to the best of our knowledge, with a linear range of 0–300 U mL−1 and an LOD of 0.515 U mL−1 in spiked serum samples, comparable to the gold standard, ELISA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The preparation of graphene foams via laser pyrolysis of polyimides has gained success due to its ease and speed of processing. Established applications of laser-induced graphene (LIG) involve micro-supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, and water treatment. However, to the best of our knowledge, only a few studies have focused on potential applications of LIG in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEM-FCs). In this study, we demonstrate that LIG obtained from SPEEK films (LIG-S) presents all the key features required of a PEM-FC electrode. Moreover, electrochemical tests in rotating disk and half-cell setups highlight the intrinsic catalytic activity of LIG towards the oxygen reduction reaction. This activity is attributed to structural defects in the LIG lattice and sulfur doping incorporated from the SPEEK precursor, and it may lower the catalyst loading required to reach competitive cell performance.

Recent advances in polymer composites have led to new, multifunctional wound dressings that can greatly improve healing processes, but assessing the moisture status of the underlying wound site still requires frequent visual inspection. Moisture is a key mediator in tissue regeneration and it has long been recognised that there is an opportunity for smart systems to provide quantitative information such that dressing selection can be optimised and nursing time prioritised. Composite technologies have a rich history in the development of moisture/humidity sensors but the challenges presented within the clinical context have been considerable. This review aims to train a spotlight on existing barriers and highlight how laser-induced graphene could lead to emerging material design strategies that could allow clinically acceptable systems to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speedy and on-time detection of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is of high importance to control the pandemic effectively and stop its disastrous consequences. A widely available, reliable, label-free, and rapid test that can recognize tiny amounts of specific biomarkers might be the solution. Nanobiosensors are one of the most attractive candidates for this purpose. Integration of graphene with biosensing devices shifts the performance of these systems to an incomparable level. Between the various arrangements using this wonder material, field-effect transistors (FETs) display a precise detection even in complex samples. The emergence of pioneering biosensors for detecting a wide range of diseases especially COVID-19 created the incentive to prepare a review of the recent graphene-FET biosensing platforms. However, the graphene fabrication and transfer to the surface of the device is an imperative factor for researchers to take into account. Therefore, we also reviewed the common methods of manufacturing graphene for biosensing applications and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. One of the most recent synthesizing techniques - laser-induced graphene (LIG) - is attracting attention owing to its extraordinary benefits which are thoroughly explained in this article. Finally, a conclusion highlighting the current challenges is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laser‐induced graphene (LIG) is under the spotlight as a promising material for flexible supercapacitors due to its simple processing and flexibility. However, the poor conductivity and the reduced surface area have prompted research to improve its performance, traditionally introducing a pseudocapacitive behavior. Herein an effective yet easy way is presented to dramatically improve the electric double layer capacitance of LIG electrodes for supercapacitor‐related applications without the occurrence of redox reactions. The strategy simply relies on the exploitation of an LIG network to trap and interconnect activated carbon (AC) particles. In order to optimize the infiltration of AC into LIG porosities, several strategies are tested, both varying the surface wettability of LIG and acting on the impregnation approach. Overall, the best compromise results in the combination of LIG N‐doping by nitric acid incubation with vacuum‐assisted infiltration of an AC‐slurry, allowing a two‐order of magnitude improvement in the specific capacitance up to 20 mF cm−2 in device configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper flexible printed electrodes applicable to wearable electronics are presented. Using innovative materials as Laser Induced Graphene (LIG) and printed electronics, three type of electrodes based in LIG, silver chloride and carbon inks have been compared during the acquisition of bipotentials as electrocardiogram, electromyogram and electrooculogram. For this last one, a completely new framework for acquisition have been developed. This framework is based in a printed patch which integers 6 electrodes for the EOG acquisitions and an ad-hoc signal processing to detect the direction and amplitude of the eye movement. The performance of the developed electrodes have been compared with commercial ones using the characteristics parameters of each signal as comparative variables. The results obtained for the flexible electrodes have shown a similar performance than the commercial electrodes with an improvement in the comfort of the user.

Laser graphenization of polymeric surfaces has emerged as one of the most promising technologies to fabricate flexible electrodes. Unfortunately, despite the large number of materials suitable for laser‐induced graphene (LIG) fabrication, there is a lack of stretchable polymers, hindering the full exploitation of LIG for flexible electronics. Herein, the laser graphenization of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the most exploited elastomeric substrate for flexible electronic device fabrication, is proposed for the first time. The low carbon content and the absence of aromatic structures strongly limit the graphenization process resulting in limited conduction properties. Nevertheless, by adding triethylene glycol (TEG) as carbon source into the PDMS matrix, it is possible to improve the graphenization and to reduce the sheet resistance of the written LIG by two orders of magnitude down to 130 ohm sq−1. The PDMS‐TEG material becomes a suitable candidate for flexible microsupercapacitor fabrication with specific capacitance values as high as 287 µF cm−2 and energy and power density approaching LIG‐based supercapacitors fabricated onto traditional polyimide substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultra-sensitive and responsive humidity sensors were fabricated by deposition of graphene oxide (GO) on laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes fabricated by a low-cost visible laser scribing tool. The effects of GO layer thickness and electrode geometry were investigated. Sensors comprising 0.33 mg/mL GO drop-deposited on spiral LIG electrodes exhibited high sensitivity up to 1800 pF/% RH at 22 °C, which is higher than previously reported LIG/GO sensors. The high performance was ascribed to the high density of the hydroxyl groups of GO, promoted by post-synthesis sonication treatment, resulting in high water physisorption rates. As a result, the sensors also displayed good stability and short response/recovery times across a wide tested range of 0–97% RH. The fabricated sensors were benchmarked against commercial humidity sensors and displayed comparable performance and stability. Finally, the sensors were integrated with a near-field communication tag to function as a wireless, battery-less humidity sensor platform for easy read-out of environmental humidity values using smartphones.

Copyright of Cuaternario y Geomorfología is the property of Cuaternario y Geomorfologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The laser-induced modification of polyimide substrates to yield conductive graphitised tracks sensitive to the solution pH is investigated. The influence of laser output and operating characteristics on the surface morphology and the consequential impact on electrochemical properties have been evaluated. Several sensor formats have been pursued using both potentiometric and voltammetric methodologies and found to provide a stable means of determining pH. While the potentiometric system was found to provide sub-Nernstian responses, the voltammetric system employing a riboflavin (vitamin B2) redox probe was found to exhibit classic Nernstian profiles (56 mV/pH). The versatility of the laser patterning on polyimide is shown to yield a mechanically flexible double-sided probe that could be suitable for use in a wide variety of clinical applications.

DNA ligase (LIG) plays a key role in connecting the 3'-OH end of a DNA strand to the 5'-P end of another DNA strand, resulting in the formation of a phosphodiester bond. It has been reported that LIGs (including LIG1, LIG3 and LIG4) play important roles in the occurrence and progression of many cancers. However, the role of LIGs in breast cancer (BC) is still unclear. In this study, we aim to reveal the expression level, function, and prognostic value of LIGs in BC. Bioinformatic tools were used to study the expression level, potential function and prognostic value of LIG1 and LIG3 in BC patients. ENCORI was used to predict microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate LIG1 and LIG3 and established a valuable miRNA-mRNA regulation network for BC. We found that the expression of LIG1 and LIG3 was upregulated in BC and predicted high relapse-free survival (RFS) in BC patients. Functional annotation analysis was performed to reveal the role of LIG1 and LIG3 in BC. In addition, hsa-miR-22-3p was identified to be potentially involved in the regulation of LIG3. We suggest that LIG1 and LIG3 are novel valuable prognostic biomarkers for BC and has-miRNA-22-3p may be a potential therapeutic target for BC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Irradiation of polymer films by a CO2 infrared laser under ambient conditions converts the polymer into porous graphene or laser-induced graphene (LIG). Here, we simulate the formation of LIG from five different commercially available polymers using reactive molecular dynamics. We determined that the molecular structure of the parent polymer has a significant effect on the final graphitic structure. CO is liberated during the initial part of the LIG formation process when the polymer is converted into an amorphous structure, while H2 is evolved steadily as the amorphous structure is converted to an ordered graphitic structure. The LIG structure has out-of-plane undulations and bends due to a significant number of 5- and 7-member carbon rings present throughout the structure. We find that the simulated molecular structure compares well with recent experimental observations from the literature. We also demonstrate that the yield of LIG is higher in inert conditions, compared to environments with oxygen. Polybenzimidazole-derived LIG has the highest surface area and yield among the five polymers examined. These findings provide knowledge of LIG formation mechanisms that can be leveraged for bulk LIG applications such as sensors, electrocatalysts, microfluidics, and targeted heating for welding polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se describen y figuran aquí varias unidades estratigráficas características del tránsito Ediacárico-Cámbrico entre Guadalupe y Castañar de Ibor, al norte del Geoparque de Villuercas-Ibores-Jara (Cáceres). Se detallan los afloramientos (i) de las formaciones de Castañar y Villarta (Grupo de Ibor, Ediacárico terminal y Terreneuviense), junto a su contenido en vendoténidos, sabellidítidos y arrecifes microbianos con Cloudina; y (ii) de la Formación de San Lorenzo (Terreneuviense) y su contenido paleoicnológico. Por último, se destaca el registro paleoicnológico de la Cuarcita Armoricana (Ordovícico Inferior), principalmente de Cruziana y Daedalus, que caracteriza algunos puntos de interés geológico (LIG) en el Geoparque.

In this study, a laser‐induced graphene (LIG) loaded platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) was prepared for precise, rapid and non‐enzymatic electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The commercial PI films were used as the substrate of LIG. In order to improve the electrochemical performance of LIG, a layer of PtNPs catalyst was fabricated through a magnetron sputtering process on the surface of LIG (PtLIG). Under optimized conditions, a linear relationship between H2O2 reduction current and H2O2 concentration was recorded, the correlation coefficient R2 is 0.9919 with the detection limit of 0.1 μM (S/N=3) and the sensitivity of 248.4 μA mM−1cm−2. Moreover, the PtLIG exhibits excellent selectivity, reproducibility and repeatability. Because of these remarkable advantages, we believe that PtLIG will provide a wider range of applications in biosensors and bioelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A strong interface was constructed to maintain the structural integrity. • Laser-induced graphene retained its good functional integrity. • Controllable 3D deformation at high temperature. • 3D self-assembly electronics and Marangoni actuator. The fabrication of intricate three-dimensional (3D) shapes from functionalized ceramics while preserving the unique properties of the functional components is desirable in numerous promising applications, but still remains a challenge. This is largely due to the fact that functional components often exhibit different shrinkage properties relative to the ceramic matrices during co-firing, which may lead to cracking and delamination in the final ceramic composites. In this study, we harnessed such shrinkage mismatch to demonstrate the self-shaping of ceramics by constructing a robust interface between a pre-ceramic Si-based polymer and the functional components of laser-induced graphene (LIG). The porous structure of LIG facilitates strong physical bonding to the pre-ceramic polymer, even during the high-temperature polymer-to-ceramic transition process. Consequently, LIG serves as a geometrically constraining material, enabling precise programming of the self-shaping behaviors of ceramic composites. Moreover, LIG imparts excellent electrical and photothermal properties to the resulting 3D shaped ceramics, thereby expanding their potential applications in 3D electronics, 3D catalytic surfaces, and photothermal actuators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air, a widely recognized dielectric material, is employed as a dielectric layer in this study. We present a triboelectric sensor with a laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrode and an air-trapped pad using silicone rubber (SR). A very thin device with a thickness of 1 mm and an effective gap for contact-separation between the films of silicone rubber and polyimide (PI) of 0.6 mm makes the device extremely highly sensitive for very low amplitudes of pressure. The fabrication of LIG as an electrode material on the surface of PI is the key reason for the fabrication of the thin sensor. In this study, we showed that the fabricated air-trapped padded sensor (ATPS) has the capability to generate an output voltage of ~32 V, a short-circuit current of 1.2 µA, and attain a maximum power density of 139.8 mW m -2 . The performance of the ATPS was compared with a replicated device having a hole on the pad, allowing air to pass through during contact-separation. The observed degradation in the electrical output suggests that the trapped air in the pad plays a crucial role in enhancing the output voltage. Therefore, the ATPS emerges as an ultra-sensitive sensor for healthcare sensing applications.

Recently graphene-based materials (GBMs) have gained tremendous attention for their enormous potentials for various functional devices due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. However, the cost effective synthesis and patterning of carbon nanomaterials are a challenge, which significantly restricts its applications. Therefore, straightforward preparation and processing of GBMs in a scalable approach is still a important goal. In recent years, laser direct writing (LDW) technique provides a powerful processing method for the broad application of laser-induced graphene (LIG) which does not rely on either high temperature or toxic chemicals. This article aims to update the latest results in this rapidly evolving field and to provide critical insights to inspire more exciting developments of LIG and its functionalization. Based on the interaction mechanisms and physical effects, we comparatively review the methods of preparation and functionalization of LIG, including inducing, structuring, doping and hybriding. In this progress report, the applications of LIG and its GBMs patterned by LDW technique were discussed in the fields of optoelectronic devices, energy storage devices, biosensors and biomimetic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of U-series dating of late Pleistocene raised coral reef terraces from the Bab al-Mandab area, define two distinct groups: (1) well-preserved aragonitic fossil corals recorded from the Al-Hajaja terrace (Tr3) yield ages for last-interglacial period (LIG); and (2) calcitic fossil corals recovered from Perim Island terrace (Tr1) show varying degrees of U-series open system behavior and yield coral assemblage ages of LIG and older ages. Fossil corals from Tr1 are recrystallized corals, have anomalously high initial δ 234 U ranged from (152 ± 2‰ to 287 ± 7‰), corresponding to ages of ∼120 ka and ∼406 ka, respectively. Applying age reliability criteria on the current data suggest majority of the ages cannot be considered reliable and all are suspected for open system behavior associated with U loss/addition that significantly affects the 230 Th/U ages. The diagenesis shown by these corals occurred probably due to extensive interaction of fossil corals with freshwater during the wet periods prevailed in southern Arabia coeval with the African monsoon, which led to U loss. Post-depositional U loss suggest ( 230 Th/ 238 U) increase, which shift the U-Th ages to unexpectedly higher levels as it is shown here. Measured elevation at the Al-Hajaja terrace (Tr3) is ∼4 ± 2 m above present sea level (apsl) consistent with eustatic sea level changes and indicates that the Bab al-Mandab area is stable at least since the LIG period. The Perim Island terrace (Tr1) is at elevation of 7 ± 2 m apsl; its reef yields diageneticaly-altered corals of multiple ages and cannot be used for sea level reconstructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) protein family is a surface-exposed protein from the pathogenic Leptospira. The Lig protein family has been identified as an essential virulence factor of L. interrogan. One of the family members, LigA, contains 13 homologous tandem repeats of bacterial Ig-like (Big) domains in its extracellular portion. It is crucial in binding with the host's Extracellular matrices (ECM) and complement factors. However, its vital role in the invasion and evasion of pathogenic Leptospira , structural details, and domain organization of the extracellular portion of this protein are not explored thoroughly. Here, we described the first high-resolution crystal structure of a variable region segment (LigA8–9) of LigA at 1.87 Å resolution. The structure showed some remarkably distinctive aspects compared with other closely related Immunoglobulin domains. The structure illustrated the relative orientation of two domains and highlighted the role of the linker region in the domain orientation. We also observed an apparent electron density of Ca2+ ions coordinated with a proper interacting geometry within the protein. Molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated the involvement of a linker salt bridge in providing rigidity between the two domains. Our study proposes an overall arrangement of Ig-like domains in the LigA protein. The structural understanding of the extracellular portion of LigA and its interaction with the ECM provides insight into developing new therapeutics directed toward leptospirosis. • A variable region segment of Leptospira host-interacting protein was solved at 1.87 Å. • The crystal structure reveals the relative orientation of the two domains. • Ca2+ ions interacting with proper geometry within the protein were identified. • The structure highlights the role of the linker region in the domain orientation. • A salt bridge between two domains provides rigidity in the structure. • The study proposes an overall arrangement of Ig-like domains in the LigA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to accelerate the fragmentation of the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France followed politics that supported Arab nationalism in the wake of the ideals of reigning in the Arabian geography. The Arabs who came under the mandate of these two states after the First World War changed the goal of nationalist movements and took a stand against their mandate administrations. Egyptian, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Trans-Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Palestinian Arabs participated in the 'Alexandrian Protocol'. The League of Arab States, established on March 22, 1945, is a political structure that continues its activities with 22 members as of today. Detailed in the first part of the relevant article of the Middle East and the region balances, which is examined daily from the process leading to the establishment of the League of Arab States; 1. The Arab-Israeli War, the Baghdad Pact, the Suez Crisis, the establishment of the Palestinian Liberation Organization, the Six-Day War, the Jordanian-Palestinian conflict, the Egyptian-Israeli reconciliation, the Iran-Iraq war, the Gulf War, the function of the League of Arab States is considered. Given the influence of the League of Arab States on the Middle East and its regional balances, the national interests of the League member countries seem to give results that will defeat the idea of joint action and defense. The second part of our production includes the structural analysis of the crises of the League of Arab States. In this context, the effectiveness of the League on the Middle East and regional balances is revealed by addressing the problems that arise from the organizational structure and legal regulation. However, the question of why the League of Arab States could not be a more effective actor on regional balances was sought. The issue of authority is examined under the titles such as the problem of resolving conflicts, the issue of not establishing common grounds and values, the issue of defense and security, the failure of decisions to be violated and sanctions, the problem of conflict with the League's own decisions and the problems experienced in the Arab League summit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]