Search

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Intelligent Agriculture Mechanization is the property of Nanjing Institute of Agricultural Mechanization and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Brewing is the property of China Brewing Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Light is a key environmental component influencing many biological processes, particularly in prokaryotes such as archaea and bacteria. Light control techniques have revolutionized precise manipulation at molecular and cellular levels in recent years. Bacteria, with adaptability and genetic tractability, are promising candidates for light control studies. This review investigates the mechanisms underlying light activation in bacteria and discusses recent advancements focusing on light control methods and techniques for controlling bacteria. We delve into the mechanisms by which bacteria sense and transduce light signals, including engineered photoreceptors and light-sensitive actuators, and various strategies employed to modulate gene expression, protein function, and bacterial motility. Furthermore, we highlight recent developments in light-integrated methods of controlling microbial responses, such as upconversion nanoparticles and optical tweezers, which can enhance the spatial and temporal control of bacteria and open new horizons for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise spatiotemporal dynamics of protein activities play a crucial role in cell signaling pathways. To control cellular functions in a spatiotemporal manner, a powerful method called photoactivatable chemically induced dimerization (pCID) is used. In this study, photoactivatable nanobody conjugate inducers of dimerization (PANCIDs) is introduced, which combine pCID with nanobody technology. A PANCID consists of a nanobody module that directly binds to an antigenic target, a photocaged small molecule ligand, and a cyclic decaarginine (cR10*) cell‐penetrating peptide (CPP) for efficient nonendocytic intracellular delivery. Therefore, PANCID photodimerizers also benefit from nanobodies, such as their high affinities (in the nm or pm range), specificities, and ability to modulate endogenous proteins. Additionally it is demonstrated that the nanobody moiety can be easily replaced with alternative ones, expanding the potential applications. By using PANCIDs, the dynamics of the Tiam1‐Rac1 signaling cascade is investigated and made an interesting finding. It is found that Rac1 and Tiam1 exhibit distinct behaviors in this axis, acting as time‐resolved "molecular oscillators" that transit between different functions in the signaling cascade when activated either slowly or rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As topological charge constitutes an infinite‐dimensional Hilbert space, vortex beam has numerous applications in optical communications and other fields where signal capacity is a vital requirement. Multifunctional vortex beams, showing up to different controllable responses subjected to separate combinations of polarization states, have significantly exhibited improved capacity of signal transport. Relying on prior physical knowledge, complex requirement brings tremendous challenge to the design of multifunctional vortex beams. Here, a deep‐learning‐based platform for designing metasurfaces is proposed, which can intelligently generate predesigned multifunctional vortex beams. Employing the proposed strategy, the demonstrations of bifunctional and trifunctional vortex beams are consistent with the design targets. Three samples are fabricated and measured by a Michelson interferometer. Clear observed interference patterns revealed the topological nature of the generated vortex beams, unambiguously justifying the design platform. This intelligent design strategy, which may inspire new ideas in other scientific fields, lays a solid foundation for the high‐performance application of multifunctional vortex beams. This work fully exploits the potential of vortex beams for large‐scale dense data communication and quantum optics with high quantum numbers, which may further promote the development of the integrated photonic chip. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer conjugation was found highly valuable in clinic to improve the bioavailability of protein therapeutics. However, it is still a tremendous challenge to achieve a complete release of original proteins from the conjugated hybrid under external stimulus to recover active proteins in the targeted tissue. Herein, we report a general light-controlled protein delivery methodology by weaving a photodegradable polymer cocoon around proteins, which could reliably protect them from degradation in the dark while efficiently releasing them under illumination without any residual atoms. The surface charge of the polymer shell is easily tunable to facilitate efficient cell uptake. The versatility of this strategy is demonstrated by the delivery of the Cas9/sgRNA complex that realized light-controlled gene editing both in vitro and in vivo, and such repertoire is of particular value in regard to minimizing the off-target toxicity of CRISPR-Cas9-based gene therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered antibodies are essential tools for research and advanced pharmacy. In the development of therapeutics, antibodies are excellent candidates as they offer both target recognition and modulation. Thanks to the latest advances in biotechnology, light-activated antibody fragments can be constructed to control spontaneous antigen interaction with high spatiotemporal precision. To implement conditional antigen binding, several optogenetic and optochemical engineering concepts have recently been developed. Here, we highlight the various strategies and discuss the features of opto-conditional antibodies. Each concept offers intrinsic advantages beneficial to different applications. In summary, the novel design approaches constitute a complementary toolset to promote current and upcoming antibody technologies with ultimate precision. Optogenetic and optochemical engineering strategies enable the construction of light-controlled antibodies to modulate antigen binding in time and in space. Based on optogenetics and structure-guided engineering, light-controlled antibodies can reversibly modulate protein interactions, signaling pathways, or targeted protein degradation. By genetic code expansion, antibodies with high light-induced affinity changes can be generated for a broad range of extracellular and intracellular applications. The design concepts comprise a comprehensive and complementary set of tools to augment antibody-based techniques with high spatiotemporal precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The precise spatiotemporal dynamics of protein activities play a crucial role in cell signaling pathways. To control cellular functions in a spatiotemporal manner, a powerful method called photoactivatable chemically induced dimerization (pCID) is used. In this study, photoactivatable nanobody conjugate inducers of dimerization (PANCIDs) is introduced, which combine pCID with nanobody technology. A PANCID consists of a nanobody module that directly binds to an antigenic target, a photocaged small molecule ligand, and a cyclic decaarginine (cR10*) cell‐penetrating peptide (CPP) for efficient nonendocytic intracellular delivery. Therefore, PANCID photodimerizers also benefit from nanobodies, such as their high affinities (in the nm or pm range), specificities, and ability to modulate endogenous proteins. Additionally it is demonstrated that the nanobody moiety can be easily replaced with alternative ones, expanding the potential applications. By using PANCIDs, the dynamics of the Tiam1‐Rac1 signaling cascade is investigated and made an interesting finding. It is found that Rac1 and Tiam1 exhibit distinct behaviors in this axis, acting as time‐resolved “molecular oscillators” that transit between different functions in the signaling cascade when activated either slowly or rapidly.

This study proposes the design and development of public light systems integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) applications for smart cities. Smart public lighting systems are designed using LED light sources in combination with a controller based on light intensity and motion sensors to control the brightness in working areas as per standard requirements. The control of smart public lighting systems is designed to operate in three modes: manual, scheduled, and auto modes, which are tested and compared in terms of lighting and power quality. Other functions of IoT, such as air pollution detection, security system-based video surveillance, and warning systems for flood disasters, are integrated into smart public lighting systems. A prototype of the designed smart public lighting system is presented in this paper. The parameters of average illuminance, overall uniformity, and threshold increment were implemented using DIALux software to optimise the luminaire spacing. The results showed that the goal of energy saving could be achieved using the auto mode. Although the automatic mode caused current harmonic distortion to the electrical grid, the harmonic value was less than the specified standard. Furthermore, the precision of IoT system operation was dependent on environmental variations and the reliability of wireless network technology.

Membrane proteins are the targets for most drugs and play essential roles in many life activities in organisms. In recent years, unnatural amino acids (UAAs) encoded by genetic code expansion (GCE) technology have been widely used, which endow proteins with different biochemical properties. A class of photosensitive UAAs has been widely used to study protein structure and function. Combined with photochemical control with high temporal and spatial resolution, these UAAs have shown broad applicability to solve the problems of natural ion channels and receptor biology. This review will focus on several application examples of light-controlled methods to integrate GCE technology to study membrane protein function in recent years. We will summarize the typical research methods utilizing some photosensitive UAAs to provide common strategies and further new ideas for studying protein function and advancing biological processes.

Thermal fluctuations in two-dimensional (2D) isotropy systems at non-zero finite temperatures can destroy the long-range (LR) magnetic order due to the mechanisms addressed in the Mermin-Wanger theory. However, the magnetic anisotropy related to spin–orbit coupling (SOC) may stabilize magnetic order in 2D systems. Very recently, 2D FexGeTe2 (3 ≤ x ≤ 7) with a high Curie temperature (TC) has not only undergone significant developments in terms of synthetic methods and the control of ferromagnetism (FM), but is also being actively explored for applications in various devices. In this review, we introduce six experimental methods, ten ferromagnetic modulation strategies, and four spintronic devices for 2D FexGeTe2 materials. In summary, we outline the challenges and potential research directions in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmable metamaterials and metasurfaces have gained great interest due to real‐time electromagnetic control and digital information processing capabilities. Different from traditional electrically‐controlled programmable metasurfaces, recently, light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces have been presented, on which the microwaves can be manipulated and modulated wirelessly in the space domain or time domain by incident light. More importantly, such the metasurface platform offers an efficient interface to link directly light and microwave signals, showing huge potential to develop wave‐based optoelectronic hybrid devices and relevant applications. Here, we review some of these recent developments, focusing particularly on the mechanisms of light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces and their fascinating functions from remote microwave control to hybrid signal processing. We survey related implementation methods based on the hybrid integrations of microwave digital metasurfaces and different photoresponsive components including photodiodes, photoresistors, infrared modules, and light sensors, as well as discuss their unique advantages. In the summary, the perspective on the challenges and future directions of light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The possibility of correcting the amplitude–phase distortions of Laguerre–Gauss laser beams on atmospheric paths is investigated using computer simulation. The adaptive correction scheme is used based on the principle of phase conjugation of the reference wave from an auxiliary coherent source. The propagation of beams in a randomly heterogeneous medium with a power-law spatial spectrum typical of atmospheric turbulence is simulated by solving numerically of the inhomogeneous parabolic wave equation. The scalar wave equation is solved by the Fourier splitting method using the parallel architecture algorithms. The effect of atmospheric turbulence on orbital angular momentum fluctuations of the Laguerre–Gauss vortex beams is considered; the possibility of correction of these fluctuations is proved theoretically, and its efficiency is estimated using an adaptive optical phase conjugation system. The role of Academician Basov in the organization of systematic study of propagation of coherent optical waves in the atmosphere as a randomly inhomogeneous medium is indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light is a key environmental component influencing many biological processes, particularly in prokaryotes such as archaea and bacteria. Light control techniques have revolutionized precise manipulation at molecular and cellular levels in recent years. Bacteria, with adaptability and genetic tractability, are promising candidates for light control studies. This review investigates the mechanisms underlying light activation in bacteria and discusses recent advancements focusing on light control methods and techniques for controlling bacteria. We delve into the mechanisms by which bacteria sense and transduce light signals, including engineered photoreceptors and light-sensitive actuators, and various strategies employed to modulate gene expression, protein function, and bacterial motility. Furthermore, we highlight recent developments in light-integrated methods of controlling microbial responses, such as upconversion nanoparticles and optical tweezers, which can enhance the spatial and temporal control of bacteria and open new horizons for biomedical applications.

Abstract Programmable metamaterials and metasurfaces have gained great interest due to real‐time electromagnetic control and digital information processing capabilities. Different from traditional electrically‐controlled programmable metasurfaces, recently, light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces have been presented, on which the microwaves can be manipulated and modulated wirelessly in the space domain or time domain by incident light. More importantly, such the metasurface platform offers an efficient interface to link directly light and microwave signals, showing huge potential to develop wave‐based optoelectronic hybrid devices and relevant applications. Here, we review some of these recent developments, focusing particularly on the mechanisms of light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces and their fascinating functions from remote microwave control to hybrid signal processing. We survey related implementation methods based on the hybrid integrations of microwave digital metasurfaces and different photoresponsive components including photodiodes, photoresistors, infrared modules, and light sensors, as well as discuss their unique advantages. In the summary, the perspective on the challenges and future directions of light‐controlled programmable metasurfaces are presented.

High-performance photonic nonvolatile memory which combines data storage and photosensing can achieve low power consumption and ensure computational energy efficiency. Heterostructure has been theoretically and experimentally proved to have synergistic effects between two materials, which can lead to promising electronic and optical properties for advanced optoelectronic devices. Herein, we report the preparation of borophene-ZnO heterostructures and their applications of broadband photonic nonvolatile memory. The memory shows a good switching ratio (5 × 103) and long-term stability (3,600 s), which are superior to those of the pristine borophene or ZnO quantum dots (QDs). It is found that the memory shows a broad light response from ultraviolet (365 nm) to near infrared (850 nm). Besides, the SET voltage will decrease when the device is exposed to light, which can be attributed to the separation of holes and electrons in accelerating the formation of vacancy conductive filament. This work not only provides a promising material for next-generation photoelectric information, but also paves the way for borophene-based memory towards data storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Existing studies have paid attention to the effect of light-controlled conditions on the increase in cashmere production but changes in the environmental parameters of goat houses have been ignored. In this study, we monitored concentrations of CO2 and NH3 in a light-controlled goat house while evaluating the effect of light-controlled conditions on the increase in cashmere production. The results show that the concentrations of harmful gases under short photoperiod treatment are harmful to the health of goats. This study will provide a reference for the formulation of ventilation schemes in light-controlled goat houses. The quality and yield of cashmere closely affect the economic benefits of cashmere goat farming. Studies have shown that controlling light can have an important impact on cashmere but can also affect the concentration of harmful gases. In order to explore the impact of a short photoperiod on the growth of cashmere and harmful gases in goat houses, 130 female (non-pregnant) Shanbei white cashmere goats, aged 4–5 years with similar body weights, were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group, with 65 goats in each group. The dietary nutrition levels of the experimental goats were the same, and completely natural light was used in the control group; the light control group received light for 7 h every day (9:30–16:30), and the rest of the time (16:30–9:30 the next day) they did not receive light. The light control treatment was carried out in a control house, and the gas content was analyzed. It was found that a shortened period of light exposure could increase the annual average cashmere production by 34.5%. The content of each gas has a certain functional relationship with the measurement time period, but at the same time, we found that the content of NH3 also changes seasonally. In summary, the use of shortened light periods when raising cashmere goats can significantly increase cashmere production and quality, but at the same time, it will increase the concentration of harmful gases in the goat barn, and ventilation should be increased to ensure the health of the goats and the air quality in the barn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connecting the devices to the internet based on the internet of things IoT increases the capability of monitoring and measuring, and controlling essential variables. In this study, the radiation intensity was controlled via the internet of things IoT for PTSC to study the collector's behavior. The light control circuit was designed, built, and implemented. The circuit mainly consists of a power supply, Arduino, relay, and potentiometer. Radiation was successfully monitored using a sensor and displayed through a smartphone via Wi-Fi, and the intensity of radiation light controls the PCM status. A data logging system was applied using a micro SD in a smartphone card and Arduino Node-MCU as a microcontroller. The experimental results show the relationship between solar radiation and resistance change. Inversely, the maximum radiation found from this work was 780 W/m2 with 74 k Ω resistance, and the minimum radiation was 300 W/m2 with 170 k Ω resistance. The output power changes directly through solar radiation, which means the power output with maximum solar radiation will be 3018 W. Using IoT Technology reduces efforts of long-time monitoring during the experiment (many hours).

The manipulation of droplets plays a vital role in fundamental research and practical applications, from chemical reactions to bioanalysis. As an intriguing and active format, light control of droplets, typically induced by photochemistry, photomechanics, light-induced Marangoni effects or light-induced electric fields, enables remote and contactless control with remarkable spatial and temporal accuracy. However, current light control of droplets suffers from poor performance and limited reliability. Here we develop a new superamphiphobic material that integrates the dual merits of light and electric field by rationally preparing liquid metal particles/poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) polymer composites with photo-induced charge generation capability in real time, enabling light control of droplets on the basis of photo-induced dielectrophoretic force. We demonstrate that this photo-induced charged surface (PICS) imparts a new paradigm for controllable droplet motion, including high average velocity (∼35.9 mm s−1), unlimited distance, multimode motions (e.g. forward, backward and rotation) and single-to-multiple droplet manipulation, which are otherwise unachievable in conventional strategies. We further extend light control of droplets to robotic and bio-applications, including transporting a solid cargo in a closed tube, crossing a tiny tunnel, avoiding obstacles, sensing the changing environment via naked-eye color shift, preparing hydrogel beads, transporting living cells and reliable biosensing. Our PICS not only provides insight into the development of new smart interface materials and microfluidics, but also brings new possibilities for chemical and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal fluctuations in two-dimensional (2D) isotropy systems at non-zero finite temperatures can destroy the long-range (LR) magnetic order due to the mechanisms addressed in the Mermin-Wanger theory. However, the magnetic anisotropy related to spin–orbit coupling (SOC) may stabilize magnetic order in 2D systems. Very recently, 2D FexGeTe2 (3 ≤ x ≤ 7) with a high Curie temperature (TC) has not only undergone significant developments in terms of synthetic methods and the control of ferromagnetism (FM), but is also being actively explored for applications in various devices. In this review, we introduce six experimental methods, ten ferromagnetic modulation strategies, and four spintronic devices for 2D FexGeTe2 materials. In summary, we outline the challenges and potential research directions in this field.

Colloids that are able to navigate via predefined paths and adapt to complex environments hold great promises as miniaturized machines and model systems for active soft matter research. Here, we design an intelligent system that integrates dynamic magnetic field and light control with in-situ determination of particle position and velocity via Matlab-based image acquisition and analysis. We apply the system to realize programmable and feedback control over the motion of a magnetic and photoactive colloid. Specifically, we direct the active colloid into pentagram-like navigation, circular motion of various size, and spiral-like motion by changing the travelling direction, discretely or continuously, the self-propelled velocity, and a combination of the two, enabled by dynamic change of magnetic field, light intensity and both. Moreover, we demonstrate the ability of the system for on-the-fly self-correction to follow predefined path with high fidelity, and adaptability to complex surroundings with definable birdlike vision based on in-situ processing of information. We expect the programmability and adaptability of magnetic and photoactive colloids enabled by multiple handles, magnetic field and light, open up new opportunities for active soft matter research, including intelligent microrobotics, collective nonequilibrium dynamics and novel photonic fluids.

Multimode fibers (MMF) are miniaturized, flexible, and high‐capacity information channels, promising to open up new applications in endoscopic imaging. However, precise light control through an MMF with continuous deformations is still a challenge. Here, a scalable calibration framework for a dynamically deformed MMF using deep learning is proposed. The proof‐of‐concept experiments demonstrate that the proposed continual generative adversarial model has the ability to characterize the MMF transmission states sequentially and detect the fiber deformation using proximal reflection in real‐time synchronously, allowing self‐adaptively cross‐state focusing through a semi‐flexible MMF without distal access after the scalable calibration. This framework is a continual learning scheme under extreme memory constraints where the model is able to synthesize training data and prevent forgetting the previously learned bending states. The proposed method paves the way for the experimental realization of scalable calibration of a dynamically deformed MMF.

Daylight control systems using mirror optics Daylighting is an interdisciplinary field between building physics and lighting technology and implements improved protection against overheating by means of novel mirror optics developed, while at the same time providing daylight, thus enabling total energy savings of glazed buildings of up to 30 %. As part of the Green Deal, the EU Commission is initiating a directive on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD), which is part of a comprehensive legislative package with the ambitious goal of defining zero‐emission buildings and thus driving forward the reduction of CO2 emissions in Europe. Daylight guiding technology, which enables solar gains in winter, prevents overheating in summer and enables daylight autonomy all year round, can play a very important role in the implementation of these ambitious goals. In this essay a new daylight guiding technology will be presented, with which a total solar energy transmittance gtot of 0.05 can be realised even in open and transparent slat positions with daylight input by means of internal blinds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonlinear topological responses in the vicinity of exceptional points (EPs) significantly enhance mode splitting sensitivity of non-Hermitian systems to external perturbations. In this paper, a new method is proposed to flexibility control EP state of the whispering gallery mode microcavity integrated with photo-sensitive azobenzene coating, which provides a simple, efficient and stabilized scheme to prepare and tune the EP state with no need to delicately control the interaction between the nanoscatters and the microcavity. By introducing one pair of defects infiltrated with liquid samples, refractive index sensing could be realized when the system is operating around EP and the measurement range of 1.33 to 1.4 covers the RI range of most biological analytes. And moreover, performances of the proposed system in nanoparticle detection are also investigated. In comparison with its counterpart operating around diabolic points, our proposed system exhibits more than quadruple increase in sensitivity. Our proposed EP sensor based on light-controlled tuning of the system state makes it a promising candidate for applications in the field of optical sensing and paves a way toward developing tunable EP-based photonic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current optical imaging devices, complex peripheral circuits are required to obtain clear and true images, which leads to limited power and area efficiency. Inspired by the visual processing in retina, an optoelectronic neuromorphic device with short‐term plasticity (STP) can realize self‐adjustment of the visual system to real time in response to the external stimuli, including light controlled short‐term facilitation (STF) and short‐term depression (STD). Herein, an optoelectronic synaptic device based on a simple Au/ZnS/Pt structure is found to show both synaptic STD and STF under light stimulation. STD originates from photoexcited carriers trapped by defects in the ZnS film, whereas STF results from photocurrent rising due to trap filling via previous electrical stimulation. Moreover, the STP of the device exhibits excellent stability and repeatability. In addition, this optoelectronic device can be used to adjust the sharpness of the view according to different brightness levels through STD and STF. The realization of self‐adjustment through STP of the emerging optoelectronic neuromorphic device may pave the way for bionic systems facing complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In current optical imaging devices, complex peripheral circuits are required to obtain clear and true images, which leads to limited power and area efficiency. Inspired by the visual processing in retina, an optoelectronic neuromorphic device with short‐term plasticity (STP) can realize self‐adjustment of the visual system to real time in response to the external stimuli, including light controlled short‐term facilitation (STF) and short‐term depression (STD). Herein, an optoelectronic synaptic device based on a simple Au/ZnS/Pt structure is found to show both synaptic STD and STF under light stimulation. STD originates from photoexcited carriers trapped by defects in the ZnS film, whereas STF results from photocurrent rising due to trap filling via previous electrical stimulation. Moreover, the STP of the device exhibits excellent stability and repeatability. In addition, this optoelectronic device can be used to adjust the sharpness of the view according to different brightness levels through STD and STF. The realization of self‐adjustment through STP of the emerging optoelectronic neuromorphic device may pave the way for bionic systems facing complex environments.

Composed of a large number of artificial nanostructures, metasurfaces have found applications in metalenses, structured light generation and optical deflectors through wavefront shaping. After careful design according to optical requirements, metasurfaces can achieve independent functions under different incident light conditions. Deep learning emerges as a transformative design approach in nanophotonics, providing nanostructures tailored to various optical requirements. A statistic relationship between geometric shapes and optical properties is hidden in massive nanostructures. The relationship is learned without any help of physical models, opening a possibility for further research on multifunctional metasurface. Here, different optical dimensions multiplexed in metasurfaces are reviewed, and combining these multiplexing methods into one metasurface can significantly increase functional channels. Then different types of neural networks applied in metasurface design are introduced, opening a possibility to combine the various optical multiplexing. Furthermore, the constructive suggestions are provided on multifunctional metasurface designed by deep learning, and specific opinions on future developments are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality and yield of cashmere closely affect the economic benefits of cashmere goat farming. Studies have shown that controlling light can have an important impact on cashmere but can also affect the concentration of harmful gases. In order to explore the impact of a short photoperiod on the growth of cashmere and harmful gases in goat houses, 130 female (non-pregnant) Shanbei white cashmere goats, aged 4–5 years with similar body weights, were randomly divided into a control group and a treatment group, with 65 goats in each group. The dietary nutrition levels of the experimental goats were the same, and completely natural light was used in the control group; the light control group received light for 7 h every day (9:30–16:30), and the rest of the time (16:30–9:30 the next day) they did not receive light. The light control treatment was carried out in a control house, and the gas content was analyzed. It was found that a shortened period of light exposure could increase the annual average cashmere production by 34.5%. The content of each gas has a certain functional relationship with the measurement time period, but at the same time, we found that the content of NH3 also changes seasonally. In summary, the use of shortened light periods when raising cashmere goats can significantly increase cashmere production and quality, but at the same time, it will increase the concentration of harmful gases in the goat barn, and ventilation should be increased to ensure the health of the goats and the air quality in the barn.

Shoot branching is highly dependent on environmental factors. While many species show some light dependence for branching, the rosebush shows a strict requirement for light to allow branching, making this species an excellent model to further understand how light impinges on branching. Here, in the first part, we provide a review of the current understanding of how light may modulate the complex regulatory network of endogenous factors like hormones (SL, IAA, CK, GA, and ABA), nutrients (sugar and nitrogen), and ROS to control branching. We review the regulatory contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to branching in different species, highlighting the action of such evolutionarily conserved factors. We underline some possible pathways by which light may modulate miRNA-dependent regulation of branching. In the second part, we exploit the strict light dependence of rosebush for branching to identify putative miRNAs that could contribute to the photocontrol of branching. For this, we first performed a profiling of the miRNAs expressed in early light-induced rosebush buds and next tested whether they were predicted to target recognized regulators of branching. Thus, we identified seven miRNAs (miR156, miR159, miR164, miR166, miR399, miR477, and miR8175) that could target nine genes (CKX1/6 , EXPA3 , MAX4 , CYCD3;1 , SUSY , 6PFK , APX1 , and RBOHB1). Because these genes are affecting branching through different hormonal or metabolic pathways and because expression of some of these genes is photoregulated, our bioinformatic analysis suggests that miRNAs may trigger a rearrangement of the regulatory network to modulate branching in response to light environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we present a multi‐cycle chemoenzymatic synthesis of modified RNA with simplified solid‐phase handling to overcome size limitations of RNA synthesis. It combines the advantages of classical chemical solid‐phase synthesis and enzymatic synthesis using magnetic streptavidin beads and biotinylated RNA. Successful introduction of light‐controllable RNA nucleotides into the tRNAMet sequence was confirmed by gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. The methods tolerate modifications in the RNA phosphodiester backbone and allow introductions of photocaged and photoswitchable nucleotides as well as photocleavable strand breaks and fluorophores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shoot branching is highly dependent on environmental factors. While many species show some light dependence for branching, the rosebush shows a strict requirement for light to allow branching, making this species an excellent model to further understand how light impinges on branching. Here, in the first part, we provide a review of the current understanding of how light may modulate the complex regulatory network of endogenous factors like hormones (SL, IAA, CK, GA, and ABA), nutrients (sugar and nitrogen), and ROS to control branching. We review the regulatory contribution of microRNAs (miRNAs) to branching in different species, highlighting the action of such evolutionarily conserved factors. We underline some possible pathways by which light may modulate miRNA-dependent regulation of branching. In the second part, we exploit the strict light dependence of rosebush for branching to identify putative miRNAs that could contribute to the photocontrol of branching. For this, we first performed a profiling of the miRNAs expressed in early light-induced rosebush buds and next tested whether they were predicted to target recognized regulators of branching. Thus, we identified seven miRNAs (miR156, miR159, miR164, miR166, miR399, miR477, and miR8175) that could target nine genes (CKX1/6, EXPA3, MAX4, CYCD3;1, SUSY, 6PFK, APX1, and RBOHB1). Because these genes are affecting branching through different hormonal or metabolic pathways and because expression of some of these genes is photoregulated, our bioinformatic analysis suggests that miRNAs may trigger a rearrangement of the regulatory network to modulate branching in response to light environment.

The use of electric power for lights often less considered, a lot of lights are on continuously even though it's not used. As a result, a lot of electricity is wasted. This motivated researchers to create innovations of creating a light control system. The light controller system is designed to simplify and benefit the user. For this reason, researchers make light controllers on the web use voice commands that can be done anywhere and anytime using the internet. Making a prototype of a light control system with voice commands utilizes speech to text on the Web Speech API that converts sound into text, then it will be processed into a command of light controllers by the Arduino Uno microcontroller. The researcher used the prototype development method, where through 3 stages starting from Listen to Customer, Design and Building, and Test Drive Evaluations. The testing results are Internet speed and noise level affect the success rate on the use of light control using sound. At 9.9 Mbps internet speed has a success rate of 86% with response time 2.01 second, while at internet speed 1.9 Mbps has a success rate of 65% with response time 2.50 second. At the noise level of 34.5 dB room has a success rate of 86% with response time 2.02 second, while the noise level of 62 dB has a success rate of 72% with response time 2.21 second.

Choline phosphate lipids have been designed and developed as new‐generation zwitterionic nanocarriers with excellent biocompatibility and bioorthogonality to provide a more programmable performance for cancer therapy. However, there is a lack of spatiotemporal and reversible control for drug release at target tumor cells, which can lead to severe adverse effects to normal tissue and discounted treatment outcome. Here, light‐inducible Lip‐cRGDfk/ICG/Dox liposomes were developed for synergistic cancer therapy. ICG can effectively convert light energy into selective heating in a local environment upon laser irradiation, thus inducing thermal ablation of tumor cells, and further reversibly trigger the spatiotemporal release of anticancer drugs (Dox) at tumor cells due to the conformation transformation of CP lipids to synergistically kill tumor cells. That Lip‐cRGDfk/ICG/Dox exhibited a significant improvement for breast cancer therapy in vitro and in vivo is also demonstrated, thus it can serve as an efficient platform to noninvasively and spatiotemporally control the activation of cytotoxicity at tumor cells for precision cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • TpNda-COF with a pore size comparable to the diameter of TMB was designed and synthesized. • The large specific surface area and appropriate pore size of TpNda-COF gave it a high oxidase-like activity. • Thanks to the spatial restriction, the efficiency of the biomimetic catalysis is greatly improved. • The TpNda-COF mimic oxidase has outstanding advantages of easy light control, high stability, and highly catalytic oxidation. Essential to many activities in our bodies, ascorbic acid is a small molecule essential to human health and physiological processes. In this study, a covalent organic framework called TpNda-COF was synthesized, which is composed of Tp (triformylephloroglucinol) and Nda (1, 5-napthalenediamine). This framework acts as a mimic enzyme and displays excellent oxidase-like activity when stimulated with purple light (at = 405 nm). It catalyzes the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzydine (TMB) by generating O 2 − free radicals in the presence of oxygen. The resulting oxTMB shows a characteristic absorption peak at 652 nm. The biomimetic catalysis efficiency is significantly improved due to spatial restriction. By introducing ascorbic acid (AA) in the system, the blue oxTMB is reduced to colorless TMB. The decrease in absorption peak intensity can be quantitatively measured using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer, enabling the detection of AA. The sensing platform demonstrates excellent selectivity and sensitivity. It has a wide linear detection range from 5 μM to 50 μM, with a low detection limit of 1.44 μM. Advantages such as the easy control of light, high stability and efficient oxidation are provided by the TpNda-COF mimic oxidase. This innovative method presents a promising and cost-effective approach for rapid detection of ascorbic acid, with potential applications across various fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• AwSclB is involved in regulating asexual sporulation and secondary metabolism. • AwSclB regulates asexual spore formation by activating the BrlA-AbaA-WetA pathway. • In the absence of AwSclB , light no longer promotes the formation of conidia. • AwSclB gene contributes to the light response of Aspergillus westerdijkiae by activating ConJ. As a prevalent pathogenic fungus, Aspergillus westerdijkiae poses a threat to both food safety and human health. The fungal growth, conidia production and ochratoxin A (OTA) in A. weterdijkiae are regulated by many factors especially transcription factors. In this study, a transcription factor AwSclB in A. westerdijkiae was identified and its function in asexual sporulation and OTA biosynthesis was investigated. In addition, the effect of light control on AwSclB regulation was also tested. The deletion of AwSclB gene could reduce conidia production by down-regulation of conidia genes and increase OTA biosynthesis by up-regulation of cluster genes, regardless under light or dark conditions. It is worth to note that the inhibitory effect of light on OTA biosynthesis was reversed by the knockout of AwSclB gene. The yeast one-hybrid assay indicated that AwSclB could interact with the promoters of BrlA , ConJ and OtaR1 genes. This result suggests that AwSclB in A. westerdijkiae can directly regulate asexual conidia formation by activating the central developmental pathway BrlA-AbaA-WetA through up-regulating the expression of AwBrlA , and promote the light response of the strain by activating ConJ. However, AwSclB itself is unable to respond to light regulation. This finding will deepen our understanding of the molecular regulation of A. westerdijkiae development and secondary metabolism, and provide potential targets for the development of new fungicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reinforcement learning combined with computer programming address issues in subway emergency response • Three emergency danger points are utilized to generate optimal evacuation paths • Smoke flow rules are used to dynamically adjust the results obtained by the evacuation passage • The effectiveness of the emergency light control controller is confirmed in terms of fire alarms Due to its substantial capacity, the subway has emerged as a primary mode of transportation crucial for the advancement of modern cities. However, the characteristics of subway and subway stations, such as deep underground, complex structures, and no natural lighting, have brought great difficulties to emergency rescue. In case of fire and other emergencies, it is easy to cause casualties and economic losses. Based on the basic idea of reinforcement learning, combined with computer programming, a simulation platform of subway station lighting control and emergency plan system is established, and the optimal evacuation path corresponding to three emergency danger points is obtained. Then, according to the smoke flow rules in different scenarios, the lighting control of evacuation passage is dynamically adjusted to obtain results. Experimental results show that the emergency light control controller generates corresponding evacuation plan through fire alarm information and sends it to the emergency light terminal. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] To provide theoretical basis for further optimizing the cultivation measures and improving the wine quality of Viiis quinquangularis Rehd. grape in Guangxi, the effects of application of reflecting film and leaf removal at the beginning veraison on the microclimate in the fruiting zone and fruit quality of V. quinquangufuris Rehd. Grape cv. Yeniang No. 2 were analyzed. [Method] In Nanning, Guangxi, Y eniang No. 2 was material, and leaf removal and reflective transfer film laying treatments were conducted when fruits started to change color, and without leaf removal and reflective transfer film laying treatments were as control. The variations in temperatnre, humidity and light conditions before and after the treatments were traced using HOBO weather stations. The berry quality indexes of fruit samples under the two kinds of light control treatments and the control at each developmental stage were determined. [Result] Both treatments achieved the purpose of enhancing the light intensity around fruiting zone of Yeniang No. 2, and the effect of leaf removal treatment was more obvious. The daily average photosynthetic effective radiation was increased by 6 to 13 times compared with the control, and the daily average of total solar radiation increased by 2 to 4 times when compared with the control. The two treatments also reduced the temperature difference between day and night for Y eniang No. 2, the daily maximum temperature, the humidity difference between day and night and the daily maximum humidity and increased the daily minimum temperature and humidity. Leaf removal and reflective film treatments reduced the fresh weight and titratable acid content of grape at harvest, but increased the soluble solids, improved skin color and red hue. [ Conclusion ] Leaf removal and application of reflective film can improve the ventilation and light transmittance around fruiting zone at the beginning when berries start to change color. The effect is more prominent in the leaf removal treatment, which shortens the time of high temperature, reduces the frequency of high temperature and improves the quality of Yeiang No. 2 berries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart homes and Internet of Things are emerging concepts in modern society, with intelligent lighting being an important part of it. Besides providing visual satisfaction through its color-rendering properties, lighting also has other effects on human well-being. In order to exploit the full potential of a smartly lit home, lighting systems need to be equipped with accurate controllers that can control the spectrum and color characteristics of light in addition to conventional ON-OFF and dimming control. However, current commercial smart lighting products with such capabilities need to employ expensive sensors which are still lacking in terms of closed-loop feedback which is imperative for accurate color control of light-emitting diode (LED)-based luminaires. This paper presents a novel approach that uses the camera available on modern smartphones to perform closed-loop color control for lighting systems in smart homes. The algorithm is able to perform multi-channel mixing for any color and also white light at a desired correlated color temperature with high color-rendering index. This approach proves to be very economical and convenient as no external sensors are required and can be performed using any Android smartphone on a compatible LED-based luminaire.

Copyright of Informacion Tecnica Economica Agraria is the property of Asociacion Interprofesional para el Desarrollo Agrario (AIDA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increasing demand for efficiently growing vegetation in greenhouses requires continual improvement of the control of the growth environment experienced by the plants. The single most important factor in maximizing the crop's growth is the quantity, quality, and geometrical distribution of radiation intercepted at every moment. Few available greenhouse coverings are capable of responding to changes in sunlight conditions by themselves, limiting the grower's control: they must use additional technologies, including screens, artificial lighting, heating, and cooling. This review considers existing efforts in providing adaptable greenhouse covering systems and advanced optical materials for controlling the color, intensity, and/or distribution of sunlight transmitted into greenhouse‐like structures by describing existing static materials and their responsive equivalents. This work also offers speculation on potential applications of other light‐control elements, mostly designed for use in the urban environment that can be adapted for greenhouse use in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) is important, not only in the fields of biology and biophysics but also in optoelectronics and light guiding systems. Different matrixes are being investigated that facilitate FRET, including zeolites and metal–organic frameworks. In this work, a matrix for FRET generation is proposed: nanoporous liquid crystal networks. These liquid crystal networks can be easily processed and can align dichroic fluorescent dyes. A base treatment can create nanopores in the network, which are then able to absorb a second fluorescent dye in an aqueous phase while still retaining good alignment. Using lifetime measurements, we provide proof that even in this nonoptimized system, around 70% of the energy was transferred via the FRET mechanism from one dye to the other. Liquid crystal networks have many advantages over current matrixes as they are easy to fabricate as well as flexible and could be modified to selectively and reversely absorb dyes, allowing many applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Silver nanowire (AgNW) networks are introduced as low-emissivity coatings for photovoltaic/thermal applications. • The effect of textured structure on thermal emissivity is considered. • FDTD model optimizes the spectral selective properties of AgNW networks. • AgNW low-emissivity coating reduces radiative heat loss by 30 % at 80 °C. Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) conversion can convert part of photons into electricity and simultaneously harvest the remaining solar power into heat, which dramatically improves overall solar conversion efficiency and has been recognized as a promising technique for carbon neutrality. However, the textured structure on the surface of crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells greatly enhances the overall mid-infrared emissivity to 0.8 ∼ 0.9, and current research on PV/T low-emissivity coatings does not address this texture structure. Herein, solar-transparent and infrared-reflective silver nanowire networks were introduced to textured silicon surfaces to suppress mid-infrared emissivity and maintain strong solar absorption. The mid-infrared emissivity of the textured silicon is remarkably reduced from 0.97 to 0.19 after coating the silver nanowire networks, while the solar absorptivity is still maintained at a high level with a weighted solar absorptivity of 0.81. Besides, the above-band-gap photon absorptivity of the silver nanowires coating on texture silicon is 0.84 due to the plasmonic effect of the silver nanowire networks and the light trapping effect of the texture structure. The FDTD simulation confirms the spectral selectivity of silver nanowires coating on texture silicon, and the validated energy balance model captures the solar thermal potential of the silver nanowires coating on texture silicon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]