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Athelia rolfsii is a facultative plant pathogen which develops characteristic white mycelial mats and sclerotia at the crown infection sites when conditions are favourable. In July 2019, stem rot symptoms such as dark brown necrotic lesions were observed at collar of the stem base. The infected plants showed dark brown symptoms which later turned into light white mycelial growth with immature white sclerotia, while the isolated fungus was initially white in colour and later turned black. The identification of the isolate as Athelia rolfsii was also confirmed by using internal transcribed spacer region sequencing. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of stem rot of Justicia adhatoda caused by Athelia rolfsii in the world.

The Calci-Aquic Vertisols comprise one of the largest areas with low crop yields in China normally characterized with black color, high smectite contents but low organic matter contents. This study aims to establish a physical method for extracting black matter from the Calci-Aquic Vertisols, and explore the formation mechanism of black nano-organo-mineral complexes of the soils. The alternation of freezing-thawing and adding dispersant followed by oscillation and multi-level ultrasound(HOMU) method were proposed and tested to disperse soil and extract black matters from the topsoil layers (0−40 cm) and black soil layers (40−70 cm) of three Calci-Aquic Vertisols. Six different components including POM, white, light white, light black, black and nano-black were extracted successively and analyzed for blackness, organic matter content, particle gradation, mineral composition and elemental oxides. The nano-organo-mineral complexes are found be responsible for the Calci-Aquic Vertisols appearing black. Smectite (SM) absorbing organic matters mainly through cation bridges of Fe3+ and Al3+, hydrogen bond, van der Waals force formed the black nano-organo-mineral complexes which consists the main parts of the black matters in the Calci-Aquic Vertisols. Agricultural activities increased the organic matter contents in the topsoil layers, but the difference of formation environment resulted in the poorer crystallinity and higher content smectites and thus higher nano-organo-mineral complex contents and blackness in the black soil layers in the Calci-Aquic Vertisols. The result in this research is of great value for understanding the organic matter turnover and improving the productivity of the Calci-Aquic Vertisols.

Fire was one of the most terrifying dangers for women and children in the nineteenth century. Many burned to death in highly inflammable clothing. A new, sylph-like Romantic feminine ideal in dress arose in tandem with the gas lighting that illuminated the light white cottons and almost “immaterial” materials that became fashionable during the Neoclassical period. These textiles included machine-woven gauze, tulle, and tarlatane, and they put working-class ballet dancers pirouetting near gas footlamps at particular risk. French prima ballerina Emma Livry died when her tutu caught on fire, and the charred remains of her costume are still preserved at the Musee-bibliotheque de l’Opera in Paris. In the late 1870s, another popular, mass-produced fabric, flannelette, was sold as a cheap, washable substitute for woolen flannel. Yet the soft, raised, furry “nap” of the fabric that kept children warm set them ablaze because most working-class homes lacked proper fire guards. In response to the dangers ush...

A study was conducted to characterize cattle fattening and marketing system and to assess constraints affecting cattle fattening by interviewing 165 farmers in Central Southern Region, Ethiopia. Fattening length and age for oxen were 4 months and 7 years, respectively. Light white and red were the best color of cattle selected for fattening whereas black color was not recommended. Majority of farmers fattened castrated male cattle and marketed only during the main holidays. The price was highest from September to April. Farmers, traders and brokers were the 1st, 2nd and 3rd ranked marketing actors, respectively. Feeds used for supplementation were false banana, sweet potato, sugar cane, wheat bran, improved forages, mineral soils and residuals of coffee and beverages. Lack of capital was the main constraint to begin fattening. The results showed that age of fattening oxen was very old and most of the feed resources were locally available. The use of improved forages and concentrate feeds for cattle fattening is a growing practice, however, further work is needed to develop a cost effective feeding strategy by combining improved and locally available feed resources. Non-seasonal fattening and marketing, easy system of credit provision and controlled marketing system were needed. Key words: Cattle fattening and marketing, selection criterions, marketing season, marketing actors, fattening duration, central southern Ethiopia.

Package warpage is an important factor to the effect of yield of board assembly, delamination, solder joint fatigue reliability and other thermal stress issues. Reduction of warpage is always the ultimate purpose for enhancing the service life. HFBCGA equipped only peripheral stiffener ring is selected to investigate the effect of heating rate, with and without ball mounted, moisture sensitivity level, white-coated paint on package and glass gratings to the warpage subjected to a reflow soldering-liked profile. Releasing viscoelasticity at processing temperature, maintaining structural rigidity of the residual solder, certain moisture resistivity at MSL 3, and light white paint help on reducing the warpage along the reflow soldering-liked profile.

Ten varieties of wheat were obtained from Economic Botanist (Rabi Cereals) Section, Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur for their chapati and bread making quality. The range of variability was exhibited in grain characters like test weight (37.78–44.35 g), grain hardness (10.17 to 11.30 kg/grain) and phenol colour reaction (excellent to unsuitable). The flour characteristics like contents of protein (10.30 to 13.45%), dry gluten (4.52–7.10%) and sedimentation value (7.64–21.56 ml) as well as that of dough characteristics like water absorption (60–70%) and ball dough colour and appearance (light white to creamy white) varied significantly.

The recent commercial boom in women's skin-lightening or “fairness” cosmetics in India is part of the larger context of escalating lifestyle consumerism in Asia's emerging market nations. This monograph examines the cultural politics of gender, nation, beauty and skin color in the persuasive narratives of Indian magazine advertisements and television commercials for fairness cosmetics and personal care products. We situate advertising's compact stories of ideal femininity within the sociology of colorism's transnational links to hierarchies of race, gender, caste, ethnicity and class and the rapid economic growth in the skin-lightening cosmetics sector in India over the past decade. Deconstructing advertising's visual and linguistic fields of meaning, our analysis dissects the rhetorical themes of bodily and personal transformation, modern and traditional science, and heterosexual romance that operate together to inflate the currency of light-skinned beauty. In conclusion, we outline recent challenges to the hegemony of colorism in India and suggest directions for future research that can build on this monograph's scrutiny of advertising's regulatory regimes of beauty.

OBJECTIVE To establish an analytical method for tongue image acquisition under natural daylight based on L*a*b* error correction, and to observe the classification rules of tongue color using color error correction. METHODS The tongue images in 413 cases were collected under natural indoor daylight by using Nikon D70 digital SLR camera, and then the color error was adjusted by using Nikon Capture NX software correction according to Kodak Q-13 grey card. The classification and quantitative analysis of the tongue color after software correction was carried out depending on L*a*b* color space. RESULTS The software correction method had good effects in adjusting the tongue color image error. The L* values of light red, deep red and cyanosis tongues decreased as compared with that of light white tongue (P

Many species undertake long-distance annual migrations between foraging and reproductive areas. Such migrants depend on the efficient packaging, storage and utilization of energy to succeed. A diverse assemblage of organisms accomplishes this through the use of lipid reserves; yet, it remains unclear whether the migrations of elasmobranchs, which include the largest gill breathers on Earth, depend on such a mechanism. We examine depth records from pop-up satellite archival tags to discern changes in buoyancy as a proxy for energy storage in Eastern Pacific white sharks, and assess whether lipid depletion fuels long-distance (approx. 4000 km) migrations. We develop new algorithms to assess body condition, buoyancy and drift rate during drift dives and validate the techniques using a captive white shark. In the wild, we document a consistent increase in drift rate over the course of all migrations, indicating a decrease in buoyancy caused by the depletion of lipid reserves. These results comprise, to our knowledge, the first assessment of energy storage and budgeting in migrating sharks. The methods provide a basis for further insights into using electronic tags to reveal the energetic strategies of a wide range of elasmobranchs.

From 1991 to 1993 inclusive, seven infant giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) were born at the China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda. Average daily weight gain in the first 6 months for mother-reared infants (n = 5) was 71.3 g/day; for one partially mother-reared and partially hand-reared infant, 41.5 g/day; and for one completely hand-reared infant, 50.3 g/day. There was a significant difference in growth rates across the first 6 months in all methods of rearing. In addition, a comparison of growth rates across the three rearing methods showed significant differences in the first, second, third, fifth, and sixth months. Average daily body length increase for mother-reared infants was 4.1 mm/day; for partially mother-reared/partially hand-reared infants, 4.0 mm/day; and for the completely hand-reared infant, 2.8 mm/day. In mother-reared infants, body length increase during the first month was significantly greater than during the following months, and was slowest during the sixth month. At birth, infants were all pink in color with a light white coat of lanugo. Black pigmentation was first noted at 7–10 days of age, which was also the time that initial hair coat growth was seen. Eyes opened at 35–48 days of age. Ears opened at 31–50 days of age. Deciduous dentition was first seen at 82–121 days of age, while permanent dentition began to erupt at 350 days of age. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The penetration rates of three different sunscreens into the human skin in vivo have been investigated using photoacoustic spectroscopy. A statistic treatment of the data obtained in a group of 15 healthy volunteers with constitutively light white skin is made using a nonparametric test. The results showed the discrimination between the times of propagation of the used products, evidencing the sensitivity of this technique to evaluate the penetration of topically applied substances through human skin in vivo.

Female F344 rats were fed diets containing 0.02%, 0.2%, or 2.0% white mineral oil for 90 days. There were no gross or microscopic differences in target organs at the 0.02% level. In the higher-dose groups, relative liver and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) weights were increased, and MLN inflammation was observed. At the 2% level, there was very limited evidence of microgranuloma formation in the liver but at a lower incidence and at lesser severity than has been reported in studies of C22 -C25 oils. Analysis of liver extracts from treated rats revealed that C15 -C20 constituents were underrepresented by comparison to their corresponding concentrations in the test oil. These results provide evidence that although hydrocarbons with carbon numbers 20 are absorbed, they are not preferentially retained and do not contribute to inflammatory processes in liver.

The objective was to investigate color change and surface damage in dental resin composites exposed to high temperatures over different time intervals for comparative purposes. Samples were prepared using two resins - Z100(R) (R1) and Charisma (R2), heated at the following temperatures: 200 degrees C, 400 degrees C, 600 degrees C, 1000 degrees C, for 15, 30 and 45 min (n = 104 for each resin sample). Color (DeltaE) and brightness (DeltaL) changes were analyzed by spectrophotometry using the CIE Lab system and surface changes by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). R1 showed more intense color changes after heat exposure than R2. DeltaL values were found to be the best parameter for evaluation of light and color change. A biphasic pattern after thermal exposure was detected, from dark brown to light white. SEM showed more intense alterations in R2 than in R1. These results indicate that the parameters observed in both resins are useful as a guide in forensic analyses.

Rice whole crop silage is used to feed cattle in Japan. The silage contains grains of rice, which are not easily digested because the chaff is indigestible. Partially removing the rice chaff by mechanically scratching the unhulled rice surface was used to make the rice in the chaff digestible, however, it is not easy to inspect the scratching effect objectively. This paper describes the process of distinguishing between damaged chaff and undamaged chaff using image processing, programmed using Java2 SDK. To identify the damaged part on the surface of the chaff, color difference (brown and light white) was used. The chafed rice images were labeled individually for application to image processing one by one. RGB (red, green and blue) channels in a 24-bit color image were divided into three stacks. In the three stacks, the red slice owned more pixel value than any other slice, which reflected the difference between the chaff and damaged part. By adjusting the threshold appropriately, it could distinguish between damaged chaff and undamaged chaff with a probability of more than 90%. Furthermore, the rate of discernment became about 100% by adding shape analysis. This program will be integrated into rice whole crop silage processing equipment. These results are useful not only for the effective use of cattle feed, and maintaining healthy milk and beef cattle, but also for various other image processing uses, for example to distinguish small defects on the surface of grain.

Traditional classifications for skin treatment modalities are based on skin characteristics, the most important being skin color. Other factors are considered as well, such as oiliness, thickness, pathology, and sensitivity. While useful, these classifications are occasionally inadequate in predicting and explaining the outcome of some peels, dermabrasions, or laser resurfacing procedures. Why, for example, would a Korean patient with a light white skin inadvertently develop more hyperpigmentation than his darker skinned French counterpart? The new classification introduced here is based on the racial and genetic origins of patients. It suggests that racial genetic predisposition is the determining factor in human response to skin injury, including skin treatments. This classification takes into account both skin and features, rather than skin alone. It offers a new approach in evaluating patients scheduled for skin peels or laser resurfacing, in the hope of helping physicians to better predict reactions, select the appropriate type and intensity of the skin treatment and, ultimately, better control the outcome. Six categories (sub-races) are described: Nordics, Europeans, Mediterraneans, Indo-Pakistanis, Africans, and Asians. The reaction of each sub-race to peels, laser resurfacing, or dermabrasion is analyzed. The risks associated with each group are noted. This new classification provides physicians with a practical way to evaluate patients prior to treatment, with a view to determining each patient's suitability, postoperative reaction, the likelihood of complications, and likely result.

Problems relating to the measurement and description of color of wines are discussed, with wines providing an example of problems of volume color specification in general. The limitations of conventional directional spectrophotometric transmittance measurements are considered for colloidal, minimally light-scattering systems, where errors due to light lost through scatter can have profound consequences, particularly at shorter wavelengths. An alternative approach, referred to as transreflectometry, avoids the errors attributable to the directional geometry of conventional spectrophotometers. A review of its application to the colorimetry of wines considers three cases with different requirements to be met and different questions to be answered, from meeting strigent Federal Regulations in the case of very light white wines, to blending red and rose wines to predetermined color requirements, to studying the kinetics of pigment degradation and colored polymer formation in red wines under controlled storage conditions. These studies demonstrate the versatility of a simple methodological approach which provides information relating to visually perceived color and at the same time to chemical and physical properties of the systems.

Measurements of the height of the main stems of maize and gladiolus plants were made at four-hour intervals starting at 4 a.m. The increases in elongation were analyzed statistically, together with mean temperature, hours of sunlight, and mean relative humidity.Partial correlation coefficients showed that there was a highly significant positive association between the rate of stem elongation (growth) and temperature, regardless of the time of day, the variations in temperature accounting for from 40 to 70% of the variability in growth rates. There was likewise a significant negative correlation between growth and sunlight, but sunlight was apparently effective only during the midday periods (8 a.m. to 4 p.m.). The depressing effect of sunlight on the growth of gladiolus was approximately four times as great as on maize. This depressing effect on maize was entirely removed by shading the plants with light white cotton.Variations in relative humidity were only slightly associated with growth rates. No significant effect was observed for any of the periods. It seems possible that these factors might be more important under conditions of deficiency in soil moisture.The approximate minimum temperature at which growth look place was 40° F.

Periplancta americana (L.) at different stages of development were exposed to 5 different light regimens for 24 h: UV vs. dark; “filtered” light (above 345nm) vs. dark; UV vs. “filtered” light white light vs. dark; and UV vs. white light. (of equal intensity). Early instars avoided UV more quickly than “filtered” or white light, given the opportunity to escape into darkness. However, when forced to choose between UV and “filtered” or white light, early instars showed delayed avoidance or no avoidance. The same general patter held for older instars except that avoidance responses occurred more quickly. When forced to choose between UV and white light of equal intensity, no avoidance occurred in any in star except the 5th. Mortality was greater than 90% in 1st to 5th-instar cockroaches regardless of the UV avoidance, though older instars required up to 1 month to reach 90% mortality, whereas in 1st and 2nd instars 100% mortality occurred within 4 days. Sixth and older instars exhibited very low mortality except in the UV vs. white light treatment where greater than 90% mortality occurred within 4 days.

In laboratory tests with a light white paraffin oil, transmission of potato virus Y by viruliferous adults of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) was impeded by (a) allowing aphids to probe on a leaf coated with oil, (b) manually touching the end of the labium to an oil-coated leaf, or (c) inserting the bare stylets directly into the oil. The first two of these but not the third also impeded for some minutes the uptake and transmission of virus Y by nonviruliferous aphids. Oil sprayed on plants kept in the laboratory continued to cause these effects for some weeks. If infected plants, used as virus sources for aphids, were coated with oil, transmission from them was impeded. It is still not clear why oil impedes transmission. But the results give good reasons to believe that oil can be used in the field to prevent spread of certain aphid-borne viruses.