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Test cases are crucial to help developers preventing the introduction of software faults. Unfortunately, not all the tests are properly designed or can effectively capture faults in production code. Some measures have been defined to assess test-case effectiveness: the most relevant one is the mutation score, which highlights the quality of a test by generating the so-called mutants , i.e., variations of the production code that make it faulty and that the test is supposed to identify. However, previous studies revealed that mutation analysis is extremely costly and hard to use in practice. The approaches proposed by researchers so far have not been able to provide practical gains in terms of mutation testing efficiency. This leaves the problem of efficiently assessing test-case effectiveness as still open. In this paper, we investigate a novel, orthogonal, and lightweight methodology to assess test-case effectiveness: in particular, we study the feasibility to exploit production and test-code-quality indicators to estimate the mutation score of a test case. We first select a set of 67 factors and study their relation with test-case effectiveness. Then, we devise a mutation score estimation model exploiting such factors and investigate its performance as well as its most relevant features. The key results of the study reveal that our estimation model only based on static features has 86 percent of both F-Measure and AUC-ROC. This means that we can estimate the test-case effectiveness, using source-code-quality indicators, with high accuracy and without executing the tests. As a consequence, we can provide a practical approach that is beyond the typical limitations of current mutation testing techniques.

Multidisciplinary topology optimization (TO) for additive manufacturing (AM) exhibits unprecedented design and manufacturing freedom as an effective lightweight methodology. In order to fully utilize the AM advantages of materialized arrangement in spatial and voxel-by-voxel digitalized printing, multidisciplinary TO for AM requires a full understanding of the process-structure-property-performance (PSPP) relationship to establish the quantitative correlation of part property and multiple process factors, including laser-, process-, and material-related parameters. This study incorporates the PSPP relationships of laser sintered material with topology optimizer so as to provide a guideline for TO collaborative AM design. The proposed workflow involves mapping functions of PSPP relationships via a data-driven approach and then optimizes the multiple process parameters and structural topology by the gradient-based algorithm. Compared with conventional optimization approaches, three case-dependent optimizations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach yielding encouraging improvements of lightweight performance. The multidisciplinary TO can be generally applied to types of AM technologies, establishing a strong linkage of physical product and digital design.

Lightweight modeling is one of the most important research subjects in modern fabrication manufacturing, and it provides not only a low-cost solution but also functional applications, especially for the fabrication using 3D printing. This approach presents a multi-scale porous structure-based lightweight framework to reduce the weight of 3D printed objects while meeting the specified requirements. Specifically, the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) is exploited to design a multi-scale porous structure, which can achieve high mechanical behaviors with lightweight. The multi-scale porous structure is constructed using compactly supported radial basis functions, and it inherits the good properties of TPMS, such as smoothness, full connectivity (no closed hollows) and quasi-self-supporting (free of extra supports in most cases). Then, the lightweight problem utilizing the porous structures is formulated into a constrained optimization. Finally, a strength-to-weight optimization method is proposed to obtain the lightweight models. It is also worth noting that the proposed porous structures can be perfectly fabricated by common 3D printing technologies on account of the leftover material, such as the liquid in SLA, which can be removed through the fully connected void channel.

We propose CLEANN, the first end-to-end framework that enables online mitigation of Trojans for embedded Deep Neural Network (DNN) applications. A Trojan attack works by injecting a backdoor in the DNN while training; during inference, the Trojan can be activated by the specific backdoor trigger. What differentiates CLEANN from the prior work is its lightweight methodology which recovers the ground-truth class of Trojan samples without the need for labeled data, model retraining, or prior assumptions on the trigger or the attack. We leverage dictionary learning and sparse approximation to characterize the statistical behavior of benign data and identify Trojan triggers. CLEANN is devised based on algorithm/hardware co-design and is equipped with specialized hardware to enable efficient real-time execution on resource-constrained embedded platforms. Proof of concept evaluations on CLEANN for the state-of-the-art Neural Trojan attacks on visual benchmarks demonstrate its competitive advantage in terms of attack resiliency and execution overhead.

Following up a discussion during TEAR 2018 the paper at hands presents the results of a study for identifying tangible benefits expected from Enterprise Architecture in a corporate environment. There is a plethora of text books and papers available, but they rather address general or high-level benefits like transparency, alignment (strategic or between business and IT, planning (strategic, tactical or operational). These are often not addressing specific concerns within a company so that they seem to be abstract. This paper summarizes the feedback provided by Enterprise Architects and decision makers from the logistics industry. This feedback has been collected by performing individual interviews during which interviewees should provide typical questions that EA is expected to answer in their respective environment. These questions represent an intermediate result towards a more general catalogue of concrete concerns. These are supposed to enable the design of a lightweight methodology for Enterprise Architecture Management focusing on solving immediate issues.

The estimation of battery state of charge and remained battery life are crucial for battery management along driving cycle of electric vehicle. There are plenty researches based on both topics. Nevertheless, most of the researches are based on the study of battery cell, and the calculation methodologies are complex. To overcome both mentioned issues and find simple estimation method for electric vehicle, this paper is focused on the study of battery package and the lightweight methodology. The Peukert method and the Palmgren-Miner method are proposed for battery state of charge and battery life estimation, respectively. Both methods are implemented and tested with the real scenario-based battery electric bus operation.

As new technologies are advancing and development paradigms are changing, software development process and development methods are evolving progressively. As a result, because the number of developing and managing processes and methodologies are increasing as a project in companies, effective management methods are needed. Especially, because companies should apply optimized methodology according to project's size and characteristics, customization technique of methodology is required urgently. In this paper, we propose a meta-model based methodology framework which can integrate and manage methodologies being developed progressively. Applying proposed methodology framework, a company is able to manage as well as develop optimized methodology easily as a project. Especially, because a proposed methodology framework is developed by meta-model, adding or extending new methodology elements can be realized simply as well as method elements are reused easily in case of customization of methodology as a project.

Many services are being moved to digital environments with industry 4.0. however, But the information in the digital environment poses a great risk. Ensuring the security of information on the users of online applications is a necessity. This perspective requires safe signal processing. But it is difficult to guarantee safe signal processing for resource constrained devices. Lightweight cryptology, which has been on the agenda in recent years, has emerged to solve this problem. While designers of lightweight cryptographic algorithms try to reduce the hardware requirements, they ignore software implementation of lightweight protocols. This study presents new design architecture for improving the software implementation of the DES. In the study, two different acceleration techniques will be used to speed up the DES algorithm in software. The results show that the developed code is faster than original DES.

We address plausible hole filling in depth images in a computationally lightweight methodology that leverages recent advances in semantic scene segmentation. Firstly, we perform such segmentation over a co-registered color image, commonly available from stereo depth sources, and non-parametrically fill missing depth values based on a multipass basis within each semantically labeled scene object. Within this formulation, we identify a bounded set of explicit completion cases in a grammar inspired context that can be performed effectively and efficiently to provide highly plausible localized depth continuity via a case-specific non-parametric completion approach. Results demonstrate that this approach has complexity and efficiency comparable to conventional interpolation techniques but with accuracy analogous to contemporary depth filling approaches. Furthermore, we show it to be capable of fine depth relief completion beyond that of both contemporary approaches in the field and computationally comparable interpolation strategies.

International audience

This paper proposes a simple terminology for understanding and dealing with two current phenomena; we suggest calling them heavyweight and lightweight IT. Heavy-weight IT denotes the well-established knowledge regime of large systems, developing ever more sophisticated solutions through advanced integration. Lightweight IT is suggested as a term for the new knowledge regime of mobile apps, sensors and bring-your-own-device, also called consumerisation and Internet-of-Things. The key aspect of lightweight IT is not only the cheaper and more available technology compared with heavyweight IT, but the fact that its deployment is frequently done by users or vendors, bypassing the IT departments. Our theoretical lens is generativity, the idea that complex phenomena arise from interactions among basic elements. In the context of IT, generativity helps to explain the creative potential of flexible digital technology for knowledgeable professionals and users. The research questions are: how is generativity different in heavyweight and lightweight IT, and what is the generative relationship between heavyweight and lightweight IT? These questions were investigated through a study of four cases in the health sector. Our findings show that (i) generativity enfolds differently in heavyweight and lightweight IT and (ii) generativity in digital infrastructures is supported by the interaction of loosely coupled heavyweight and lightweight IT. The practical design implication is that heavyweight and lightweight IT should be only loosely integrated, both in terms of technology, standardisation and organisation.

Lightweight is an effectual way to save the storage space, quicken the processing speed and hide the secret information for complex 3D models. Related system architecture and processing workflow are proposed in this paper for the lightweight of complex assemblies in a rapid and effective way. Key technologies such as components suppression, surface processing and shell extraction are taken as the cardinal means for this simplifying aim. The algorithm has been successfully applied for the assembly design in several enterprises, which proves to greatly improve the efficiency. The method of lightweight introduces a useful thinking for the applications as collaborative design and motion simulation, etc.

This article describes the function of lightweight visualization tool--Product View. It introduces the application process of lightweight visualization tool--Product View in aircraft development from lightweight model assembly, lightweight model simulation, visual collaboration, collaboration between R & D, and human factor analysis, etc. Product View is a better collaborative communication tool between process design and design, design and technology in the aircraft development.There are not only high demands on the design and assembly, but also a lot of cooperative work between different equipments, equipments and staff, different staff in aircraft development[1]. In order to more efficiently share and use the digital product content created in this process, the demands on high-performance lightweight visualization tool become more and more strongly. Compatibility[2] and interactivity[3] are the two most important indicators when choosing a lightweight visualization tool. Variety of different tools may be used to create digital products during the design process, the compatibility between lightweight visualization tools and digital tools helps to enhance the user’s experience. The interactivity of lightweight visualization tools is also indispensable, it can timely discover the problems of geometric dimensions, tolerance annotations, elements conflict, and interference, give a comprehensive evaluation of the design, and then provide an effective medium between engineering, manufacturing and other downstream participants.

The application technology of lightweight model is a key issue in no-drawing manufacturing. Based on enterprise demand, the creation, use and management of lightweight model were studied. This paper presented the technology that lightweight model based on PDM system should be associated with the original design data, and the concrete requirements such as its size should be reduced more than one tenth by the premise of keeping consistent with geometric accuracy of the original model. This paper also put forward acquisition method, application range, file management, version management and status management of lightweight model. The contents can provide a reference for choosing creation software, making management regulation and application standard of lightweight model.

UPON Lite focuses on users, typically domain experts without ontology expertise, minimizing the role of ontology engineers.

The 3D models created by the CAD software have different internal formats, which leads to the poor software compatibility. It takes much longer time while loading 3D models containing much more information by CATIA and so on. During the digital collaboration process of the product design, the quickly transmission of the 3D models is the indispensable part. However, the storage space occupied by 3D models of a large document, resulting in a longer transmission time, thereby will reduce the real-time performance of the collaborative process. A good solution in the industry is to use the lightweight format in product collaborative design. Nowadays there are a variety of lightweight formats. This paper focus on the comparisons of three lightweight formats(3D XML、JT、U3D) often used in the industry. Some experiments are given to evaluate the format effectiveness. In the end, the trend of lightweight formats is also predicted.

Lightweight cryptography is a branch of the modern cryptography, which covers cryptographic algorithms intended for use in devices with low or extremely low resources. Lightweight cryptography does not determine strict criteria for classifying a cryptographic algorithm as lightweight, but the common features of lightweight algorithms are extremely low requirements to essential resources of target devices. In this paper we propose generalized approaches to lightweight algorithms design. Also, we highlight some constraints and recommendations for implementation of lightweight algorithms. Finally, we anticipate several trends in lightweight cryptography.

Lightweight protocols are an important topic in the area of computer communications. With the proliferation of security services not only ordinary communication protocols, but also cryptographic protocols, i.e. security services, have become a subject of research into possible appropriate lightweight solutions. At first glance it may seem surprising, but the evidence suggests that there is a permanent need for lightweight protocols. And this need is ever increasing, due to the gap between desktop (and other ordinary computing devices) and mobile wireless devices that have inherently limited resources. However, the notion of lightweight protocol has not been formally addressed in the literature, which is the purpose of this paper. A formal model that can be used to evaluate lightweight properties of protocols is presented and the appropriate metrics are introduced. Despite the fact that the model and the metrics target weak processing devices, they can be deployed for ordinary computing environments and may present a methodology for evaluation of lightweight cryptographic protocols in standardization processes.

Component reuse is playing a crucial role in today software design. However, the current approaches used in industry are quite effort-consuming due to the lack of an effectivemechanismto describe and capture semantics in software components. In this paper, we propose a formal approach to overcome this problem, which is based on First-Order Logic (FOL). In one hand, FOL is sufficiently expressive to describe semantics in various software domains, from generic to specific ones. In the other hand, FOL also supports automatic searching, matching and inferring mechanism by computer-based tools and provers. Thus, our approach both effectively supports expert human to describe system components and computer programs to reuse those components, and even to compose new components from existing ones for further usage.We realize our approach as a framework which can be applied in various situations of software designs, as illustrated in some case studies.

This article discussed the problem that is commonly faced by project managers in selecting an appropriate software development model. A good number of models and the ongoing debate between the advocates of agile and traditional models make the selection of a right one uneasy and complicated. The purpose of this study is to propose a new alternative view in selecting development models from the perspective of degree of flexibility in different project situations. The results of a survey conducted to 74 project managers and software developers indicate that there are three naturally occurring development model groups, including heavyweight (Waterfall and V models), middleweight (Incremental and Spiral models), and lightweight (Extreme Programming and SCRUM). A canonical function is identified to help project managers select an appropriate software development model for each potential or planned project.

Extreme Programming (XP) is a lightweight methodology that is gaining industry acceptance and momentum. XP promises to reduce project risk, improve responsiveness to changing/vague requirements, and allow a system to grow naturally while at the same time facilitating an enjoyable development environment. XP consists of four values and twelve practices. This letter explores how well these values and practices can be applied in the telecommunications domain. © 2003 Lucent Technologies Inc.

(1) College of High Tech., Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; (2) Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

There seems to be a need for more rapid, lower cost, exploratory, lightweight, responsive and revisable methods that can help with discovery based research in CSCW. A growing number of researchers are expressing frustration with the challenge of selecting or developing an appropriate research method, applying it in a CSCW context and then having to justify the legitimacy of that method in publications, and particularly through the peer review process. In this workshop we will share experiences in the design adaptation and use of lightweight research methods. We will explore ways to assess the validity, strengths, and weaknesses of these methods - and how to explain these and justify them to others.

Lightweight block ciphers are designed so as to fit into very constrained environments, but usually not really with software performance in mind. For classical lightweight applications where many constrained devices communicate with a server, it is also crucial that the cipher has good software performance on the server side. Recent work has shown that bitslice implementations applied to Piccolo and PRESENT led to very good software speeds, thus making lightweight ciphers interesting for cloud applications. However, we remark that bitslice implementations might not be interesting for some situations, where the amount of data to be enciphered at a time is usually small, and very little work has been done on non-bitslice implementations. In this article, we explore general software implementations of lightweight ciphers on x86 architectures, with a special focus on LED , Piccolo and PRESENT . First, we analyze table-based implementations, and we provide a theoretical model to predict the behavior of various possible trade-offs depending on the processor cache latency profile. We obtain the fastest table-based implementations for our lightweight ciphers, which is of interest for legacy processors. Secondly, we apply to our portfolio of primitives the vperm implementation trick for $$4$$ -bit Sboxes, which gives good performance, extra side-channels protection, and is quite fit for many lightweight primitives. Finally, we investigate bitslice implementations, analyzing various costs which are usually neglected bitsliced form unpacking, key schedule, etc., but that must be taken in account for many lightweight applications. We finally discuss which type of implementation seems to be the best suited depending on the applications profile.

Lightweight design is often associated with the application of lightweight materials, but that is only part of the story. In fact, if one would reduce the one to the other, the most probable outcome will be just a very modest weight saving, gained at a very high price. This chapter aims to tell the full story of how lightweight materials fit within lightweight design, presented in the form of seven design rules. In doing so, it reveals several surprising materials that designers can use to make things – parts, products, structures – lighter, and shows why lightweight design matters, more now than ever before.

This paper presents an implementation method of application-specific lightweight processes (threads). The main feature of this method is that the design of lightweight processes is done by using meta-level programming techniques. In this method, lightweight processes are implemented by using the concepts of microprocesses and virtual processors. A microprocess is an application-level (user-level) lightweight process and it is included in a regular (heavy weight) process. Microprocesses are executed by virtual processors which are provided by the operating system kernel. A virtual processor is an entry of a real processor which is assigned to an application process by the kernel. In this method, a virtual processor is regarded as a meta-lightweight process of user-level lightweight processes. Application programmers can describe the behavior of lightweight processes at the meta-level as well as at the base lightweight process level. In other words, application programmers can control lightweight processes by dealing with virtual processors. Each virtual processor has its own private areas of memory. These areas correspond to the lightweight-process-specific data areas, and they are used to store the identifier of the virtual processor, the variables and the stack of the lightweight process scheduler. At the meta-level, events for state transitions of lightweight processes are recorded, and they are used to tune performance.

Early stage requirements models are often documented using paper and pencil-based approaches. In our current research, we are exploring lightweight modeling tools and approaches that could provide a beneficial alternative. We have developed the FlexiSketch tool prototype which combines support for free-form sketching with lightweight metamodeling capabilities. This creates the possibility for an automatic transcription of the documented information in later modeling stages. The tool is designed to be used on tablet devices.

We describe a lightweight methodology to support the automatic assembly of safety cases from tabular requirements specifications. The resulting safety case fragments provide an alternative, graphical, view of the requirements. The safety cases can be modified and augmented with additional information. In turn, these modifications can be mapped back to extensions of the tabular requirements, with which they are kept consistent, thus avoiding the need for engineers to maintain an additional artifact. We formulate our approach on top of an idealized process, and illustrate the applicability of the methodology on excerpts of requirements specifications for an experimental Unmanned Aircraft System.

In this paper we introduce Linked Data driven development, a lightweight methodology for using Linked Data throughout the software life cycle. We explain the idea of Linked Data and how it plays an important role in the semantic web. Furthermore, we describe the necessary steps and approaches when using Linked Data for improving the software development process and give a discussion on the bonuses and pitfalls of such usage. Finally, some open questions and possible future work is proposed at the end.

This paper introduces a methodology to improve the accessibility of websites with the use of free so-called automatic tools. The methodology has three iterative phases, namely assessing a website against accessibility guidelines, user testing and creating in-house 'guidelines' to prevent similar mistakes in future versions of the system. Aspects of accessibility addressed include the use of colour, accessibility guidelines and priorities, readability or comprehensibility, and screen reader simulators. We recommend free tools for each of these accessibility aspects and discuss the process that should be followed when evaluating a website.

Co-processing technologies are currently increasing in performance at a rate superior to Moore s law, making porting applications to them desirable. However, with so many different competing co-processing technologies, the need for a simple, lightweight cross-platform benchmark has become apparent. To fill this need, we have devised Mstack, a lightweight benchmark designed to be run on a number of different classes of co-processors. We have implemented or are in the process of implementing Mstack on a variety of different co-processor architectures: on field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) using Mitrion-C and Dime C, graphical processing

Data mining models are often implemented as program code and stored in an ad hoc fashion. In this paper we describe a methodology for developing model bases that can be implemented with only an extended relational database. This method stores models as what we call lightweight functions, which are straightforward textual representations of function values. Many applications use models that admit this approach. Business applications in particular, which can have a very large number of specialcase rules or business logic, are suitable for development with lightweight functions. Financial and forecasting applications give another example. We argue that the Lightweight Model Base offers some advantages for these applications. Introduction of lightweight stored functions in relational databases is a way to integrate the software-engineering methodology of tabledriven programming. This methodology advocates storing functions and data in tables. The computing process is just a mechanical evaluation of "joining" data and function relations. It would make stored business logic transparent for understanding and maintenance as relational data. Table-driven programming has much in common with statistics and data mining, and is a natural framework for combining data mining with databases.

Historically, the approach to software engineering has been based on a search for an optimal (ideal) methodology — that is, the identification and application of a set of processes, methods and tools that can consistently and predictably lead to software development success. This chapter presents the basis for pursuing a more flexible and adaptive approach to methodology. Less methodical methodologies, under a variety of names, take a contingency-oriented approach. Because of the limitations in the nature of methodology, the high failure rate in software development, the need to develop methodology within an environmental context and the pressures of fast-paced “e-development,” the authors argue that further exploration and definition of an adaptive, contingency-based approach to methodology is justified.

Lightweight development techniques (e.g., Extreme Programming) promise important benefits for software development with small teams in the face of unstable and vague requirements. Software development organizations are confronted with the problem that a bunch of techniques exist without knowing which ones are suited for their specific situation and how to integrate them into a comprehensive process. Especially for startup companies, guidance is crucial because they usually do not have time and money for creating their development process on a trial-and-error basis. This paper proposes a lightweight software process for a specific application domain (i.e., database-and user-interface-oriented off-the-shelf e-business applications). The process originates from analyzing experience from past e-business projects, interviews conducted with industry, and literature study. Expected benefits of this process are cost effectiveness, sufficiently high quality of the end product, and accelerated functionality-to-market. The process is described according to the dimensions activities, artifacts, roles and tools. In addition, this paper includes a description of a lightweight measurement program that is tailored to the characteristics of the described process. It can be used for controlling the project progress during project execution as well as for evaluating the effects of performing the process in a specific organization or company.