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Registration of crop varieties under Indian PPV & FR Act requires establishment of their Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS). At present, DUS of crop varieties are being established using morphological traits. DNA marker assay-based DUS testing would complement that based on morphological traits. Four markers, from a total of 220 tested SSR markers were polymorphic among two advanced breeding lines and two elite germplasm accessions (used as candidate varieties), and two released varieties (used as reference varieties) of dolichos bean. The four polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to establish distinctness of candidate varieties from reference varieties based on alleles unique to candidate varieties. Uniformity of candidate varieties were established using two criteria, (1) per cent homozygous plants (> 95%) and (2) SSR-homozygous loci ratio (HLR) (> 95%).The candidates which were found uniform at tested SSR loci were deemed stable. The candidate varieties were distinct from reference varieties at two of the four tested polymorphic SSR markers, as evident by the presence of alleles unique to candidate varieties. One hundred per cent homozygous plants and SSR-HLR within all the candidate varieties at all the four tested SSR marker loci suggested uniformity and deemed-stability of candidate varieties. The study demonstrated the utility of SSR markers to establish DUS of ABL/elite germplasm accessions in dolichos bean.

Crop breeders conduct trials to assess performance of elite breeding lines/germplasm accessions across locations and/or years to identify promising ones for use as cultivars and/or for use in breeding programmes. It is hypothesized that in a given location, genotypes’ multi-year performance are more predictive of their performance in the next/future years. However, only a few researchers have examined this hypothesis. To test this hypothesis, we predicted genotypes’ present-year’s performance based on their previous 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-years’ performance using fresh pod yield data from 53 dolichos bean genotypes evaluated across 5 years. We used two statistics, namely yield relative to environment (year) maximum (YREM) and best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) as measures of genotypes’ performance for fresh pod yield in dolichos bean. Correlation coefficients of genotypes’ present-year’s performance with previous 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-years’ performance were used as measures of predictive power. The results of our study provided adequate evidence to show that that single-year dolichos bean genotypes’ YREM and BLUP have sufficient power to predict their future 1-year/multiple-years’ performance and to identify superior genotypes. These findings adequately support the common practice by breeders/cultivar sponsors of withdrawing their cultivars from the tests based on a single-year trial.

Known locally as the the lightning mushroom or tiger milk mushroom, Lignosus sp. is well-known as mushroom. Lignosus sp. is categorized as nontimber forest product which has potential to be developed due to its advantages. Interview and literature review were carried out during this study to investigate the ecology, ethnomycology, and economic potential of Lignosus sp. Study result showed that currently the fungi Lignosus sp. in Kotabaru Regency can be found around the forest area that is administratively included in the Muara Urie and Buluh Kuning Villages. Local community has been used this fungi as traditional medicine, such as for cough medicine and postnatal care for mothers. In addition, local people harvest this fungi and sell it to middleman. However, the information of cultivation of this mushroom still limited particularly in South Kalimantan. Therefore, further studies need to be investigate.

The development of crop varieties with enhanced economic value requires considerable resources, time and intellectual input. The individual/agencies/institutions other than the originator/developers can easily multiply and commercialize pure-line varieties which are the only cultivar option in predominantly self-pollinated crops like dolichos bean and derive economic benefits from them. Seeking legal rights on crop varieties is the best and the only way to protect them from unlawful claim of their origin/development and deriving economic benefits from them. Seeking legal protection from unauthorized commercialization of crop varieties under Indian PPV & FR Act requires establishment of their distinctness (D), uniformity (U) and stability (S). DUS of crop varieties are established predominantly using morphological descriptors. Five genotypes which include two released varieties (HA 3 and HA 4) (referred to as reference varieties) and one advanced breeding line, HA 11–3 and two elite germplasm accessions, Kadalavare and GL 66 (referred to as candidate varieties) were characterized for 25 morphological descriptors to establish their DUS. All the candidate varieties differed from reference varieties for at least one characterization descriptors, indicating their distinctness. The absence of off-types indicated the uniformity of reference and candidate varieties and hence was deemed stable. Thus, the study demonstrated the utility of morphological descriptors for establishing DUS dolichos bean genotypes.

Background: Pedigree method of breeding in predominantly self-pollinated crop like dolichos bean enable exploiting only fixable genetic effects as a result of rapid increase in homozygosis. One or a few cycles of inter-mating in F2 generation help create populations with high frequency of desired recombinants which otherwise cannot be realized in later generations. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the impact of inter se mating in F2 population on nine quantitative traits’ (QTs) mean and variability parameters.Methods: Randomly selected 20 pairs of a single cross-derived F2 plants with flowering synchrony were inter se mated. Progenies derived from 20 paired crosses (designated as BIP F3 progenies) and those (F3) derived from their 40 F2 parents were evaluated for 9 QTs. Statistics such as mean, absolute range (AR) and standardized range (SR), variance (σ2), additive genetic variance (σ2A) and narrow-sense heritability (NS-h2) were estimated. BIP F3 progenies were compared with those of F3 progenies for QTs mean, AR/SR, σ2, σ2A and NS-h2. Significance of differences between BIP F3 progenies and F3 progenies for mean and σ2 were examined using two-sample t test and Levene’s tests, respectively. Result: The random mating in F2 population was effective in increasing the means, variances, σ2A and NS-h2 of racemes plant-1, fresh pods node-1, fresh pods plant-1 and fresh pod yield plant-1 in dolichos bean. Considering that random mating followed by selfing is a method of genetic improvement for future breeding rather than for immediate use, our results suggest long-term genetic gain and better prospects of deriving superior pure-lines with desired traits/combination of traits from inter-mated population in dolichos bean.

Background: Detection and quantification of variability among germplasm accessions/segregating populations/advance breeding lines is a pre-requisite (among others) for breeding crop plants for drought tolerance. Indices that integrate yield under moisture stress free (MSF) and moisture stress (MS) have been developed and used for screening and selection of moisture stress tolerant genotypes in several crops. The present study was aimed at identifying desirable indices from among those reported for screening and selection of terminal moisture stress (TMS) tolerant genotypes. Methods: Two experiments were conducted at experimental fields of Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, University of Agricultural Sciences Bengaluru during 2017 post rainy season. The first experiment consisted of 33 genotypes which included 31 selected genotypes from F3 populations and two released varieties. The second experiment consisted of 13 genotypes which included 5 advanced breeding lines, 2 released varieties and 6 land races. The genotypes of both the experiments were evaluated for dry seed yield under two moisture regimes (MR), namely, MSF and TMS environments in separate trials following Randomized Block Design. Conclusion: Based on the criterion of significant correlation of indices with dry seed yield under both MSF and TMS environments, two indices namely, mean productivity (MP) and geometric mean productivity (GMP) were found desirable to identify TMS tolerant genotypes of both the experiments. Based on rank mean of the two indices, two F3 selections and one released variety from first experiment; four landraces, one advanced breeding line and one released variety from second experiment were found TMS tolerant.

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) is prevalent in south-east Asian countries including India. Breeding and introduction of grain protein-rich varieties of legumes such as dolichos bean is considered as cost-effective approach to combat PEM. Exploitation of genetic variability within germplasm accessions (GAs) and/or breeding populations is the short-term strategy for identification and delivery of protein-rich dolichos bean cultivars to cater to the immediate needs of the farmers and target population. A set of 118 dolichos bean genotypes consisting of 96 GAs and 20 advanced breeding lines (ABLs) and two released varieties (RVs) was field evaluated in augmented deign for dry grain yield per plant and their grain protein contents were estimated. The grain protein content among the genotypes ranged from 18.82 to 24.5% with a mean of 21.73%. The magnitude of estimates of absolute range, standardized range, and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) for grain protein content was higher among GAs than those among ABLs + RVs. However, average grain protein contents of GAs were comparable to those of ABLs + RVs. Nearly 50% of the genotypes (mostly GAs) had significantly higher grain protein content than those of RVs, HA 3 and HA 4. The grain protein contents of the genotypes were poorly correlated with grain yield per plant. These results are discussed in relation to strategies to breed grain protein-rich dolichos bean cultivars.

The Tiger Milk mushroom is traditionally used by aborigines and locals alike for various bodily ailments and to improve general health. In Malaysia, three species of genus Lignosus have been identified: Lignosus rhinocerus, Lignosus tigris, and Lignosus cameronensis. Taxonomically, Lignosus rhinocerus is distinct from the rest of the Lignosus species. Prior to the discovery and identification of Lignosus tigris and Lignosus cameronensis as two separate and distinct species from Lignosus rhinocerus, these were often described and used interchangeably as Lignosus rhinocerus. To date, the wild types of these three species are still being referred to as Lignosus rhinocerus, as the sclerotia are often collected without intact stipe and cap, which make it hard to differentiate among the three. Scientific investigations to validate the traditional claims recorded by ethnomycological surveys have focused on the investigation of the composition and functional properties of Lignosus rhinocerus sclerotium. Chronic, subacute and acute toxicity, genotoxicity, antifertility and teratogenic, nutritive, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative activity and inhibition of protein glycation effects have been reported using the cultivated species (TM02) of this mushroom. The genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies on Lignosus rhinocerus sclerotium have also been performed. A substantial amount of data has been generated since the inception of the research in 2009 by the Medicinal Mushroom Research Group (MMRG) in the Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia. Active research is ongoing in our laboratories to elucidate more scientific data of this much sought-after medicinal mushroom.

A core set of crop genetic resources are considered “first-look-sources” of trait-specific accessions for use in crop-breeding programs. Sixty-four core germplasm accessions of dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L. Sweet Var. Lignosus) and two check entries were characterized/evaluated for five qualitative traits and seven quantitative traits at the University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), Bengaluru, India, during the rainy seasons of 2012 and 2014. Substantial variability among the accessions for quantitative traits and polymorphism for qualitative traits were documented. The germplasm accessions could be grouped into six clusters following model-based K-means clustering approach. The quantitative trait means and variances of accessions distributed among the clusters differed significantly. The accessions superior for six productivity traits were identified. The accessions, such as GL 142, GL 527, GL 110, GL 447, GL 576, KA, FPB-35, GL 441, GL 12, and GL 66, were promising for multiple quantitativ...

Ethnopharmacological relevance Several members of the genus Lignosus , which are collectively known as cendawan susu rimau (in Malay) or tiger׳s milk mushrooms (TMM), are regarded as important local medicine particularly by the indigenous communities in Malaysia. The mushroom sclerotia are purportedly effective in treating cancer, coughs, asthma, fever, and other ailments. The most commonly encountered Lignosus spp. in Malaysia was authenticated as Lignosus rhinocerotis (Cooke) Ryvarden (synonym: Polyporus rhinocerus ), which is also known as hurulingzhi in China and has been used by Chinese physicians to treat liver cancer, gastric ulcers, and chronic hepatitis. In spite of growing interest in the therapeutic potential of TMM, there is no compilation of scientific evidence that supports the ethnomedicinal uses of these mushrooms. Therefore, the present review is intended (i) to provide a comprehensive, up-to-date overview of the ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological activities, and cultivation of TMM in general and L. rhinocerotis in particular, (ii) to demonstrate how recent scientific findings have validated some of their traditional uses, and (iii) to identify opportunities for future research and areas to prioritize for TMM bioprospecting. Materials and methods A detailed literature search was conducted via library search (books, theses, reports, newspapers, magazines, and conference proceedings) and electronic search (Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar) for articles published in peer-reviewed journals. These sources were scrutinized for information on TMM and specifically for L. rhinocerotis . Results Ethnomycological knowledge about TMM, with an emphasis on cultural associations and use as local medicine, has been comprehensively and systematically compiled for the first time. Some of the reported medicinal properties of TMM have been validated by scientific studies. The anti-tumor, immuno-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, neurite outgrowth stimulation, and other pharmacological activities of L. rhinocerotis sclerotial extracts have been explored. The nature of sclerotial bioactive components, such as proteins, polysaccharides, and/or polysaccharide–protein complexes, has been identified, whereas the low-molecular-weight constituents remain poorly studied. The artificial cultivation of L. rhinocerotis via solid substrate and liquid fermentations successfully yielded fruiting bodies, sclerotium, mycelium, and culture broth that could be exploited as substitutes for the wild resources. The cultivated sclerotium and mycelium were shown to be safe from a toxicological point of view. Other research areas, e.g. , chemical studies, genomics, and proteomics, have been employed to gain insights into the medicinal properties of TMM. Conclusions This review clarified the medicinal properties of TMM as recorded in various ethnomycological records, and it simultaneously highlighted the current efforts to provide scientific evidence by using various in vitro and in vivo models. Thus far, only the anti-tumor and immuno-modulatory effects of L. rhinocerotis sclerotial aqueous extracts have been extensively investigated, and other medicinal properties relevant to their traditional uses, e.g. , anti-tussive and anti-pyretic properties, have yet to be validated. Further studies focusing on (i) the isolation and characterization of active components, (ii) the elucidation of their modes of action, and (iii) an evaluation of their safety and efficacy, when compared with the crude aqueous preparations, are warranted to accelerate potential drug discovery from TMM.

The tiger milk mushroom has long been extolled for its medicinal properties and has been used for the treatment of asthma, cough, fever, cancer, liver-related illnesses, and joint pains and as a tonic. The history of usage for tiger milk mushroom dated back to almost 400 years ago, but there were no records of scientific studies done due to unavailability of sufficient samples. Even when there were samples collected from the wild, the supply and quality were inconsistent. With the advent of cultivation success of one of the most utilized species of tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis) in 2009, scientific investigation was done to validate its traditional use and to investigate its safety for consumption and biochemical and biopharmacological properties. Among the properties that have been investigated to date are antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, nutritional, immunomodulatory, and neuritogenesis activities of the Lignosus rhinocerotis. The scientific findings have so far verified some of its traditional applications and revealed interesting data which shows potential for it to be further developed into possible nutraceutical. More scientific investigations are much needed to validate the medicinal properties of tiger milk mushroom across its species and to unveil potential biomolecules that may form a valuable foundation in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

Evaluation of mycoparasitic Trichoderma isolate mixtures to control white root disease on rubber seedlings. Eight isolates of mycoparasitic Trichoderma, as single cultures or in isolate mixtures were tested for their biocontrol efficacy against rubber seedlings inoculated with one of three strains of Rigidoporus lignosus. Biocontrol efficacy of isolates was varied, but not significantly affected by strains of R. lignosus. Mixtures of four isolates were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the disease severity and percentage of root necrotic as compared to mixtures of two isolates as well as single isolates. The highest disease suppression (65% relative to control) and reduction of inocula on rubber wood sticks (91% relative to control) was achieved in four isolate mixtures of Trichoderma virens (T1+T4+ T9+ T11).

PurposeLegume seeds provide one of the most concentrated sources of nutrients rich in fibre and high‐quality protein in the diet. The present work aims to investigate the hypocholesterolemic effect of germinated Indian bean (Dolichos lablab L. var lignosus) by feeding albino rats with a hypercholesterolemic diet.Design/methodology/approachMale albino rats of Wistar strain were divided into five groups (each group consisting of ten rats) according to randomized block design, housed in individual cages and fed with one of the five diets over an eight‐week period. At the end of eight weeks, the body weights were recorded and the rats put down. Samples of blood and liver were collected and used for analysis of liver and plasma cholesterol.FindingsSupplementation of the diet with dried powder of soaked bean almost brought the plasma cholesterol to 72.5 ± 0.75 from 178 ± 1.85 compared with that of the control (61.5 ± 0.70), although the liver cholesterol was still three times higher compared with the control. The 24h germinated Indian bean cotyledons could effectively counteract the effects of added cholesterol on liver and plasma by their high fibre content coupled with enormous increase in ascorbic acid levels.Originality/valueResults suggest germination to be a simple biochemical tool to effectively lower the cholesterol levels in liver and plasma by virtue of its higher contents of ascorbic acid and dietary fibre in ischemic heart disease patients.

A study was conducted to determine the spatial distribution of somatic incompatibility groups (SIGs) in Rigidoporus lignosus populations responsible for white root disease in a south Sumatera rubber plantation. Most isolates colonizing the stumps were somatically compatible with isolates from either a nearby stump or a living rubber tree, which suggested evidence of stump-to-tree or stump-to-stump clonal growth of the fungus. SIGs of R. lignosus occupied an area territorially in which the minimum size estimate for the largest genotype was 25 m in length.

A check list is given for the 199 species of Copelatus Erichson 1832 known from the Afrotropical and Madagascan regions. Copelatus bertrandi nom. n. is given as a replacement name of C. angustatus Bertrand & Legros 1975, preoccupied by Chevrolat 1863. Penis drawings from the literature of as many species as possible are republished together. Most of the diagnostic penis drawings were selected for the species illustrated in more than one publication. The penis of C. ateles Guignot 1955, C. jactator Guignot 1955, C. lignosus Guignot 1955, C. paryphes Guignot 1955, C. scytalotus Guignot 1956, and C. usagarensis Zimmermann 1926 are illustrated for the first time. The taxonomical history of African Copelatus is reviewed and the geographical variation in species richness is discussed.

A 20% methanol in methylene chioride .flash column fraction of the extract of the bark of B a r r i n ~ o n i a ceylanica was found to contain antifungal activity. The extract inhibited the growth of several fungal plant pathogens Curvularia sp, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum and Rigiodiporus lignosus. Complete inhibition of growth of Curuularia sp and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was observed. The inhibition of growth of Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum and Rigiodiporus lignosus was more than 50%.

The acitivty and spatial distribution of eight enzymes in adult tap root tissues colonized by R. lignosus and P. noxius are investigated. Their physiological significance in the pathogenic process is discussed.

A taxonomic revision of the genus Dipogon Liebm. is presented. Only one variable species, D. lignosus (L.) Verde., is recognized.

The effect ofFomes lignosus (Klotzsch) Bress onTriplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum was determined by artificially inoculating 5 to 6-week old seedlings, as well as by conducting a field survey on 1 to 4-year old trees. Inoculated seedlings did not show any foliar symptoms of infection during 4 months of observation. Though heights of inoculated seedlings were not affected by the pathogen, diameters of such seedlings were significantly smaller (atP=0.05) than those of control seedlings. Naturally infectedT. scleroxylon trees in the field were very often found close together, usually around infected tree stumps. Leaves of diseased trees remained healthy-looking, thus making detection of the disease difficult in trees lacking signs (viz. rhizomorphs and fruitbodies) of the pathogen.

Electron microscopic studies of roots of young Hevea brasiliensis plants artificially infected with Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius are described. Rigidaporus lignosus differentiates specialized structures which penetrate the suberized tissue. For both fungi, cell colonization is characterized by the degradation of suberized walls. The observations indicate that cell wall alteration is predominandy due to enzymatic activity. The significance of these observations in relation to the pathogenicity of both parasites is discussed.

As part of our studies on the chemical, functional, and nutritional roIe of food carbohydrates, various starchy and nonstarchy polysaccharides of the field-bean (Doiic/zos /ablab, variety lignosus) endosperm and hulls have been isolated and characterized’. Some structural features of the cold-water-soluble polysaccharides are described in this communication.

THE growth requirements of a number of brown-root and white-root disease fungi have already been studied. It is generally recognized that the majority of the Hymenomycetes are partially or totally deficient in thiamine (aneurin, vitamin B1)1.

the buried leg of a wooden post. It has been reported also from the western tropics (Porto Rico) and from the temperate region of North America (Washington, Texas, Missouri) by Dr. Overholts. It is not found in Europe. Fomes lignosus and Polyporus microporus are now regarded as its synonyms. In the Trans. Brit. Myc. Soc. (1928) Mr. Petch has entered fully into the history and reconsideration of the synonyms. According to him the so-called " Fomes lignosus," which is really an unnamed species, is a parasite and never grows on fallen branches, while Polyporus zonalis is a

When dealing with Dipogon lignosus (L.) Verdc. (Kew Bull. 24:406 (1970)) I pointed out that its identity was well-known during the half-century following the death of Linnaeus and only became confused more recently. When working in the Paris Herbarium during June 1980 I discovered a number of early sheets of this species which are of some interest in this connection and also more recent sheets from South America. There, its identity has apparently usually been without doubt and it is clear that the species was very widely cultivated at the beginning of the nineteenth century. It seems worth citing the sheets mentioned as a supplement to my previous account and to add a synonym omitted there. Some old specimens at the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) are also cited.

Forms lignosus (Klotzsch) Bres. and Polyporus zonalis Berk., both occurring parasitically and saprophytically, are described from sporophores and cultures. F. lignosus is orange-red on the upper surface with orange-yellow margin and orange-red pore tubes fading towards the context. In P. zonalis the surface is pale to pinkish with white pore tubes. The presence of mucronate cystidia in the sporophore and of fibre hyphae and conidia in cultures distinguishes F. lignosus from P. zonalis in which they are absent. The latter, however, develops incrusted cystidia in the sporophore and clamped hyphae and acanthophyses in culture, all absent from F. lignosus.

Polyporus lignosus is often confused with P. zonalis . They are two distinct species. Besides other characters, P. lignosus is usually parasitic while P. zonalis is commonly saprophytic. The two fungi are distinguished by their cultural characters. While rhizomorphic strands develop in P. lignosus as in nature, such strands are absent in P. zonalis , both in nature and in culture. Further, P. lignosus , with its thin-walled hyphae with cross-walls, can be distinguished from P. zonalis , in which the hyphae are very thick-walled and contain no visible cross-walls. No hyphal fusions occur when P. lignosus and P. zonalis are paired in culture.