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1. Measurement of neutron-induced fission cross sections of 232Th from 1 to 300 MeV at CSNS Back-n

Author: Yonghao Chen, Yiwei Yang, Zhizhou Ren, Wei Jiang, Ruirui Fan, Han Yi, Rong Liu, Jingyu Tang, Hantao Jing, Yang Li, Qiang Li, Zhixin Tan, Qi An, Jiangbo Bai, Jie Bao, Yu Bao, Ping Cao, Haolei Chen, Qiping Chen, Zhen Chen, Zengqi Cui, Changqing Feng, Keqing Gao, Xiaolong Gao, Minhao Gu, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yang Hong, Yiwei Hu, Hanxiong Huang, Xiru Huang, Haoyu Jiang, Zhijie Jiang, Ling Kang, Bo Li, Chao Li, Jiawen Li, Xiao Li, Jie Liu, Shubin Liu, Xingyan Liu, Ze Long, Guangyuan Luan, Changjun Ning, Mengchen Niu, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Kang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Xinyi Tang, Binbin Tian, Lijiao Wang, Pengcheng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zhongwei Wen, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Xiaoyun Yang, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Guohui Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Luping Zhou, Zhihao Zhou, and Kejun Zhu
Subjects: 232Th(n, f), Cross sections, CSNS, Back-n, Time-of-flight, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: 232Th/233U fuel cycle is an alternate candidate for future nuclear energy. Neutron-induced fission cross section of 232Th is one of the important nuclear data if using thorium as the fuel in the future. 232Th(n, f) cross sections from 1 to 300 MeV were measured at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-streaming neutron facility (Back-n) relative to 235U(n, f) and n-p scattering. A fast ionization chamber for fission cross section measurement (FIXM) and a proton recoil telescope (PRT) were used to perform the measurement. The neutron energy in this measurement reaches up to 300 MeV which is supposed to be the highest among the current Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data (EXFOR) library. It stands as the only experimental data in the region of 200-300 MeV in EXFOR as well. The experimental and evaluated data of 232Th(n, f) cross section above 60 MeV are scarce, the measurement data of this work will be valuable references for future evaluation in high energy. For the data below 60 MeV, most of our data are more consistent with ENDF/B-VIII.0, excepting in the region of 1-2 MeV where our data are more in favor of CENDL-3.2.
Published: 2023
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2. Knocking out OsNAC050 Expression Causes Low-Temperature Tolerance in Rice by Regulating Photosynthesis and the Sucrose Metabolic Pathway

Author: Bo Wang, Yiheng Wang, Likun Xie, Wancong Yu, Qingkuo Lan, Yong Wang, Chengbin Chen, and Yong Zhang
Subjects: CRISPR-Cas9, cold stress, RNA-seq, photosynthesis, soluble sugar, Agriculture (General), S1-972
Abstract: Because rice is native to tropical and subtropical regions, it is generally more sensitive to cold stress compared to other cereals. Low-temperature stress has a strong influence on the growth, development, and yield of rice. Plant NAM, ATAF1/2 and CUC(NAC) transcription factors (TFs) play significant regulatory roles in stress response. In our research, we found that OsNAC050 (LOC_Os03g60080) is mainly expressed in leaves. Cold (4 °C), heat (42 °C), PEG 6000 (20%, w/v), NaCl (200 mM), H2O2 (1%), IAA (100 μM), ABA (100 μM) and GA3 (100 μM) were used to treat wild type (WT) plants. A low temperature further up-regulated OsNAC050 expression. OsNAC050 mutants created using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology showed significantly enhanced tolerance to the low-temperature treatment. The measurement of enzyme activities related to the redox pathway also showed that mutants have stronger viability under low-temperature stress. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that photosynthesis and soluble sugar metabolism were significantly affected in OsNAC050 mutant lines, suggesting that OsNAC050 may participate in the above molecular pathways in response to low-temperature stress. The results expand our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses to cold stress in rice and can provide new strategies for engineering cold tolerance in high-yielding rice varieties.
Published: 2023
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3. Measurement of Gamma-Ray from Inelastic Neutron Scattering on 56Fe

Author: Zhaohui WANG, Jie REN, Hongyi WU, Jing QIAN, Hanxiong HUANG, Wenming WANG, Wei JIANG, Xiaoguang WU, Qiwei ZHANG, Han YI, Qi WANG, Xia LI, Jie BAO, Xichao RUAN, Hantao JING, Jingyu TANG, Qi AN, Huaiyong BAI, Yu BAO, Ping CAO, Haowei CHEN, Qiping CHEN, Yonghao CHEN, Yukai CHEN, Zhen CHEN, Zengqi CUI, Ruirui FAN, Changqing FENG, Keqing GAO, Minhao GU, Changcai HAN, Zijie HAN, Guozhu HE, Yongcheng HE, Yang HONG, Weiling HUANG, Xiru HUANG, Xiaolu JI, Xuyang JI, Haoyu JIANG, Zhijie JIANG, Ling KANG, Mingtao KANG, Bo LI, Chao LI, Jiawen LI, Lun LI, Qiang LI, Xiao LI, Yang LI, Rong LIU, Shubin LIU, Xingyan LIU, Guangyuan LUAN, Qili MU, Changjun NING, Binbin QI, Zhizhou REN, Zhaohui SONG, Yingpeng SONG, Hong SUN, Kang SUN, Xiaoyang SUN, Zhijia SUN, Zhixin TAN, Hongqing TANG, Xinyi TANG, Binbin TIAN, Lijiao WANG, Pengcheng WANG, Taofeng WANG, Jie WEN, Zhongwei WEN, Qingbiao WU, Xuan WU, Likun XIE, Yiwei YANG, LI YU, Tao YU, Yongji YU, Guohui ZHANG, Linhao ZHANG, Xianpeng ZHANG, Yuliang ZHANG, Zhiyong ZHANG, Yubin ZHAO, Luping ZHOU, Zuying ZHOU, Danyang ZHU, Kejun ZHU, and Peng ZHU
Subjects: Physics, QC1-999
Abstract: In nuclear reactors, inelastic neutron scattering is a significant energy-loss mechanism which has deep impacts on designments of nuclear reactor and radiation shielding. Iron is an important material in reactor. However, for the existing nuclear data for iron, there exists an obvious divergence for the inelastic scattering cross sections and the related gamma production sections. Therefore the precise measurements are urgently needed for satisfying the demanding to design new nuclear reactors (fast reactors), Accelerator Driven Subcritical System (ADS), and other nuclear apparatus. In this paper, we report a new system with an array of HPGe detectors, electronics and acquisition system. Experiments had been carried out on three neutron facilities.
Published: 2020
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4. Detector development at the Back-n white neutron source

Author: Ruirui, Fan, Qiang, Li, Jie, Bao, Yang, Li, Rong, Liu, Wei, Jiang, Jie, Ren, Qiwei, Zhang, Ping, Cao, Minhao, Gu, Zhizhou, Ren, Han, Yi, Jingyu, Tang, Qi, An, Haofan, Bai, Jiangbo, Bai, Qiping, Chen, Yonghao, Chen, Zhen, Chen, Zengqi, Cui, Anchuan, Fan, Changqing, Feng, Fanzhen, Feng, Keqing, Gao, Changcai, Han, Zijie, Han, Guozhu, He, Yongcheng, He, Yang, Hong, Yiwei, Hu, Hanxiong, Huang, Weihua, Jia, Haoyu, Jiang, Zhijie, Jiang, Zhengyao, Jin, Ling, Kang, Bo, Li, Chao, Li, Gong, Li, Jiawen, Li, Xiao, Li, Jie, Liu, Shubin, Liu, Guangyuan, Luan, Changjun, Ning, Binbin, Qi, Xichao, Ruan, Zhaohui, Song, Kang, Sun, Zhixin, Tan, Shengda, Tang, Pengcheng, Wang, Zhaohui, Wang, Zhongwei, Wen, Xiaoguang, Wu, Xuan, Wu, Likun, Xie, Yiwei, Yang, Yongji, Yu, Guohui, Zhang, Linhao, Zhang, Mohan, Zhang, Xianpeng, Zhang, Yuliang, Zhang, Yue, Zhang, Zhiyong, Zhang, Maoyuan, Zhao, Luping, Zhou, Zhihao, Zhou, and Kejun, Zhu
Published: 2023
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5. Measurement of the 236,238U(n,f) cross sections from the threshold to 200 MeV at CSNS Back-n

Author: Zhizhou Ren, Yiwei Yang, Rong Liu, Bangjiao Ye, Zhongwei Wen, Jie Wen, Hairui Guo, Yonghao Chen, Han Yi, Weili Sun, Jie Yan, Zijie Han, Xingyan Liu, Qiping Chen, Tao Ye, Jiangbo Bai, Qi An, Huaiyong Bai, Jie Bao, Ping Cao, Pinjing Cheng, Zengqi Cui, Ruirui Fan, Changqing Feng, Minhao Gu, Fengqin Guo, Changcai Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yuefeng He, Hanxiong Huang, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Wei Jiang, Hantao Jing, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Lun Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Shubin Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Yinglin Ma, Changjun Ning, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Hong Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Zhixin Tan, Hongqing Tang, Jingyu Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zheng Wang, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Guohui Zhang, Jing Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Liying Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yingtan Zhao, Liang Zhou, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, and Peng Zhu
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Published: 2023

6. Knocking Out Osnac050 Expression Causes Low Temperature Tolerance in Rice by Regulating Photosynthesis and the Sucrose Metabolic Pathway

Author: Wang Bo, Yiheng Wang, Likun Xie, wancong Yu, Qingkuo Lan, Yong Wang, Chengbin Chen, and Yong Zhang
Published: 2023

7. Proofs of McIntosh's Conjecture on Franel Integrals and Two Generalizations

Author: Bruce C. Berndt, Likun Xie, and Alexandru Zaharescu
Subjects: Mathematics - Number Theory, General Mathematics, FOS: Mathematics, Number Theory (math.NT)
Abstract: We provide a proof of a conjecture made by Richard McIntosh in 1996 on the values of the Franel integrals, $$\int_0^1((ax))((bx))((cx))((ex))\,dx,$$ where $((x))$ is the first periodic Bernoulli function. Secondly, we extend our ideas to prove a similar theorem for $$\int_0^1((a_1x))((a_2x))\cdots ((a_{n}x))\,dx.$$ Lastly, we prove a further generalization in which $((x))$ is replaced by any particular Bernoulli function with odd index., Typos corrected
Published: 2022

8. A Steady-State Security Analysis Method Considering Correlativity among Different Wind Farms

Author: Xianzhuo Liu, Tong Zhu, Likun Xie, Jiajun Ding, Chunpeng Pan, and Zhendong Tan
Published: 2022

9. The light charged particle detector array at the CSNS Back-n white neutron source

Author: Kang Sun, Guohui Zhang, Han Yi, Ruirui Fan, Jingyu Tang, Wei Jiang, Yonghao Chen, Haoyu Jiang, Zengqi Cui, Yiwei Hu, Jie Liu, Changjun Ning, Pengcheng Wang, Mengchen Niu, Ze Long, Qi An, Haofan Bai, Jiangbo Bai, Jie Bao, Ping Cao, Qiping Chen, Zhen Chen, Anchuan Fan, Changqing Feng, Fanzhen Feng, Keqing Gao, Minhao Gu, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yang Hong, Hanxiong Huang, Weihua Jia, Zhijie Jiang, Zhengyao Jin, Ling Kang, Bo Li, Chao Li, Gong Li, Jiawen Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Rong Liu, Shubin Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Zhizhou Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Zhixin Tan, Shengda Tang, Lijiao Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zhongwei Wen, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Yiwei Yang, Yongji Yu, Linhao Zhang, Mohan Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Yue Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Maoyuan Zhao, Luping Zhou, Zhihao Zhou, and Kejun Zhu
Subjects: Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract: The Back-n white neutron source at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) provides neutrons in the continuous energy region from 0.5 eV to 200 MeV. A spectrometer named Light charged Particle Detector Array (LPDA) is designed for the study of (n, lcp) reactions at Back-n. The main detector of the LPDA spectrometer, a 16-unit ΔE-ΔE-E telescope array, is composed of two arrays of 8-unit ΔE-ΔE-E telescope. Each telescope unit consists of a Low-Pressure Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber (LPMWPC), a Si-PIN detector, and a CsI(Tl) scintillator detector. In 2021, a neutron-proton (n-p) scattering reaction cross-section measurement experiment was accomplished as the first experiment of the telescope array. Protons can be clearly identified in the ΔE-E spectrum (LPMWPC + Si-PIN) and the ΔE-E spectrum (Si-PIN + CsI(Tl)). Cross sections of the n-p scattering reaction in the neutron energy range of several MeV are extracted. The ΔE-E method also provides new measurement opportunities for many-body neutron induced light charged-particle emission reactions.
Published: 2023

10. Experimental studies on nuclide identification radiography with a CMOS camera at Back-n white neutron source

Author: Lijiao Wang, Qiang Li, Jingyu Tang, Yonghao Chen, Hantao Jing, Zhixin Tan, Binbin Tian, Gong Li, Zhengyao Jin, Ruirui Fan, Changjun Ning, Qi An, Haofan Bai, Jiangbo Bai, Jie Bao, Ping Cao, Qiping Chen, Zhen Chen, Zengqi Cui, Anchuan Fan, Changqing Feng, Fanzhen Feng, Keqing Gao, Minhao Gu, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yang Hong, Yiwei Hu, Hanxiong Huang, Weihua Jia, Haoyu Jiang, Wei Jiang, Zhijie Jiang, Ling Kang, Bo Li, Chao Li, Jiawen Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Jie Liu, Rong Liu, Shubin Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Zhizhou Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Kang Sun, Shengda Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zhongwei Wen, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Yiwei Yang, Han Yi, Yongji Yu, Guohui Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Mohan Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yue Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Maoyuan Zhao, Luping Zhou, Zhihao Zhou, and Kejun Zhu
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Instrumentation
Published: 2023

11. Erratum to: Measurement of the neutron total cross sections of aluminum at the back-n white neutron source of CSNS

Author: Xingyan Liu, Yiwei Yang, Rong Liu, Zhongwei Wen, Jie Wen, Zijie Han, Yonghao Chen, Hantao Jing, Han Yi, Jie Bao, Zhizhou Ren, Qi An, Huaiyong Bai, Ping Cao, Qiping Chen, Pinjing Cheng, Zengqi Cui, Ruirui Fan, Changqing Feng, Minhao Gu, Fengqin Guo, Changcai Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yuefeng He, Hanxiong Huang, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Wei Jiang, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Lun Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Shubin Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Yinglin Ma, Changjun Ning, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Hong Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Zhixin Tan, Hongqing Tang, Jingyu Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zheng Wang, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Guohui Zhang, Jing Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Liying Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yingtan Zhao, Liang Zhou, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, and Peng Zhu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, chemistry, Aluminium, Hadron, chemistry.chemical_element, Nuclear fusion, Neutron source, Neutron
Published: 2021

12. Measurement of the neutron total cross sections of aluminum at the back-n white neutron source of CSNS

Author: Xingyan Liu, Yiwei Yang, Rong Liu, Zhongwei Wen, Jie Wen, Zijie Han, Yonghao Chen, Hantao Jing, Han Yi, Jie Bao, Zhizhou Ren, Qi An, Huaiyong Bai, Ping Cao, Qiping Chen, Pinjing Cheng, Zengqi Cui, Ruirui Fan, Changqing Feng, Minhao Gu, Fengqin Guo, Changcai Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yuefeng He, Hanxiong Huang, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Wei Jiang, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Lun Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Shubin Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Yinglin Ma, Changjun Ning, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Hong Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Zhixin Tan, Hongqing Tang, Jingyu Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zheng Wang, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Guohui Zhang, Jing Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Liying Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yingtan Zhao, Liang Zhou, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, and Peng Zhu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Cross section (physics), Range (particle radiation), Fission, Hadron, Nuclear fusion, Neutron source, Neutron, Fast fission
Abstract: Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in the nuclear industry. Therefore, it is essential to precisely measure and accurately know the neutron total cross section of aluminum in the wider energy region. The measurement is performed by using the transmission method at the Back-n White Neutron Source of CSNS. Two aluminum samples 70 mm in diameter and thicknesses of 40 and 60 mm, respectively, were positioned at 55 m from the neutron source. The transmission detector consisted of a multi-layer fast fission chamber loaded with $$^{235}$$ U and $$^{238}$$ U, and it was located at the 76-m measurement station. By applying the time-of-flight technique, it was possible to extract the n+ $$^{27}$$ Al total cross section in a wide energy region, from 1 eV to 20 MeV, after the correction for the double-bunch mode of the CSNS accelerator. The total cross sections obtained with the two Al samples are consistent and the results obtained with the $$^{235}$$ U fission cells are in good agreement with that with $$^{238}$$ U in the energy range of 1–20 MeV. The uncertainty of neutron total cross section measured with $$^{235}$$ U for 40 mm and 60 mm thick aluminum is 0.7–22.3% and 0.6–12.4% in the energy range of 10 keV–20 MeV. Results are in fair agreement with respect to previous data and evaluations.
Published: 2021

13. Measurement of the relative differential cross sections of the $$^{1} H(n,el)$$ reaction in the neutron energy range from 6 MeV to 52 MeV

Author: Yu Bao, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Zhen Chen, Keqing Gao, Yukai Chen, Linhao Zhang, Kang Sun, Binbin Tian, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Xiao Li, Kejun Zhu, Ruirui Fan, Danyang Zhu, Jiawen Li, Lun Li, Changqing Feng, Yongcheng He, Jie Ren, Qi An, Qiang Li, Jie Liu, Zengqi Cui, Guangyuan Luan, Haolei Chen, Hong Sun, Zhixin Tan, X. B. Ji, Yonghao Chen, Haoyu Jiang, Likun Xie, Zhaohui Wang, Li Yu, Rong Liu, Qingbiao Wu, Xingyan Liu, Binbin Qi, Changcai Han, Zhaohui Song, Pengcheng Wang, Chao Li, Hongqing Tang, Qiwei Zhang, Zijie Han, Bo Li, Peng Zhu, Ping Cao, Shubin Liu, Minhao Gu, Zhizhou Ren, Changjun Ning, Yiwei Hu, Jingyu Tang, Zhijie Jiang, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Han Yi, Huaiyong Bai, Yang Li, Liang Zhou, Jie Bao, Xianpeng Zhang, Yingpeng Song, Hantao Jing, Yiwei Yang, Mingtao Kang, Hanxiong Huang, Wei Jiang, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Xiaolu Ji, Yang Hong, Xuan Wu, L. S. Wang, Yongji Yu, Xinyi Tang, Guohui Zhang, Yubin Zhao, Qi Wang, Tao Yu, Luping Zhou, Zuying Zhou, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Guozhu He, and Qili Mu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Hadron, 01 natural sciences, Charged particle, Neutron temperature, Particle detector, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear fusion, Neutron source, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Spallation Neutron Source, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: The relative differential cross sections of the $$^{1}\hbox {H}(n, \,el)$$ reaction have been measured at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-n white neutron source. A low-density polyethylene sample and a graphite foil were prepared for the foreground and background measurements, respectively. The charged particles were detected using the $${\vartriangle }E-E$$ telescope array of the Light-charged Particle Detector Array (LPDA) system. With 10 $${\vartriangle }E-E$$ telescopes, the relative differential cross sections of the $$^{1}\hbox {H}(n, \,el)$$ reaction were obtained from 70 $$^{\circ }$$ to 160 $$^{\circ }$$ in the center-of-mass system in the neutron energy ( $$E_{\mathrm{n}}$$ ) range from 6.14 to 52.48 MeV (23 energy points). The present work was the first experiment using the $${\vartriangle }E-E$$ telescope array of the LPDA system at CSNS. The present results are in good agreement with previous measurements, evaluations and theoretical calculations. Furthermore, this work is the first measurement in the 6.52 MeV $$\le E_{\mathrm{n}} \le $$ 9.09 MeV, 10.57 MeV $$\le E_{\mathrm{n}} \le $$ 12.43 MeV, and 18.05 MeV $$\le $$ $$E_{\mathrm{n}} \le $$ 20.05 MeV regions.
Published: 2021

14. Back-n White Neutron Source at CSNS and its Applications

Author: Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Binbin Tian, Ze Long, Yu Bao, Zhen Chen, Zhizhou Ren, Kang Sun, Zhijie Jiang, Xinyi Tang, Yang Hong, Linhao Zhang, Wei Jiang, Guohui Zhang, Qi An, Zengqi Cui, Rong Liu, Yiwei Hu, Haoyu Jiang, Likun Xie, Bo Li, Zhiyong Zhang, Xingyan Liu, L. S. Wang, Yongji Yu, Binbin Qi, Zhaohui Song, Chao Li, Zijie Han, Yonghao Chen, Jie Liu, Xiao-Long Gao, Ruirui Fan, Hantao Jing, Zhaohui Wang, Minhao Gu, Jiawen Li, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Changqing Feng, Xuan Wu, Haolei Chen, Ping Cao, Xiao-Yun Yang, Kejun Zhu, Jingyu Tang, Guangyuan Luan, Zhongwei Wen, Tao Yu, Zhixin Tan, Li Yu, Pengcheng Wang, Yang Li, Luping Zhou, Shubin Liu, Xianpeng Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Yiwei Yang, Changcai Han, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Jiang-Bo Bai, Han Yi, Jie Bao, Guozhu He, Zhi-Hao Zhou, Keqing Gao, Hanxiong Huang, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Meng-Chen Niu, Changjun Ning, and Yongcheng He
Subjects: Physics, Accelerator Physics (physics.acc-ph), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Spectrometer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear data, FOS: Physical sciences, Neutron radiation, 01 natural sciences, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron, Spallation, Physics - Accelerator Physics, 010306 general physics, business, Nuclear Experiment, Beam (structure), Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: Back-streaming neutrons from the spallation target of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) that emit through the incoming proton channel were exploited to build a white neutron beam facility (the so-called Back-n white neutron source), which was completed in March 2018. The Back-n neutron beam is very intense, at approximately 2*10^7 n/cm^2/s at 55 m from the target, and has a nominal proton beam with a power of 100 kW in the CSNS-I phase and a kinetic energy of 1.6 GeV and a thick tungsten target in multiple slices with modest moderation from the cooling water through the slices. In addition, the excellent energy spectrum spanning from 0.5 eV to 200 MeV, and a good time resolution related to the time-of-flight measurements make it a typical white neutron source for nuclear data measurements; its overall performance is among that of the best white neutron sources in the world. Equipped with advanced spectrometers, detectors, and application utilities, the Back-n facility can serve wide applications, with a focus on neutron-induced cross-section measurements. This article presents an overview of the neutron beam characteristics, the experimental setups, and the ongoing applications at Back-n., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures
Published: 2021
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15. Neutron capture cross section of 169Tm measured at the CSNS Back-n facility in the energy region from 30 to 300 keV *

Author: Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Wei Jiang, Jie Bao, Jincheng Wang, Qiwei Zhang, Guangyuan Luan, Hanxiong Huang, Yangbo Nie, Zhigang Ge, Qi An, Huaiyong Bai, Yu Bao, Ping Cao, Haolei Chen, Qiping Chen, Yonghao Chen, Yukai Chen, Zhen Chen, Zengqi Cui, Ruirui Fan, Changqing Feng, Keqing Gao, Minhao Gu, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yang Hong, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Zhijie Jiang, Hantao Jing, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Chao Li, Jiawen Li, Lun Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Rong Liu, Shubin Liu, Xingyan Liu, Qili Mu, Changjun Ning, Binbin Qi, Zhizhou Ren, Yingpeng Song, Zhaohui Song, Hong Sun, Kang Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Zhixin Tan, Hongqing Tang, Jingyu Tang, Xinyi Tang, Binbin Tian, Lijiao Wang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Yiwei Yang, Han Yi, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Guohui Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yubin Zhao, Luping Zhou, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, Peng Zhu, and null (The CSNS Back-n Collaboration)
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation
Abstract: The capture cross sections of the 169Tm reaction were measured at the back streaming white neutron beam line (Back-n) of the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) using four C6D6 liquid scintillation detectors. The background subtraction, normalization, and correction were carefully considered in the data analysis to obtain accurate cross sections. For the resonance at 3.9 eV, the R-matrix code SAMMY was used to determine the resonance parameters with the internal normalization method. The average capture cross sections of 169Tm for energy between 30 and 300 keV were extracted relative to the 197Au reaction. The measured cross sections of the 169Tm reaction were reported in logarithmically equidistant energy bins with 20 bins per energy decade with a total uncertainty of 5.4% – 7.0% in this study and described in terms of average resonance parameters using a Hauser-Feshbach calculation with fluctuations. The point-wise cross sections and the average resonance parameters showed fair agreement with the evaluated values of the ENDF/B-VIII.0 library in the energy region studied.
Published: 2022

16. Measurement of the U236(n,f) cross section for neutron energies from 0.4 MeV to 40 MeV from the back-streaming white neutron beam at the China Spallation Neutron Source

Author: Yongji Yu, Xiao Li, Kejun Zhu, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Zengqi Cui, Danyang Zhu, Xianpeng Zhang, Mingtao Kang, Yingtan Zhao, Zijie Han, Wei Jiang, Linhao Zhang, Yongcheng He, Zhaohui Song, Minhao Gu, Zhongwei Wen, Yiwei Yang, Yonghao Chen, Xuan Wu, Huaiyong Bai, Hantao Jing, Hongqing Tang, Hanxiong Huang, Yuefeng He, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Rong Liu, Tao Yu, Jingyu Tang, Zheng Wang, Peng Zhu, Ping Cao, Binbin Qi, Qiang Li, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Yinglin Ma, Qi An, Fengqin Guo, Liying Zhang, Xiaolu Ji, Guozhu He, Jie Ren, Haoyu Jiang, Tao Ye, Han Yi, Likun Xie, Weili Sun, Jie Bao, Yang Lib, Xingyan Liu, Qingmin Zhang, Changjun Ning, Qiping Chen, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Qi Wang, Jing Zhang, Changqing Feng, Pinjing Cheng, Hong Sun, Ruirui Fan, X. B. Ji, Shubin Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Bo Li, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Li Yu, Zhixin Tan, Guohui Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Hairui Guo, Zhizhou Ren, Zuying Zhou, Lun Li, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Pengcheng Wang, Liang Zhou, Yang Lia, and Changcai Han
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, Cross section (physics), Neutron, Neutron radiation, Spallation Neutron Source
Published: 2020

17. Initial years’ neutron-induced cross-section measurements at the CSNS Back-n white neutron source *

Author: Jingyu Tang, Rong Liu, Guohui Zhang, Xichao Ruan, Xiaoguang Wu, Qi An, Jiangbo Bai, Jie Bao, Yu Bao, Ping Cao, Haolei Chen, Qiping Chen, Yonghao Chen, Zhen Chen, Zengqi Cui, Ruirui Fan, Changqing Feng, Lin Gan, Keqing Gao, Xiaolong Gao, Minhao Gu, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yang Hong, Yiwei Hu, Hanxiong Huang, Xiru Huang, Haoyu Jiang, Wei Jiang, Zhijie Jiang, Hantao Jing, Ling Kang, Bo Li, Chao Li, Jiawen Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Jie Liu, Minliang Liu, Shubin Liu, Xingyan Liu, Ze Long, Guangyuan Luan, Changjun Ning, Mengchen Niu, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Zhizhou Ren, Zhaohui Song, Kang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Zhixin Tan, Xinyi Tang, Binbin Tian, Lijiao Wang, Pengcheng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Xiaoyun Yang, Yiwei Yang, Han Yi, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Linhao Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Luping Zhou, Zhihao Zhou, Kejun Zhu, and null (The Back-n Collaboration)
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear data, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Neutron capture, Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Spallation, Neutron, Nuclide, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The Back-n white neutron source (known as Back-n) is based on back-streaming neutrons from the spallation target at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). With its excellent beam properties, e.g., a neutron flux of approximately 1.8×107 n/cm2/s at 55 m from the spallation target, energy range spanning from 0.5 eV to 200 MeV, and time-of-flight resolution of a few per thousand, along with the equipped physical spectrometers, Back-n is considered to be among the best facilities in the world for carrying out nuclear data measurements. Since its completion and commencement of operation in May 2018, five types of cross-section measurements concerning neutron capture cross-sections, fission cross-sections, total cross-sections, light charged particle emissions, in-beam gamma spectra, and more than forty nuclides have been measured. This article presents an overview of the experimental setup and result analysis on the neutron-induced cross-section measurements and gamma spectroscopy at Back-n in the initial years.
Published: 2021

18. Measurement of differential cross sections of neutron-induced deuteron production reactions on carbon from 25 to 52 MeV *

Author: Lun Li, Yongcheng He, Xinyi Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Guohui Zhang, Zhaohui Song, Qiwei Zhang, Jingyu Tang, L. S. Wang, Yongji Yu, Zhijie Jiang, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Qi An, X. B. Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Zengqi Cui, Jiawen Li, Likun Xie, Linhao Zhang, Luping Zhou, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Qiang Li, Qingbiao Wu, Keqing Gao, Haolei Chen, Zhizhou Ren, Yubin Zhao, Xiao Li, Chao Li, Jie Ren, Zhixin Tan, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Kejun Zhu, Danyang Zhu, Bo Li, Qi Wang, Ruirui Fan, Changcai Han, Zhongwei Wen, Zuying Zhou, Yonghao Chen, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Shubin Liu, Yiwei Hu, Li Yu, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Huaiyong Bai, Xianpeng Zhang, Yang Hong, Mingtao Kang, Yu Bao, Yang Li, Hantao Jing, Zhen Chen, Binbin Tian, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Rong Liu, Binbin Qi, Changjun Ning, Yukai Chen, Yingpeng Song, Xingyan Liu, Hongqing Tang, Guangyuan Luan, Hanxiong Huang, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Qili Mu, Kang Sun, Minhao Gu, Han Yi, Jie Bao, Yiwei Yang, Peng Zhu, Ping Cao, Changqing Feng, Hong Sun, Xiaolu Ji, Xuan Wu, Wei Jiang, Tao Yu, Jie Liu, and Zhaohui Wang
Subjects: Physics, Elastic scattering, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, chemistry.chemical_element, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Nuclear physics, Deuterium, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Carbon, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The angle-differential cross sections of neutron-induced deuteron production from carbon were measured at six neutron energies from 25 to 52 MeV relative to those of n-p elastic scattering at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-n white neutron source. By employing the Δ E-E telescopes of the Light-charged Particle Detector Array (LPDA) system at 15.1° to 55.0° in the laboratory system, ratios of the angle-differential cross sections of the 12C(n, xd) reactions to those of the n-p scattering were measured, and then, the angle-differential cross sections of the 12C(n, xd) reactions were obtained using the angle-differential cross sections of the n-p elastic scattering from the JENDL-4.0/HE-2015 library as the standard. The obtained results are compared with data from previous measurements, all of which are based on mono-energic neutrons, the evaluated data from the JENDL-4.0/ HE-2015 library and the ENDF-B/VIII.0 library, and those from theoretical calculations based on INCA code and Talys-1.9 code. Being the first white-neutron-source-based systematic measurement of the angle-differential cross sections of neutron-induced deuteron production reactions on carbon in several tens of MeV, the present work can provide a reference to the data library considering the lack of experimental data.
Published: 2021

19. Measurements of differential and angle-integrated cross sections for the $^{10}$B($n, {\alpha}$)$^{7}$Li reaction in the neutron energy range from 1.0 eV to 2.5 MeV

Author: Huaiyong Bai, Keqing Gao, Hanxiong Huang, Yongcheng He, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Hantao Jing, Xiaolu Ji, Xianpeng Zhang, Yiwei Yang, Lun Li, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, L. S. Wang, Yongji Yu, Xuan Wu, Changcai Han, Qi An, Jiawen Li, Binbin Tian, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Pengcheng Wang, Haoyu Jiang, Rong Liu, Qili Mu, Zhijie Jiang, Ping Cao, Likun Xie, Hongqing Tang, Changjun Ning, Zhixin Tan, Binbin Qi, Qingbiao Wu, Liang Zhou, Kang Sun, Guangyuan Luan, Linhao Zhang, Jie Ren, Yingpeng Song, Xingyan Liu, Guozhu He, Zhaohui Song, Changqing Feng, Peng Zhu, Ruirui Fan, Yonghao Chen, Yubin Zhao, Hong Sun, Tao Yu, Wei Jiang, Minhao Gu, Luping Zhou, Jingyu Tang, Yukai Chen, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Zhaohui Wang, Xinyi Tang, Guohui Zhang, Shubin Liu, Li Yu, Zuying Zhou, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Han Yi, Jie Bao, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Yang Hong, X. B. Ji, Zhizhou Ren, Qiwei Zhang, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Qiang Li, Haolei Chen, Xiao Li, Kejun Zhu, Danyang Zhu, Yu Bao, Yang Li, Zhen Chen, Zengqi Cui, Chao Li, Zijie Han, and Zhongwei Wen
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Resonance (particle physics), Neutron temperature, Charged particle, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Level structure, Atomic physics, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Legendre polynomials, Nuclear Experiment, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract: Differential and angle-integrated cross sections for the $^{10}$B($n, {\alpha}$)$^{7}$Li, $^{10}$B($n, {\alpha}$$_{0}$)$^{7}$Li and $^{10}$B($n, {\alpha}$$_{1}$)$^{7}$Li$^{*}$ reactions have been measured at CSNS Back-n white neutron source. Two enriched (90%) $^{10}$B samples 5.0 cm in diameter and ~85.0 ${\mu}$g/cm$^{2}$ in thickness each with an aluminum backing were prepared, and back-to-back mounted at the sample holder. The charged particles were detected using the silicon-detector array of the Light-charged Particle Detector Array (LPDA) system. The neutron energy E$_{n}$ was determined by TOF (time-of-flight) method, and the valid ${\alpha}$ events were extracted from the E$_{n}$-Amplitude two-dimensional spectrum. With 15 silicon detectors, the differential cross sections of ${\alpha}$-particles were measured from 19.2{\deg} to 160.8{\deg}. Fitted with the Legendre polynomial series, the ($n, {\alpha}$) cross sections were obtained through integration. The absolute cross sections were normalized using the standard cross sections of the $^{10}$B($n, {\alpha}$)$^{7}$Li reaction in the 0.3 - 0.5 MeV neutron energy region. The measurement neutron energy range for the $^{10}$B($n, {\alpha}$)$^{7}$Li reaction is 1.0 eV $\le$ En < 2.5 MeV (67 energy points), and for the $^{10}$B($n, {\alpha}$$_{0}$)$^{7}$Li and $^{10}$B($n, {\alpha}$$_{1}$)$^{7}$Li$^{*}$ reactions is 1.0 eV $\le$ En < 1.0 MeV (59 energy points). The present results have been analyzed by the resonance reaction mechanism and the level structure of the $^{11}$B compound system, and compared with existing measurements and evaluations., Comment: 19 pages, 34 figures, to be published in Chinese Physics C
Published: 2019

20. Measurement of the neutron total cross section of carbon at the Back-n white neutron beam of CSNS

Author: Hongqing Tang, Guohui Zhang, Xiaoyang Sun, Qiwei Zhang, Yingtan Zhao, Qiang Li, Huaiyong Bai, Hantao Jing, Yiwei Yang, Linhao Zhang, Qi An, Yonghao Chen, Rong Liu, Liang Zhou, Wei Jiang, X. B. Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Xingyan Liu, Binbin Qi, Likun Xie, Yongcheng He, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Qingmin Zhang, Qiping Chen, Yang Li, Minhao Gu, Xiaoguang Wu, Zhixin Tan, Hanxiong Huang, Yinglin Ma, Xianpeng Zhang, Pinjing Cheng, Qingbiao Wu, Ping Cao, Mingtao Kang, Jie Ren, Yuliang Zhang, Tao Yu, Liying Zhang, Lun Li, Qi Wang, Zhiyong Zhang, Zhaohui Song, Zhongwei Wen, Xiaolu Ji, Pengcheng Wang, Xiao Li, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Kejun Zhu, Zuying Zhou, Yuefeng He, Danyang Zhu, Weiling Huang, Jing Zhang, Changqing Feng, Bo Li, Xichao Ruan, Jingyu Tang, Zheng Wang, Ruirui Fan, Shubin Liu, Hong Sun, Li Yu, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Changjun Ning, Yongji Yu, Zhizhou Ren, Fengqin Guo, Guozhu He, Zengqi Cui, Changcai Han, Han Yi, Jie Bao, Zhijia Sun, Zijie Han, Guangyuan Luan, Peng Zhu, and Xuan Wu
Subjects: Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Spectrometer, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Neutron radiation, 01 natural sciences, Fast fission, Nuclear physics, Cross section (physics), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron detection, Neutron source, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: To verify the performance of the neutron total cross-sectional spectrometer, the neutron total cross section of carbon is initially measured in the energy range of 1 eV to 20 MeV using the time-of-flight method. The measurement is performed at the Back-n white neutron source with a 76-m time-of-flight path using the China Spallation Neutron Source. A multilayer fast fission chamber with 235U and 238U is employed as the neutron detector. The diameter and thickness of the natural graphite sample are 70 mm and 40 mm, respectively. Signal waveforms are collected using a data acquisition system. Off-line data processing was used to obtain the neutron time-of-flight spectra and transmissions. The uncertainty of the counting statistics is generally approximately 3% for each bin in the energy range of 1–20 MeV. It is determined that the results for the neutron total cross section of carbon obtained using 235U cells are in good agreement with the results obtained using 238U cells within limits of statistical uncertainty. Moreover, the measured total cross sections show good agreement with the broadening evaluated data.
Published: 2019

21. Erratum to: Neutron energy spectrum measurement of the Back-n white neutron source at CSNS

Author: Jing Zhang, Shubin Liu, Peng Zhu, Qi An, Qi Wang, Haoyu Jiang, Yongcheng He, Likun Xie, Liang Zhou, Qingbiao Wu, Zengqi Cui, Yongji Yu, Xiao Li, Kejun Zhu, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Bo Li, Yang Li, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Guohui Zhang, Danyang Zhu, Zijie Han, Xianpeng Zhang, Minhao Gu, Lun Li, Mingtao Kang, Yinglin Ma, Hongqing Tang, Zhongwei Wen, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Ping Cao, Zhixin Tan, Pengcheng Wang, Qiwei Zhang, Changjun Ning, Ruirui Fan, Guangyuan Luan, Tao Yu, Ling Kang, Xuan Wu, Changcai Han, Xiru Huang, Zheng Wang, Fengqin Guo, Xingyan Liu, Zhaohui Song, Yingtan Zhao, Linhao Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Yuefeng He, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Wei Jiang, Jingyu Tang, Pinjing Cheng, Yonghao Chen, Zuying Zhou, Weiling Huang, Huaiyong Bai, Xichao Ruan, Hantao Jing, Guozhu He, Qiang Li, X. B. Ji, Yiwei Yang, Han Yi, Jie Bao, Rong Liu, Binbin Qi, Changqing Feng, Hong Sun, Li Yu, Liying Zhang, Hanxiong Huang, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Xiaolu Ji, and Jie Ren
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, Hadron, Nuclear fusion, Neutron source, 010306 general physics, Neutron energy spectrum, 01 natural sciences
Abstract: In the original article, there were some errors in the list of authors and affiliations. Their correct version is given in this erratum.
Published: 2019

22. Neutron energy spectrum measurement of the Back-n white neutron source at CSNS

Author: Guangyuan Luan, Liying Zhang, Tao Yu, Guozhu He, Qingmin Zhang, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, X. B. Ji, Pinjing Cheng, Changcai Han, Qiwei Zhang, Lun Li, Yang Li, Xuan Wu, Zhiyong Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Han Yi, Mingtao Kang, Jing Zhang, Changjun Ning, Zuying Zhou, Pengcheng Wang, Ping Cao, Bo Li, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Jie Bao, Fengqin Guo, Zhijia Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Minhao Gu, Qi Wang, Shubin Liu, Hongqing Tang, Liang Zhou, Yongji Yu, Peng Zhu, Guohui Zhang, Xingyan Liu, Wei Jiang, Zhaohui Song, Yuefeng He, Jie Ren, Changqing Feng, Jingyu Tang, Li Yu, Zhixin Tan, Yingtan Zhao, Hong Sun, Zheng Wang, Ruirui Fan, Yiwei Yang, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Yongcheng He, Hanxiong Huang, Linhao Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Xiaolu Ji, Yonghao Chen, Huaiyong Bai, Xiao Li, Kejun Zhu, Hantao Jing, Danyang Zhu, Qi An, Haoyu Jiang, Likun Xie, Qingbiao Wu, Zhongwei Wen, Zengqi Cui, Zijie Han, Qiang Li, Yinglin Ma, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Rong Liu, and Binbin Qi
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Neutron radiation, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Beamline, Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Nuclear fusion, Neutron source, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) has been built and commissioned successfully in 2018 which is implemented by impinging 1.6 GeV protons onto a tungsten target with 25 Hz repetition frequency. An associated white neutron beam line exploiting the back-streaming neutrons, named Back-n, with a flight path of 55 m in endstation 1 (#ES1) and 76 m in endstation 2 (#ES2) was built mainly for nuclear data measurements. The Back-n beam line started running since the beginning of 2018 and the neutron energy spectrum was measured at the very beginning since it is an essential information for feasibility study and analysis of any measurement. In this paper, the measurement of the neutron energy spectrum of Back-n #ES2 is reported. The first result of the neutron flux from 1 eV to 100 MeV measured by a fission chamber based on the 235U(n, f) reaction is presented. The total neutron flux normalized to the proton beam power of 100 kW is $ 7.03 \times 10^{6}$ neutrons/cm2/s. The results show a good agreement with that of the Monte Carlo simulation as well.
Published: 2019

23. The C6D6 detector system on the Back-n beam line of CSNS

Author: Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Jie Bao, Guangyuan Luan, Wei Jiang, Qi An, Huaiyong Bai, Ping Cao, Qiping Chen, Yonghao Chen, Pinjing Cheng, Zengqi Cui, Ruirui Fan, Changqing Feng, Minhao Gu, Fengqin Guo, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yuefeng He, Hanxiong Huang, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Hantao Jing, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Lun Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Rong Liu, Shubin Liu, Xingyan Liu, Yinglin Ma, Changjun Ning, Binbin Qi, Zhaohui Song, Hong Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Zhixin Tan, Hongqing Tang, Jingyu Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zheng Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Yiwei Yang, Han Yi, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Guohui Zhang, Jing Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Liying Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yingtan Zhao, Liang Zhou, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, and Peng Zhu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Detector, Scintillator, Neutron capture, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Neutron cross section, Neutron source, Neutron, Spallation, Nuclear Experiment, business, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The neutron capture cross sections are very important in the field of nuclear device design and basic physics research. Hydrogen-free liquid scintillator such as C6D6 detectors are widely used in the neutron capture cross-sectional measurements for the low neutron sensitivity and fast time response. The Back-n white neutron source at China Spallation Neutron Source is the first spallation white neutron source in China, and it is suitable for neutron capture cross-sectional measurement. A C6D6 detector system was built in the Back-n experimental station. The pulse height weighting technique was used to determine the system’s detection efficiency. The response to gamma rays of the C6D6 detector was measured, and the energy resolution function was determined. Monte Carlo simulation with Geant4 code was carried out to get the weighting function of this C6D6 detector system. Additionally, the systematic uncertainty of the weighting function was also determined. According to the experimental and simulation results, this C6D6 detector system can be used to measure neutron capture cross section.
Published: 2019

24. Measurement of the neutron beam profile of the Back-n white neutron facility at CSNS with a Micromegas detector

Author: Yanfeng Wang, Ping Cao, Zhaohui Wang, Zheng Wang, Wei Jiang, Hongqing Tang, Zhaohui Song, Yiwei Yang, Fengqin Guo, Liying Zhang, Qingming Zhang, X. B. Ji, Liang Zhou, Changcai Han, Yuefeng He, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Zuying Zhou, Jingyu Tang, Qi An, Linhao Zhang, Weiling Huang, Ruirui Fan, Jie Ren, Haoyu Jiang, Jing Zhang, Xichao Ruan, Likun Xie, Bo Li, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Yongcheng He, Yinglin Ma, Rong Liu, Lun Li, Qingbiao Wu, Tao Yu, Binbin Qi, Minhao Gu, Jianbei Liu, Jiang Pan, Xuan Wu, Zengqi Cui, Xiao Li, Han Yi, Shubin Liu, Kejun Zhu, Chengming Liu, Jie Bao, Pengcheng Wang, Yonghao Chen, Peng Zhu, Zijie Han, Xingyan Liu, Qi Wang, Changqing Feng, Zhixin Tan, Danyang Zhu, Hong Sun, Li Yu, Yang Li, Hanxiong Huang, Huaiyong Bai, Xianpeng Zhang, Guohui Zhang, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Mingtao Kang, Jianxin Feng, Hantao Jing, Changjun Ning, Xiaolu Ji, Yongji Yu, Guangyuan Luan, Ming Shao, Yingtan Zhao, Yi Zhou, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Qiang Li, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Pinjing Cheng, Qiwei Zhang, and Guozhu He
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, MicroMegas detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Neutron radiation, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, Beamline, Neutron detection, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron, Spallation, business, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Beam (structure), Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The Back-n white neutron beam line, which uses back-streaming white neutrons from the spallation target of the China Spallation Neutron Source, is used for nuclear data measurements. A Micromegas-based neutron detector with two variants was specially developed to measure the beam spot distribution for this beam line. In this article, the design, fabrication, and characterization of the detector are described. The results of the detector performance tests are presented, which include the relative electron transparency, the gain and the gain uniformity, and the neutron beam profile reconstruction capability. The result of the first measurement of the Back-n neutron beam spot distribution is also presented., Comment: 31 pages, 18 figures
Published: 2019
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25. First experiment on neutron resonance radiography with a Micromegas detector at the Back-n white neutron source

Author: Li Yu, Zhaohui Wang, Bo Li, Zuying Zhou, Luping Zhou, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Keqing Gao, Ping Cao, Tao Yu, Zengqi Cui, Yiwei Yang, Rong Liu, Zhijie Jiang, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Yubin Zhao, Qiang Li, Binbin Qi, Haolei Chen, Hanxiong Huang, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Qi Wang, Jie Ren, Ruirui Fan, Xianpeng Zhang, Mingtao Kang, Lun Li, Wei Jiang, Yongcheng He, Kang Sun, Xiaolu Ji, Xiao Li, Xinyi Tang, Yukai Chen, Kejun Zhu, Guohui Zhang, Chao Li, Qiwei Zhang, Pengcheng Wang, Danyang Zhu, Zhaohui Song, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Zijie Han, Shubin Liu, Qingmin Zhang, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Changcai Han, Han Yi, Yu Bao, Yang Li, Jingyu Tang, Binbin Tian, Qi An, Zhizhou Ren, Jie Bao, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Haoyu Jiang, Likun Xie, Zhen Chen, Xingyan Liu, Qingbiao Wu, Changqing Feng, Hong Sun, Guangyuan Luan, Yang Hong, X. B. Ji, Minhao Gu, Zhongwei Wen, L. S. Wang, Qili Mu, Yongji Yu, Jiawen Li, Zhixin Tan, Linhao Zhang, Yonghao Chen, Huaiyong Bai, Hantao Jing, Hongqing Tang, Peng Zhu, Changjun Ning, Xuan Wu, Yingpeng Song, and Guozhu He
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, business.industry, Radiography, Neutron resonance, Neutron source, MicroMegas detector, business, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Published: 2021

26. Background study for(n,γ)cross section measurements with C6D6detectors at CSNS Back-n

Author: Yang-Bo Nie, Linhao Zhang, Lun Li, Qili Mu, Qi An, Haoyu Jiang, Guozhu He, Yonghao Chen, Zhigang Ge, Likun Xie, Keqing Gao, Ruirui Fan, Han Yi, Qiang Li, Pengcheng Wang, Zuying Zhou, Jie Bao, Qingbiao Wu, Haolei Chen, Hongqing Tang, Jie Ren, Yongcheng He, Weiling Huang, Guangyuan Luan, Changcai Han, Zhijie Jiang, Xinyi Tang, Xichao Ruan, Guohui Zhang, Ping Cao, Zhaohui Song, Huaiyong Bai, Qiwei Zhang, Hantao Jing, Xuan Wu, Bo Li, Jiawen Li, Zengqi Cui, Kang Sun, Yubin Zhao, X. B. Ji, Tao Yu, Zhixin Tan, Hanxiong Huang, Qiping Chen, Qi Wang, Xiaoguang Wu, Xiao Li, Zhijia Sun, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Peng Zhu, Yuliang Zhang, Luping Zhou, Kejun Zhu, Zhizhou Ren, Jingyu Tang, Danyang Zhu, Xiaolu Ji, Minhao Gu, Rong Liu, L. S. Wang, Chao Li, Zijie Han, Shubin Liu, Binbin Qi, Yongji Yu, Yukai Chen, Zhongwei Wen, Yang Li, Yu Bao, Xianpeng Zhang, Mingtao Kang, Zhen Chen, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Binbin Tian, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Wei Jiang, Yang Hong, Zhaohui Wang, Xingyan Liu, Changjun Ning, Yingpeng Song, Changqing Feng, Hong Sun, Li Yu, and Yiwei Yang
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Monte Carlo method, Detector, Resonance (particle physics), Nuclear physics, Neutron capture, Beamline, Radiative transfer, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The Back-n beam line of the China Spallation Neutron Source is the first white neutron facility in China. One of its goals is to perform radiative neutron capture cross-section ( σ nγ ) measurements. To study the experimental backgrounds of this new facility, a measurement of the σ nγ of 197Au was carried out with a C6D6 detector system at Back-n. Time-dependent backgrounds induced by the scattered neutrons and in-beam gamma-rays were measured and analyzed with nat C and nat Pb samples. The black resonance filter technique was employed to evaluate the shape of the backgrounds and perform the normalization. Besides, Monte Carlo simulations of these backgrounds were carried out with the Geant4 toolkit. The simulated results were compared with the experimental ones and the good agreement found allowed us to validate the background evaluation method.
Published: 2021

27. Detection of low-energy charged-particle using the ΔE-E telescope at the Back-n white neutron source

Author: Ruirui Fan, Haoyu Jiang, Wei Jiang, Guohui Zhang, Han Yi, Kang Sun, Huaiyong Bai, Liang Zhou, Changjun Ning, Yuefeng He, Yingtan Zhao, Yanfeng Wang, Yongcheng He, Zengqi Cui, Zhijia Sun, Qi An, Jie Bao, Ping Cao, Qiping Chen, Yonghao Chen, Pinjing Cheng, Changqing Feng, Minhao Gu, Fengqin Guo, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Hanxiong Huang, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Hantao Jing, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Lun Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Rong Liu, Shubin Liu, Xingyan Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Yinglin Ma, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Hong Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhixin Tan, Hongqing Tang, Jingyu Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zheng Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Yiwei Yang, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Jing Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Liying Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, and Peng Zhu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, 01 natural sciences, Charged particle, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Telescope, Beamline, law, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The Back-n is a high luminosity white neutron beamline at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). It started running in 2018 for various nuclear data measurements. A Light charged Particle Detector Array (LPDA) is designed for (n, lcp) reaction experiments, which includes a group of detectors and supporting systems. The Δ E-E telescope, consisting of a Low-Pressure Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber (LPMWPC) and a Si-PIN detector, is the core detector of the LPDA. From the beginning of 2018, several measurements have been performed using the Δ E-E telescopes, and the light charged particles such as 1H, 3H, 4He, and 7Li, were identified successfully. At present, the LPMWPC can identify the protons with energy as low as 0.5 MeV. In the near future, combining with CsI(Tl) crystals, a system consisting of sixteen telescopes with an energy acceptance from 0.5 MeV to 100 MeV (proton) will be constructed for general purpose of (n, lcp) measurements.
Published: 2020

28. Application of a silicon detector array in (n,lcp) reaction cross-section measurements at the CSNS Back-n white neutron source

Author: Huaiyong Bai, Hantao Jing, Liang Zhou, Yongcheng He, Peng Zhu, Linhao Zhang, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Qiwei Zhang, Xiao Li, Zhizhou Ren, Yonghao Chen, Kejun Zhu, Lun Li, Rong Liu, Binbin Qi, Zhiyong Zhang, Zengqi Cui, Danyang Zhu, Ruirui Fan, Bo Li, Hongqing Tang, Minhao Gu, Yang Hong, X. B. Ji, Guangyuan Luan, Qiping Chen, Pengcheng Wang, Chao Li, Xiaoguang Wu, Ping Cao, Zijie Han, Yubin Zhao, Zuying Zhou, Qili Mu, Zhongwei Wen, Weiling Huang, Qi An, Yang Li, Qiang Li, Yu Bao, Xichao Ruan, Haoyu Jiang, Qi Wang, Zhijie Jiang, Zhen Chen, Tao Yu, Likun Xie, Xianpeng Zhang, Xinyi Tang, Yukai Chen, Jie Ren, Guohui Zhang, Kang Sun, Mingtao Kang, Haolei Chen, Qingbiao Wu, Luping Zhou, L. S. Wang, Zhaohui Song, Yongji Yu, Guozhu He, Jingyu Tang, Binbin Tian, Xiaoyang Sun, Xingyan Liu, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Jiawen Li, Han Yi, Jie Bao, Xuan Wu, Yiwei Yang, Zhixin Tan, Changqing Feng, Hong Sun, Li Yu, Fengqin Guo, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Keqing Gao, Hanxiong Huang, Yuliang Zhang, Xiaolu Ji, Wei Jiang, Changjun Ning, Yingpeng Song, Zhijia Sun, Changcai Han, and Shubin Liu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Neutron temperature, Particle detector, Charged particle, Optics, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The Back-n white neutron source at the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) was put into operation in 2018, providing a good platform for the cross-section measurement of neutron induced light charged particle ( l c p ) emission ( n , l c p ) reactions. Currently, in order to detect and identify light charged particles produced in ( n , l c p ) reactions at Back-n, a silicon detector array has been developed as a part of Light-charged Particle Detector Array. Composed of 15 silicon detectors, the array can detect the emitted particles ranging from 19.2°to 160.8°. The energy resolution of each silicon detector unit is better than 1% for 5.499 MeV α particles. Adopting this silicon detector array, several experimental measurements have been completed. Differential cross sections and angle-integrated cross sections in the neutron energy region ranging from the eV to the MeV range are extracted. Compared with previous measurements and evaluations, new results are obtained in the present measurements. These experiments indicate the feasibility of the silicon detector array in ( n , l c p ) reaction cross-section measurements.
Published: 2020

29. Measurement of the U-238/U-235 fission cross section ratio at CSNS – Back-n WNS

Author: Hanxiong Huang, Qi An, Haoyu Jiang, Likun Xie, Yuliang Zhang, Peng Zhu, Qingbiao Wu, Zhaohui Song, Guangyuan Luan, Jing Zhang, Hongqing Tang, Bo Li, Yingtan Zhao, Xiaolu Ji, Qiwei Zhang, X. B. Ji, Rong Liu, Yuefeng He, Binbin Qi, Ruirui Fan, Jingyu Tang, Liang Zhou, Qiang Li, Huaiyong Bai, Hantao Jing, Xuan Wu, Xiao Li, Kejun Zhu, Danyang Zhu, Tao Yu, Ping Cao, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Yongcheng He, Han Yi, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Ling Kang, Jie Bao, Liying Zhang, Xiru Huang, Pinjing Cheng, Guozhu He, Xiaoyang Sun, Yiwei Yang, Zhizhou Ren, Wei Jiang, Jie Ren, Shubin Liu, Yongji Yu, Linhao Zhang, Zheng Wang, Xingyan Liu, Yinglin Ma, Zhixin Tan, Guohui Zhang, Yonghao Chen, Yang Li, Zhongwei Wen, Xianpeng Zhang, Mingtao Kang, Changqing Feng, Hong Sun, Li Yu, Qi Wang, Zengqi Cui, Fengqin Guo, Minhao Gu, Zijie Han, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Changjun Ning, Zhijia Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Zuying Zhou, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Lun Li, Pengcheng Wang, Qingmin Zhang, and Changcai Han
Subjects: Physics, Fission, 020209 energy, Nuclear data, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Fast fission, Neutron temperature, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Nuclear physics, Cross section (physics), Nuclear Energy and Engineering, 0103 physical sciences, Ionization chamber, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Neutron source, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: Based on the China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) – Back-streaming white neutron source (Back-n WNS), the measurement of the U-238/U-235 fission cross section ratio in 1–20 MeV neutron energy region has been carried out by a multi-cell fast fission ionization chamber using the time-of-flight method. The measured resonance peaks of the 235U(n, f) reaction are in good agreement with those of the ENDF/B-8.0 database. The measured six groups of the U-238/U-235 fission cross section ratios in 1–20 MeV neutron energy region agree with those of the ENDF/B-8.0 database in trend, and the average discrepancies between experiment and database are from 1.9% to 2.6%. The relative experimental uncertainties are 2.3%–3.6% (1.4–20 MeV), and the measured data agree with those of database within experimental uncertainties at most energy points. The measured U-238/U-235 fission cross section ratio could provide information and data support in relevant nuclear data evaluation.
Published: 2020

30. Double-bunch unfolding methods for the Back-n white neutron source at CSNS

Author: Rong Liu, Binbin Qi, Han Yi, Binbin Tian, Jie Bao, Bo Li, Yijuan Zhang, Xiaoyang Sun, Qingming Zhang, Liying Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, J. Ren, L.J. Wang, Yubin Zhao, Ruirui Fan, Qili Mu, Zuying Zhou, Shenye Liu, Zhijia Sun, Zhongwei Wen, Yongcheng He, X.Y. Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Ping Cao, Likun Xie, Y.J. Yu, Hong Sun, Li Yu, Xichao Ruan, Lei Li, Xingyan Liu, Yang Hong, Zhaohui Song, Q. An, Xiaolu Ji, Tao Yu, Peng Zhu, Changcai Han, Guangyuan Luan, Tianhong Wang, Zhixin Tan, Guozhu He, Yongsheng Li, Yu Bao, Keqing Gao, Yuanbo Chen, Li Jungang, Zhen Chen, Xuejiao Li, Danyang Zhu, Hongqing Tang, Q. J. Li, Pengcheng Wang, Zouyi Jiang, Xing-Gang Wu, L. Kang, Li Zhou, Yukai Chen, Xuan Wu, Xinyi Tang, Huaiyong Bai, Zhizhou Ren, Zengqi Cui, Huixiang Huang, Hantao Jing, Guohui Zhang, C. Q. Feng, Jiannan Tang, Xianpeng Zhang, Wei Jiang, Mingtao Kang, Qun-Yao Wang, Zijie Han, Y.W. Yang, Zhaohui Wang, Minhao Gu, X.R. Huang, K. J. Zhu, C-Q. Li, Kang Sun, Jie Wen, Changjun Ning, Yingpeng Song, Qiping Chen, W.L. Huang, Haolei Chen, and Qi Wu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear physics, White (horse), Neutron source, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Published: 2020

31. Combined gamma-ray and energy-selective neutron radiography at CSNS

Author: Xiaosong Yan, Yigang Yang, Qiang Li, Xin Yang, Jian Lu, Shijian Meng, Zhixin Tan, Yiwei Yang, Qi An, Huaiyong Bai, Jie Bao, Yu Bao, Ping Cao, Haolei Chen, Qiping Chen, Yonghao Chen, Yukai Chen, Zhen Chen, Zengqi Cui, Ruirui Fan, Changqing Feng, Keqing Gao, Minhao Gu, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yang Hong, Hanxiong Huang, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Wei Jiang, Zhijie Jiang, Hantao Jing, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Chao Li, Jiawen Li, Lun Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Rong Liu, Shubin Liu, Xingyan Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Qili Mu, Changjun Ning, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Zhizhou Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Yingpeng Song, Hong Sun, Kang Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Hongqing Tang, Jingyu Tang, Xinyi Tang, Binbin Tian, Lijiao Wang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Han Yi, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Guohui Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yubin Zhao, Luping Zhou, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, and Peng Zhu
Subjects: inorganic chemicals, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, integumentary system, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Neutron imaging, Physics::Medical Physics, technology, industry, and agriculture, Gamma ray, Scintillator, Optics, Beamline, biological sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, lipids (amino acids, peptides, and proteins), Neutron, Spallation, Nuclide, Nuclear Experiment, business, Instrumentation, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: Combined photon and neutron radiography can integrate merits of X/gamma-ray radiography and energy-selective neutron radiography and has the potential of simultaneously visualizing objects composed of high-Z materials, low-Z materials and particular isotopes that resonantly absorb neutrons at certain energies. Intense pulsed gamma bursts and wide energy spectrum neutrons at spallation sources provide a unique opportunity to perform such combined radiography research. We present the results of the combined radiography experiments performed at the back-streaming white neutron (back-n) beamline at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). Gamma-ray and energy-selective neutron radiographic images of multi-element samples were taken by an ICCD camera coupled with scintillators using the time of flight (TOF) technique. High-Z (Pb, Au, W, Ta, et al.) components were visualized with the intense gamma-ray bursts. The low-Z ( 10B) component was confirmed with varied image contrast when neutrons with varied energies were selected. The specific elements ( nat In, 197Au and nat W) were identified with neutrons at corresponding resonant energies. The experimental results prove the potential for simultaneously visualizing and identifying high-Z materials, low-Z materials and particular nuclides via combined X-ray radiography and energy-selective neutron radiography.
Published: 2020

32. Simulations of the measurement results of differential cross sections of n-p and n-d elastic scattering at CSNS Back-n WNS

Author: Zhaohui Wang, Huaiyong Bai, Hantao Jing, Luping Zhou, Zhaohui Song, Qiwei Zhang, Tao Yu, X. B. Ji, Jingyu Tang, Yiwei Yang, L. S. Wang, Changcai Han, Xinyi Tang, Rong Liu, Yongji Yu, Hanxiong Huang, Guohui Zhang, Ping Cao, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Qili Mu, Zhizhou Ren, Yang Li, Binbin Qi, Minhao Gu, Xianpeng Zhang, Hongqing Tang, Mingtao Kang, Xiaolu Ji, Zuying Zhou, Yiwei Hu, Changjun Ning, Keqing Gao, Shubin Liu, Yingpeng Song, Linhao Zhang, Weiling Huang, Guangyuan Luan, Qiang Li, Binbin Tian, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Xichao Ruan, Zhijie Jiang, Wei Jiang, Han Yi, Yubin Zhao, Haolei Chen, Yonghao Chen, Guozhu He, Peng Zhu, Yukai Chen, Jie Bao, Jie Ren, Lun Li, Qi Wang, Kang Sun, O Li, Changqing Feng, Pengcheng Wang, Hong Sun, Xingyan Liu, Li Yu, Ling Kang, Jiawen Li, Xiru Huang, Zhixin Tan, Yang Hong, Xuan Wu, Yongcheng He, Ruirui Fan, Zhongwei Wen, Zengqi Cui, Chao Li, Zijie Han, Yu Bao, Zhen Chen, Qi An, Haoyu Jiang, Likun Xie, Qingbiao Wu, Xiao Li, Kejun Zhu, and Danyang Zhu
Subjects: Elastic scattering, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, QC1-999, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Spectral line, Neutron temperature, Nuclear physics, Deuterium, 0103 physical sciences, Neutron source, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: Differential cross-section data for the n-p and n-d elastic scattering (1H(n, el), 2H(n, el)) are collected and analyzed from EXFOR library. For En > 20 MeV, the experimental results for both reactions are scarce with large uncertainties and discrepancies in general. For En ≤ 20 MeV, the experimental results lack systematicness, most of which were measured around En = 14 MeV even though the differential cross sections of n-p scattering in 1 keV ≤ En ≤ 20 MeV region are recommended as standard. Taking these facts into account, more accurate and systematic measurements are planned. The experiments will be conducted using ΔE-E detectors of the Light-charged Particle Detector Array (LPDA) system at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-n White Neutron Source (WNS), and simulations are carried out. Using polyethylene and deuterated polyethylene as samples, both n-p and n-d scattering reactions are simulated along with the neutron-induced 12C background reactions, and the 2-D spectra and the counting rates of the ΔE-E detectors are obtained. According to the simulations, the applicable neutron energy range and positions of the detectors are recommended, and the beam time for the event and background measurements is suggested.
Published: 2020

33. Measurement of the differential cross sections and angle-integrated cross sections of the 6Li(n, t)4He reaction from 1.0 eV to 3.0 MeV at the CSNS Back-n white neutron source *

Author: Huaiyong Bai, Ruirui Fan, Haoyu Jiang, Zengqi Cui, Yiwei Hu, Guohui Zhang, Zhenpeng Chen, Wei Jiang, Han Yi, Jingyu Tang, Liang Zhou, Qi An, Jie Bao, Ping Cao, Qiping Chen, Yonghao Chen, Pinjing Cheng, Changqing Feng, Minhao Gu, Fengqin Guo, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yuefeng He, Hanxiong Huang, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Hantao Jing, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Lun Li, Qiang Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Rong Liu, Shubin Liu, Xingyan Liu, Guangyuan Luan, Yinglin Ma, Changjun Ning, Binbin Qi, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Zhaohui Song, Hong Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Zhixin Tan, Hongqing Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zheng Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Yiwei Yang, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Jing Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Liying Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yingtan Zhao, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, and Peng Zhu
Subjects: Nuclear physics, Scattering cross-section, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Neutron source, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Tritium, Anisotropy, Instrumentation, Spallation Neutron Source, Charged particle, Neutron temperature
Abstract: The 6Li(n, t)4He reaction was measured as the first experiment involving neutron-induced charged particle emission reactions at the CSNS (China Spallation Neutron Source) Back-n white neutron source. The differential cross-sections of the 6Li(n,t)4He reaction at 15 detection angles ranging from 19.2° to 160.8° are obtained from 1.0 eV to 3.0 MeV at 80 neutron energy points; for 50 energy points below 0.1 MeV they are reported for the first time. The results indicate that the anisotropy of the emitted tritium is noticeable above E n = 100 eV. The angle-integrated cross-sections are also obtained. The present differential cross-sections agree in general with the previous evaluations, but there are some differences in the details. More importantly, the present results indicate that the cross-sections of the 6Li(n, t)4He reaction might be overestimated by most evaluations in the 0.5 − 3.0 MeV region, although they are recommended as standards below 1.0 MeV.
Published: 2020

34. Measurements of neutron-induced light-charged particle emission reactions

Author: Yongcheng He, Jinxiang Chen, Wei Jiang, Qiwei Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Jiang Zhi-Jie, Peng Zhu, Xuan Wu, Zengqi Cui, Binbin Tian, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhiyong Zhang, Changjun Ning, Yonghao Chen, Keqing Gao, Hong Yang, L. S. Wang, Yongji Yu, Qi An, Zhaohui Wang, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, Yingpeng Song, Haoyu Jiang, Chao Li, Yubin Zhao, Likun Xie, Zijie Han, Xingyan Liu, Zhaohui Song, Changqing Feng, Hongqing Tang, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Guangyuan Luan, Ping Cao, Changcai Han, Hanxiong Huang, Hong Sun, Zhongwei Wen, Qingbiao Wu, Kejun Zhu, Jiawen Li, Li Yu, Zhijia Sun, M. V. Sedysheva, Yuliang Zhang, Ruirui Fan, Jingyu Tang, Shubin Liu, Huaiyong Bai, Hantao Jing, Zhixin Tan, Qi Wang, Danyang Zhu, Chen Yu-Kai, Bo Li, Yang Li, Yu Bao, Yiwei Hu, Xiaolu Ji, Li Lun, Xianpeng Zhang, Qiang Li, Mingtao Kang, Yu. M. Gledenov, Jie Ren, Haolei Chen, Zhen Chen, Xinyi Tang, Han Yi, Yi Lu, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Guohui Zhang, Tao Yu, Jie Bao, Minhao Gu, Yiwei Yang, Kang Sun, Luping Zhou, Li Xiao, Qili Mu, Pengcheng Wang, Guozhu He, Zuying Zhou, Gonchigdorj Khuukhenkhuu, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Rong Liu, Binbin Qi, X. B. Ji, Zhou Liang, and Zhizhou Ren
Subjects: Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, QC1-999, Tandem accelerator, 01 natural sciences, Neutron temperature, Charged particle, law.invention, Neutron physics, Nuclear physics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Van de Graaff generator, Neutron source, Neutron, 010306 general physics, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: In the past two decades cooperating with Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics (FLNP), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) measurements of (n, α) reaction cross sections for 6Li, 10B, 25Mg, 39K, 40Ca, 54,56,57 Fe, 58Ni, 63Cu, 64,67 Zn, 95Mo, 143Nd and 147,149 Sm nuclei were performed in the MeV neutron energy region based on the 4.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator at Peking University. In recent years, our measurements were extended in three aspects. Firstly, measurements were expanded from two-body reactions to three-body reactions such as 10B (n, t2 α). Secondly, the neutron energy region was extended from below 8 MeV to 8 - 11 MeV by using the HI-13 tandem accelerator of China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE), with which cross sections of 54,56 Fe(n, α)53,51Cr reactions were measured. Thirdly, based on the newly-built China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS) Back-n WNS (White Neutron Source), differential and angle-integrated cross sections for 6Li(n, t) and 10B(n, α) reactions were measured in the neutron energy region from 1 eV to 3 MeV.
Published: 2020

35. The 6LiF-silicon detector array developed for real-time neutron monitoring at white neutron beam at CSNS

Author: Qiang Li, Guangyuan Luan, Jie Bao, Jingyu Tang, Hantao Jing, Ruirui Fan, Huaiyong Bai, Wei Jiang, Changjun Ning, Jie Ren, Xichao Ruan, Yonghao Chen, Guohui Zhang, Han Yi, Qi An, Ping Cao, Qiping Chen, Pinjing Cheng, Zengqi Cui, Changqing Feng, Minhao Gu, Fengqin Guo, Changcai Han, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Yongcheng He, Yuefeng He, Hanxiong Huang, Weiling Huang, Xiru Huang, Xiaolu Ji, Xuyang Ji, Haoyu Jiang, Ling Kang, Mingtao Kang, Bo Li, Lun Li, Xiao Li, Yang Li, Rong Liu, Shubin Liu, Xingyan Liu, Yinglin Ma, Binbin Qi, Zhaohui Song, Hong Sun, Xiaoyang Sun, Zhijia Sun, Zhixin Tan, Hongqing Tang, Pengcheng Wang, Qi Wang, Taofeng Wang, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Zheng Wang, Jie Wen, Zhongwei Wen, Qingbiao Wu, Xiaoguang Wu, Xuan Wu, Likun Xie, Yiwei Yang, Li Yu, Tao Yu, Yongji Yu, Jing Zhang, Linhao Zhang, Liying Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Qiwei Zhang, Xianpeng Zhang, Yuliang Zhang, Zhiyong Zhang, Yingtan Zhao, Liang Zhou, Zuying Zhou, Danyang Zhu, Kejun Zhu, and Peng Zhu
Subjects: Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Nuclear data, Neutron radiation, 01 natural sciences, Optics, Beamline, Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron source, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure), Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: A white neutron source for nuclear data measurement has been built and put into operation on China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). We developeda beam monitor for real-time online monitoring of neutron flux on the white neutron source. The beam monitor work simultaneously with other nuclear data measurement detectors to provide neutron flux for data analysis. To minimize beam disturbance and reduce the background generated by the monitor, a structure in which neutron conversion layer and Si detectors are separated is employed: A 6LiF film with a mass thickness of 360 μ g/cm 2 was deposited on a 10 μ m aluminum foil and placed inside the beam line. Eight Si-detectors with a size of 20 × 20 mm2 were placed around the film outside the beam to maximize the reception of secondary particles from the conversion layer and to avoid neutron beam irradiation. The simulation of the beam monitor (layout, counting rate, neutron disturbance, etc.), construction and online performance are described in the paper. Good online performance of the monitor was achieved during the CSNS white neutron source flux calibration experiment in March, 2018: The counting rate for the beam line operating at Ф30 mm and Ф60 mm beam pattern modes was normalized to 100 kW proton beam power, and the result is consistent with the simulation. The total uncertainty of the normalized counting rate is less than 1%. Moreover, the measurement of neutron flux in low energy region below 10 keV of the white neutron source by the monitor is discussed.
Published: 2019

36. Electronics of Time-of-flight Measurement for Back-n at CSNS

Author: Y.F. He, X.R. Huang, J. W. Zhang, Zhongwei Wen, X.Y. Ji, Tao Yu, Lun Li, Wei Jiang, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Zengqi Cui, Pengcheng Wang, Yongsheng Li, Rong Liu, Z. J. Sun, Zijie Han, Haoyu Jiang, Likun Xie, Ruirui Fan, Yingtan Zhao, Li Zhou, Changqing Feng, Yongcheng He, Qingbiao Wu, Jun Ren, Yixuan Ma, Changjun Ning, Hongqing Tang, Yu Chen, Xue-wen Liu, Qing Zhong, Xiaolu Ji, Hao Sun, Xin Wu, Huaiyong Bai, Xichao Ruan, Hantao Jing, Jiannan Tang, Zirui Wang, Hanxiong Huang, L. Y. Zhang, Ling Kang, Xuejiao Li, G. Y. Luan, Q. An, Q. Wang, Y.W. Yang, Qiwei Zhang, Guozhu He, Han Yi, Zhi-Hao Zhou, Jie Bao, Z. M. Wang, Qingmin Zhang, Xiaoguang Wu, Pinjing Cheng, W.L. Huang, Qiang Li, Bing Li, Minhao Gu, Ping Cao, Y. F. Wang, Zhixin Tan, Y.J. Yu, Zhaohui Song, Xiaoyang Sun, S. B. Liu, Li Yu, Xuan Zhang, K. J. Zhu, and Guohui Zhang
Subjects: Signal Processing (eess.SP), Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Computer science, business.industry, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, Signal, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Backplane, Gate array, 0103 physical sciences, FOS: Electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Waveform, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing, business, Field-programmable gate array, Signal conditioning, Spallation Neutron Source, Computer hardware
Abstract: Back-n is a white neutron experimental facility at China Spallation Neutron Source (CSNS). The time structure of the primary proton beam make it fully applicable to use TOF (time-of-flight) method for neutron energy measuring. We implement the electronics of TOF measurement on the general-purpose readout electronics designed for all of the seven detectors in Back-n. The electronics is based on PXIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express eXtensions for Instrumentation) platform, which is composed of FDM (Field Digitizer Modules), TCM (Trigger and Clock Module), and SCM (Signal Conditioning Module). T0 signal synchronous to the CSNS accelerator represents the neutron emission from the target. It is the start of time stamp. The trigger and clock module (TCM) receives, synchronizes and distributes the T0 signal to each FDM based on the PXIe backplane bus. Meantime, detector signals after being conditioned are fed into FDMs for waveform digitizing. First sample point of the signal is the stop of time stamp. According to the start, stop time stamp and the time of signal over threshold, the total TOF can be obtained. FPGA-based (Field Programmable Gate Array) TDC is implemented on TCM to accurately acquire the time interval between the asynchronous T0 signal and the global synchronous clock phase. There is also an FPGA-based TDC on FDM to accurately acquire the time interval between T0 arriving at FDM and the first sample point of the detector signal, the over threshold time of signal is obtained offline. This method for TOF measurement is efficient and not needed for additional modules. Test result shows the accuracy of TOF is sub-nanosecond and can meet the requirement for Back-n at CSNS., 4 pages, 13 figures, 21st IEEE Real Time Conference
Published: 2018

37. Experimental result of back-streaming white neutron beam characterization at Chinese spallation neutron source

Author: Xiao Li, Kejun Zhu, Guohui Zhang, Wei Jiang, Lun Li, Zhaohui Song, Linhao Zhang, Danyang Zhu, Yuefeng He, Pengcheng Wang, Yingtan Zhao, Jingyu Tang, Taofeng Wang, Jie Wen, Changcai Han, Xiaoyang Sun, Minhao Gu, Yonghao Chen, Huaiyong Bai, Yiwei Yang, Qi An, Hantao Jing, Yinglin Ma, Liang Zhou, Xingyan Liu, Yongcheng He, Haoyu Jiang, Zhixin Tan, Likun Xie, Yang-Bo Nie, Yongji Yu, Yanfeng Wang, Zhaohui Wang, Qingbiao Wu, Qi Wang, Zengqi Cui, Xianpeng Zhang, Hongqing Tang, Chang-Lin Lan, Tao Yu, Mingtao Kang, Jing Zhang, Changjun Ning, Yi Yang, Li Yu, Jie Ren, Ling Kang, Xiru Huang, Zijie Han, Guozhu He, Guangyuan Luan, Ping Cao, Qiang Li, Yang Li, Bo Li, Zhongwei Wen, Zheng Wang, Han Yi, Kai Zhang, Ruirui Fan, Jie Bao, Liying Zhang, X. B. Ji, Fengqin Guo, Changqing Feng, Hong Sun, Hanxiong Huang, Zhijia Sun, Yuliang Zhang, Xiaolu Ji, Rong Liu, Binbin Qi, Shubin Liu, Zhiyong Zhang, Zuying Zhou, Weiling Huang, Xichao Ruan, Xuan Wu, Peng Zhu, Qiwei Zhang, Qingmin Zhang, Qiping Chen, Xiaoguang Wu, and Pinjing Cheng
Subjects: Physics, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Nuclear Theory, Detector, General Physics and Astronomy, Nuclear data, Neutron radiation, 01 natural sciences, Collimated light, Nuclear physics, Beamline, Neutron flux, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Neutron, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Spallation Neutron Source
Abstract: The Chinese spallation neutron source was completed in May 2018 and then subsequently commissioned. The Back-streaming white neutron beam line can be used in neutron nuclear data measurement, neutron physics research, and nuclear technology. In these experiments, it is necessary to know the neutron energy spectrum, the neutron flux, and the neutron beam profile of the neutron beam. In this paper, we present the preliminary measurements of these parameters. The neutron energy spectrum and neutron flux are measured by the time-of-flight method with a fission chamber equipped with 235U and 238U samples and a 6Li-Si detector. The neutron beam profile is measured by a scintillator-CMOS detection system. The preliminary experimental measurements of the beam line are obtained. Among them, the energy spectrum measurement range of white neutrons is from eV to more than 100 MeV, which also gives an uncertainty analysis; the neutron fluence rate gives the full power value of the two experimental halls; the collimated white neutron beam spot is given under a diameter of 60 mm. The future plan is also given. The results of these experimental parameters can serve as the foundation for the future nuclear data measurement and detector calibration experiments of the beam line.
Published: 2019

38. Self-adaptive phosphor coating technology for white LED packaging

Author: Xianlong Wan, Wei Wang, Haibo Rao, Linsong Zhou, Likun Xie, Kun Ding, Junyuan Liao, and Jirong Song
Subjects: Materials science, business.industry, Conformal coating, Phosphor, Photoresist, engineering.material, medicine.disease_cause, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Optics, Coating, law, medicine, engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Layer (electronics), Ultraviolet, Diode, Light-emitting diode
Abstract: Phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LEDs), which employ blue LEDs with yellow phosphors to generate white light illumination, is a widely used solidstate lighting source. In order to conduct a phosphor layer coating with high quality on LED chip, a self-adaptive coating technology is introduced in this paper. A slurry coating technique combined with self-exposure method is applied and developed to demonstrate the benefits of self-adaptive coating layer. For self-exposure, the slurry coating is exposed to the blue emission of LED itself other than to ultraviolet (UV) light outside to make photoresist crosslinking. Results of measurement indicate that white LEDs with self-adaptive coating have shown self-adaptability to the angular distribution of intensity of blue light and performed higher spatial color uniformity than those with conventional coating and other conformal coating.
Published: 2012

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