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1. Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM

Author

Rustamkulov, Z., Sing, D. K., Mukherjee, S., May, E. M., Kirk, J., Schlawin, E., Line, M. R., Piaulet, C., Carter, A. L., Batalha, N. E., Goyal, J. M., López-Morales, M., Lothringer, J. D., MacDonald, R. J., Moran, S. E., Stevenson, K. B., Wakeford, H. R., Espinoza, N., Bean, J. L., Batalha, N. M., Benneke, B., Berta-Thompson, Z. K., Crossfield, I. J. M., Gao, P., Kreidberg, L., Powell, D. K., Cubillos, P. E., Gibson, N. P., Leconte, J., Molaverdikhani, K., Nikolov, N. K., Parmentier, V., Roy, P., Taylor, J., Turner, J. D., Wheatley, P. J., Aggarwal, K., Ahrer, E., Alam, M. K., Alderson, L., Allen, N. H., Banerjee, A., Barat, S., Barrado, D., Barstow, J. K., Bell, T. J., Blecic, J., Brande, J., Casewell, S., Changeat, Q., Chubb, K. L., Crouzet, N., Daylan, T., Decin, L., Désert, J., Mikal-Evans, T., Feinstein, A. D., Flagg, L., Fortney, J. J., Harrington, J., Heng, K., Hong, Y., Hu, R., Iro, N., Kataria, T., Kempton, E. M.-R., Krick, J., Lendl, M., Lillo-Box, J., Louca, A., Lustig-Yaeger, J., Mancini, L., Mansfield, M., Mayne, N. J., Miguel, Y., Morello, G., Ohno, K., Palle, E., Petit Dit De La Roche, D. J. M., Rackham, B. V., Radica, M., Ramos-Rosado, L., Redfield, S., Rogers, L. K., Shkolnik, E. L., Southworth, J., Teske, J., Tremblin, P., Tucker, G. S., Venot, O., Waalkes, W. C., Welbanks, L., Zhang, X., Zieba, S., University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Rustamkulov, Z. [0000-0003-4408-0463], Sing, D. K. [0000-0001-6050-7645], Line, M. R. [0000-0001-6247-8323], Piaulet, C. [0000-0002-2875-917X], Goyal, J. M. [0000-0002-8515-7204], López-Morales, M. [0000-0003-3204-8183], Lothringer, J. D. [0000-0003-3667-8633], Stevenson, K. B. [0000-0002-7352-7941], Wakeford, H. R. [0000-0003-4328-3867], Benneke, B. [0000-0001-5578-1498], Powell, D. K. [0000-0002-4250-0957], Gibson, N. P. [0000-0002-9308-2353], Molaverdikhani, K. [0000-0002-0502-0428], Nikolov, N. K. [0000-0002-6500-3574], Taylor, J. [0000-0003-4844-9838], Wheatley, P. J. [0000-0003-1452-2240], Aggarwal, K. [0000-0002-7004-8670], Ahrer, E. [0000-0003-0973-8426], Alderson, L. [0000-0001-8703-7751], Allen, N. H. [0000-0002-0832-710X], Banerjee, A. [0000-0002-9124-6537], Barrado, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Barstow, J. K. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Crouzet, N. [0000-0001-7866-8738], Daylan, T. [0000-0002-6939-9211], Decin, L. [0000-0002-5342-8612], Mikal-Evans, T. [0000-0001-5442-1300], Feinstein, A. D. [0000-0002-9464-8101], Harrington, J. [0000-0002-8955-8531], Hu, R. [0000-0003-2215-8485], Kempton, E. M.-R. [0000-0002-1337-9051], Lillo-Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Mancini, L. [0000-0002-9428-8732], Mansfield, M. [0000-0003-4241-7413], Mayne, N. J. [0000-0001-6707-4563], Morello, G. [0000-0002-4262-5661], Palle, E. [0000-0003-0987-1593], Petit dit de la Roche, D. J. M. [0000-0002-8963-3810], Redfield, S. [0000-0003-3786-3486], Southworth, J. [0000-0002-3807-3198], Tremblin, P. [0000-0001-6172-3403], Zhang, X. [0000-0002-8706-6963], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Johns Hopkins University (JHU), University of California [Santa Cruz] (UC Santa Cruz), University of California (UC), Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory [Laurel, MD] (APL), Imperial College London, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, ASU School of Earth and Space Exploration (SESE), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Department of Physics [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Utah Valley University (UVU), Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University [New York], Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory [Bristol], University of Bristol [Bristol], Space Telescope Science Institute (STSci), Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [Chicago], University of Chicago, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences [Boulder], University of Colorado [Boulder], Department of Physics and Astronomy [Lawrence Kansas], University of Kansas [Lawrence] (KU), Earth and Planets Laboratory [Washington], Carnegie Institution for Science, Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), INAF/Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino, Turin, Italy, Trinity College Dublin, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University Observatory Munich, Ludwig-Maximillians University Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University [Munich] (LMU), Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (OCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford, University of Warwick [Coventry], Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Observatories [Carnegie Institution], The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Astronomical Institute Anton Pannekoek (AI PANNEKOEK), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Bay Area Environmental Research Institute (BAER), New York University [Abu Dhabi], NYU System (NYU), University of Leicester, European Space Agency (Baltimore) Space Telescope Science Institute (ESA), University of St Andrews [Scotland], Leiden Observatory [Leiden], Universiteit Leiden, Department of Physics, Princeton University (DPPU), Princeton University, Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain (UCL), Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics [UCSC Santa Cruz], University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Florida Space Institute [Orlando] (FSI), University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Institut de recherches Arctiques Jean Malaurie (IRAM), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Paris-Saclay, Maison de la Simulation (MDLS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA, Entomological Society of America, ESA, Space Telescope Science Institute, STScI, Heising-Simons Foundation, HSF, Canadian Space Agency, CSA, (JWST-ERS-01366, NAS 5-03127), Rustamkulov, Z [0000-0003-4408-0463], Sing, DK [0000-0001-6050-7645], Line, MR [0000-0001-6247-8323], Piaulet, C [0000-0002-2875-917X], Goyal, JM [0000-0002-8515-7204], López-Morales, M [0000-0003-3204-8183], Lothringer, JD [0000-0003-3667-8633], Stevenson, KB [0000-0002-7352-7941], Wakeford, HR [0000-0003-4328-3867], Benneke, B [0000-0001-5578-1498], Powell, DK [0000-0002-4250-0957], Gibson, NP [0000-0002-9308-2353], Molaverdikhani, K [0000-0002-0502-0428], Nikolov, NK [0000-0002-6500-3574], Taylor, J [0000-0003-4844-9838], Wheatley, PJ [0000-0003-1452-2240], Aggarwal, K [0000-0002-7004-8670], Ahrer, E [0000-0003-0973-8426], Alderson, L [0000-0001-8703-7751], Allen, NH [0000-0002-0832-710X], Banerjee, A [0000-0002-9124-6537], Barrado, D [0000-0002-5971-9242], Barstow, JK [0000-0003-3726-5419], Crouzet, N [0000-0001-7866-8738], Daylan, T [0000-0002-6939-9211], Decin, L [0000-0002-5342-8612], Mikal-Evans, T [0000-0001-5442-1300], Feinstein, AD [0000-0002-9464-8101], Harrington, J [0000-0002-8955-8531], Hu, R [0000-0003-2215-8485], Kempton, EM-R [0000-0002-1337-9051], Lillo-Box, J [0000-0003-3742-1987], Mancini, L [0000-0002-9428-8732], Mansfield, M [0000-0003-4241-7413], Mayne, NJ [0000-0001-6707-4563], Morello, G [0000-0002-4262-5661], Palle, E [0000-0003-0987-1593], Petit Dit de la Roche, DJM [0000-0002-8963-3810], Redfield, S [0000-0003-3786-3486], Southworth, J [0000-0002-3807-3198], Tremblin, P [0000-0001-6172-3403], and Zhang, X [0000-0002-8706-6963]

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), 141, MCC, Multidisciplinary, Settore FIS/05, 134, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 639/33/445/862, article, FOS: Physical sciences, 639/33/445/824, DAS, 639/33/34/862, 5109 Space Sciences, 140, QC Physics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, QB Astronomy, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 51 Physical Sciences, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), QC, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, QB
Abstract

Transmission spectroscopy of exoplanets has revealed signatures of water vapor, aerosols, and alkali metals in a few dozen exoplanet atmospheres. However, these previous inferences with the Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes were hindered by the observations' relatively narrow wavelength range and spectral resolving power, which precluded the unambiguous identification of other chemical species$-$in particular the primary carbon-bearing molecules. Here we report a broad-wavelength 0.5-5.5 $\mu$m atmospheric transmission spectrum of WASP-39 b, a 1200 K, roughly Saturn-mass, Jupiter-radius exoplanet, measured with JWST NIRSpec's PRISM mode as part of the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Team program. We robustly detect multiple chemical species at high significance, including Na (19$\sigma$), H$_2$O (33$\sigma$), CO$_2$ (28$\sigma$), and CO (7$\sigma$). The non-detection of CH$_4$, combined with a strong CO$_2$ feature, favours atmospheric models with a super-solar atmospheric metallicity. An unanticipated absorption feature at 4$\mu$m is best explained by SO$_2$ (2.7$\sigma$), which could be a tracer of atmospheric photochemistry. These observations demonstrate JWST's sensitivity to a rich diversity of exoplanet compositions and chemical processes., Comment: 41 pages, 4 main figures, 10 extended data figures, 4 tables. Under review in Nature

Published
2023
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2. The First Near-infrared Transmission Spectrum of HIP 41378 f, A Low-mass Temperate Jovian World in a Multiplanet System

Author

Alam, MK, Kirk, J, Dressing, CD, López-Morales, M, Ohno, K, Gao, P, Akinsanmi, B, Santerne, A, Grouffal, S, Adibekyan, V, Barros, SCC, Buchhave, LA, Crossfield, IJM, Dai, F, Deleuil, M, Giacalone, S, Lillo-Box, J, Marley, M, Mayo, AW, Mortier, A, Santos, NC, Sousa, SG, Turtelboom, EV, Wheatley, PJ, Vanderburg, AM, Alam, MK [0000-0003-4157-832X], Kirk, J [0000-0002-4207-6615], Dressing, CD [0000-0001-8189-0233], López-Morales, M [0000-0003-3204-8183], Ohno, K [0000-0003-3290-6758], Gao, P [0000-0002-8518-9601], Akinsanmi, B [0000-0001-6519-1598], Santerne, A [0000-0002-3586-1316], Grouffal, S [0000-0002-2805-5869], Adibekyan, V [0000-0002-0601-6199], Barros, SCC [0000-0003-2434-3625], Buchhave, LA [0000-0003-1605-5666], Crossfield, IJM [0000-0002-1835-1891], Dai, F [0000-0002-8958-0683], Deleuil, M [0000-0001-6036-0225], Giacalone, S [0000-0002-8965-3969], Lillo-Box, J [0000-0003-3742-1987], Marley, M [0000-0002-5251-2943], Mayo, AW [0000-0002-7216-2135], Mortier, A [0000-0001-7254-4363], Santos, NC [0000-0003-4422-2919], Sousa, SG [0000-0001-9047-2965], Turtelboom, EV [0000-0002-1845-2617], Wheatley, PJ [0000-0003-1452-2240], Vanderburg, AM [0000-0001-7246-5438], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Alam, Munazza K. [0000-0003-4157-832X], Kirk, James [0000-0002-4207-6615], Dressing, Courtney D. [0000-0001-8189-0233], López-Morales, Mercedes [0000-0003-3204-8183], Ohno, Kazumasa [0000-0003-3290-6758], Gao, Peter [0000-0002-8518-9601], Akinsanmi, Babatunde [0000-0001-6519-1598], Santerne, Alexandre [0000-0002-3586-1316], Grouffal, Salomé [0000-0002-2805-5869], Adibekyan, Vardan [0000-0002-0601-6199], Barros, Susana C. C. [0000-0003-2434-3625], Buchhave, Lars A. [0000-0003-1605-5666], Crossfield, Ian J. M. [0000-0002-1835-1891], Dai, Fei [0000-0002-8958-0683], Deleuil, Magali [0000-0001-6036-0225], Giacalone, Steven [0000-0002-8965-3969], Lillo-Box, Jorge [0000-0003-3742-1987], Marley, Mark [0000-0002-5251-2943], Mayo, Andrew W. [0000-0002-7216-2135], Mortier, Annelies [0000-0001-7254-4363], Santos, Nuno C. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Sousa, Sérgio G. [0000-0001-9047-2965], Turtelboom, Emma V. [0000-0002-1845-2617], Wheatley, Peter J. [0000-0003-1452-2240], Vanderburg, Andrew M. [0000-0001-7246-5438], Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), Harvard University-Smithsonian Institution, Carnegie Institution for Science, Centre for Star and Planet Formation (STARPLAN), Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH)-University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), University of Arizona, Observatoire Astronomique de l'Université de Genève (ObsGE), Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), and University of Warwick [Coventry]

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], The Solar System, Exoplanets, and Astrobiology, Exoplanets, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Space and Planetary Science, astro-ph.EP, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Exoplanet atmospheres
Abstract

We present a near-infrared transmission spectrum of the long period (P=542 days), temperate ($T_{eq}$=294 K) giant planet HIP 41378 f obtained with the Wide-Field Camera 3 (WFC3) instrument aboard the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). With a measured mass of 12 $\pm$ 3 $M_{\oplus}$ and a radius of 9.2 $\pm$ 0.1 $R_{\oplus}$, HIP 41378 f has an extremely low bulk density (0.09 $\pm$ 0.02 g/cm$^{3}$). We measure the transit depth with a median precision of 84 ppm in 30 spectrophotometric channels with uniformly-sized widths of 0.018 microns. Within this level of precision, the spectrum shows no evidence of absorption from gaseous molecular features between 1.1-1.7 microns. Comparing the observed transmission spectrum to a suite of 1D radiative-convective-thermochemical-equilibrium forward models, we rule out clear, low-metallicity atmospheres and find that the data prefer high-metallicity atmospheres or models with an additional opacity source such as high-altitude hazes and/or circumplanetary rings. We explore the ringed scenario for this planet further by jointly fitting the K2 and HST light curves to constrain the properties of putative rings. We also assess the possibility of distinguishing between hazy, ringed, and high-metallicity scenarios at longer wavelengths with JWST. HIP 41378 f provides a rare opportunity to probe the atmospheric composition of a cool giant planet spanning the gap between the Solar System giants, directly imaged planets, and the highly-irradiated hot Jupiters traditionally studied via transit spectroscopy., 12 pages, 4 figures, accepted to ApJL. Please also see companion paper Ohno & Fortney (2022) for further details on the ring modeling methodology (arxiv DOI: 2201.02794)

Published
2022
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3. Precise radial velocities of giant stars:XV. Mysterious nearly periodic radial velocity variations in the eccentric binary ϵ Cygni

Author

Andreas Quirrenbach, Pere L. Palle, Sabine Reffert, Torben Arentoft, M. F. Andersen, Victoria Antoci, Frank Grundahl, P. Heeren, K. H. Wong, Trifon Trifonov, Simon Albrecht, Man Hoi Lee, Jorge Lillo-Box, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Heeren, P. [0000-0002-3662-9930], Reffert, S. [0000-0002-0460-8289], Trifonov, T. [0000-0002-0236-775X], Hoi Lee, M. [0000-0003-1930-5683], Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Albrecht, S. [0000-0003-1762-8235], Fredslund Andersen, M. [0000-0002-9194-8520], Pallé, P. L. [0000-0003-3803-4823], Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Danish National Research Foundation, and Danish Council for Independent Research

Subjects
oscillations [Stars], horizontal branch [Stars], Minimum mass, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, dynamical evolution and staility [Planets and satellites], Planetary system, Giant star, dynamical evolution and stability [Planets and satellites], Radial velocity, Orbit, Stars, Planetary systems, detection [Planets and satellites], Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, horizontal-branch [Stars], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Variable star, close [Binaries], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Using the Hamilton Echelle Spectrograph at Lick Observatory, we have obtained precise radial velocities (RVs) of a sample of 373 G- and K-giant stars over more than 12 years, leading to the discovery of several single and multiple planetary systems. The RVs of the long-period (~53 years) spectroscopic binary $\epsilon$ Cyg (HIP 102488) are found to exhibit additional regular variations with a much shorter period (~291 days). We intend to improve the orbital solution of the $\epsilon$ Cyg system and attempt to identify the cause of the nearly periodic shorter period variations, which might be due to an additional substellar companion. We used precise RV measurements of the K-giant star $\epsilon$ Cyg from Lick Observatory, in combination with a large set of RVs collected more recently with the SONG telescope, as well as archival data sets. Our Keplerian model to the RVs characterizes the orbit of the spectroscopic binary to higher precision than achieved previously, resulting in a semi-major axis of $a = 15.8 \mathrm{AU}$, an eccentricity of $e = 0.93$, and a minimum mass of the secondary of $m \sin i = 0.265 M_\odot$. Additional short-period RV variations closely resemble the signal of a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting the evolved primary component with a period of $291 \mathrm{d}$, but the period and amplitude of the putative orbit change strongly over time. Furthermore, in our stability analysis of the system, no stable orbits could be found in a large region around the best fit. Both of these findings deem a planetary cause of the RV variations unlikely. Most of the investigated alternative scenarios, such as an hierarchical triple or stellar spots, also fail to explain the observed variability convincingly. Due to its very eccentric binary orbit, it seems possible, however, that $\epsilon$ Cyg could be an extreme example of a heartbeat system., Comment: 17 pages, 13 figures, accepted to A&A

Published
2021
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4. Planetary system LHS 1140 revisited with ESPRESSO and TESS

Author

L. Acuña, Nathan Hara, Nuno C. Santos, David Barrado, João P. Faria, Emmanuel Marcq, Nicola Astudillo-Defru, Stéphane Udry, Xavier Bonfils, Francesco Pepe, Pedro Figueira, A. Leleu, Philippe Robutel, Alexandre C. M. Correia, Jorge Lillo-Box, S. G. Sousa, C. Lovis, Magali Deleuil, O. Mousis, Jose-Manuel Almenara, Centro de Astrobiologia [Madrid] (CAB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA), European Southern Observatory [Santiago] (ESO), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço (IASTRO), Center for Space and Habitability (CSH), University of Bern, Space Research and Planetary Sciences [Bern) (WP), Physikalisches Institut [Bern], Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern], National Centre of Competence in Research PlanetS (NCCR PlanetS), Universität Bern [Bern]-Universität Bern [Bern]-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto] (DFA/FCUP), Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto (FCUP), Universidade do Porto-Universidade do Porto, Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva [Switzerland], Centro de Física da Universidade de Coimbra (CFisUC), Universidade de Coimbra [Coimbra], Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Departamento de Matemática y Fı́sica Aplicadas [Concepcion] (DMFA), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción (UCSC), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Spanish StateResearch Agency (AEI) Projects No.ESP2017-87676-C5-1-R and No. MDM-2017-0737 Unidad de Excelencia 'María de Maeztu' – Centro de Astrobiología(INTA-CSIC). This work was supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciênciae a Tecnologia through national funds and by FEDER through COM-PETE2020 – Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizaçãoby these grants: UID/FIS/04434/2019, UIDB/04434/2020, UIDP/04434/2020, PTDC/FIS-AST/32113/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032113, PTDC/FIS-AST/28953/2017 & POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028953. N.A.-D. acknowledges thesupport of FONDECYT project 3180063. X.B. and J.M.A. acknowledge fundingfrom the European Research Council under the ERC Grant Agreement n. 337591-ExTrA. A.C. acknowledges support by CFisUC projects (UIDB/04564/2020and UIDP/04564/2020), ENGAGE SKA (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-022217), andPHOBOS (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029932), funded by COMPETE 2020 andFCT, Portugal. J.P.F. is supported in the form of a work contract funded bynational funds through FCT with reference DL57/2016/CP1364/CT0005, European Project: 337591,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-StG,EXTRA(2014), Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE), Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Universität Bern [Bern] (UNIBE)-Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto-Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Université de Genève = University of Geneva (UNIGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faria, J. [0000-0002-6728-244X], Correia, A. C. M. [0000-0002-8946-8579], Leleu, A. [0000-0003-2051-7974], Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), FEDER through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao, Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica (CONICYT), European Research Council (ERC), ENGAGE SKA, PHOBOS, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), and European Commission (EC)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, polarimetric [Techniques], 01 natural sciences, Photometry (optics), planets and satellites: terrestrial planets, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, techniques: radial velocities, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [PHYS]Physics [physics], radial velocities [Techniques], planets and satellites: composition, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planetary system, Orbital period, interiors [Planets and satellites], Exoplanet, planets and satellites: interiors, planets and satellites: individual: LHS1140, Radial velocity, techniques: polarimetric, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, terrestrial planets [Planets and satellites], composition [Planets and satellites], individual: LHS1140 [Planets and satellites], [SDU.ASTR.GA]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.GA], [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Circumstellar habitable zone, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. LHS 1140 is an M dwarf known to host two transiting planets at orbital periods of 3.77 and 24.7 days. They were detected with HARPS and Spitzer. The external planet (LHS 1140 b) is a rocky super-Earth that is located in the middle of the habitable zone of this low-mass star. All these properties place this system at the forefront of the habitable exoplanet exploration, and it therefore constitutes a relevant case for further astrobiological studies, including atmospheric observations. Aims. We further characterize this system by improving the physical and orbital properties of the known planets, search for additional planetary-mass components in the system, and explore the possibility of co-orbitals. Methods. We collected 113 new high-precision radial velocity observations with ESPRESSO over a 1.5-yr time span with an average photon-noise precision of 1.07 m s-1. We performed an extensive analysis of the HARPS and ESPRESSO datasets and also analyzed them together with the new TESS photometry. We analyzed the Bayesian evidence of several models with different numbers of planets and orbital configurations. Results. We significantly improve our knowledge of the properties of the known planets LHS 1140 b (Pb ∼ 24.7 days) and LHS 1140 c (Pc ∼ 3.77 days). We determine new masses with a precision of 6% for LHS 1140 b (6.48 ± 0.46 Mpdbl) and 9% for LHS 1140 c (mc = 1.78 ± 0.17 Mpdbl). This reduces the uncertainties relative to previously published values by half. Although both planets have Earth-like bulk compositions, the internal structure analysis suggests that LHS 1140 b might be iron-enriched and LHS 1140 c might be a true Earth twin. In both cases, the water content is compatible to a maximum fraction of 10-12% in mass, which is equivalent to a deep ocean layer of 779 ± 650 km for the habitable-zone planet LHS 1140 b. Our results also provide evidence for a new planet candidate in the system (md = 4.8 ± 1.1Mpdbl) on a 78.9-day orbital period, which is detected through three independent methods. The analysis also allows us to discard other planets above 0.5 Mpdbl for periods shorter than 10 days and above 2 Mpdbl for periods up to one year. Finally, our co-orbital analysis discards co-orbital planets in the tadpole and horseshoe configurations of LHS 1140 b down to 1 Mpdbl with a 95% confidence level (twice better than with the previous HARPS dataset). Indications for a possible co-orbital signal in LHS 1140 c are detected in both radial velocity (alternatively explained by a high eccentricity) and photometric data (alternatively explained by systematics), however. Conclusions. The new precise measurements of the planet properties of the two transiting planets in LHS 1140 as well as the detection of the planet candidate LHS 1140 d make this system a key target for atmospheric studies of rocky worlds at different stellar irradiations., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

Published
2020
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5. Mass determinations of the three mini-Neptunes transiting TOI-125

Author

Farzana Meru, Matías R. Díaz, John H. Livingston, Florian Rodler, Samuel N. Quinn, Pablo Rojas, Heike Rauer, Diana Kossakowski, Isabelle Boisse, George R. Ricker, P. T. Boyd, Ravit Helled, Judith Korth, S. C. C. Barros, L. A. dos Santos, A. P. Hatzes, S. Sabotta, Rafael Luque, M. Stalport, Andrew Vanderburg, Jason H. Steffen, Vincent Van Eylen, Edward M. Bryant, Jon M. Jenkins, David J. Armstrong, L. González-Cuesta, S. Hojjatpanah, Norio Narita, Felipe Murgas, Savita Mathur, J. F. Otegi, Paul Wilson, Iskra Georgieva, Nicolás T. Kurtovic, Sara Seager, Emeline Bolmont, Xavier Dumusque, Jose I. Vines, M. Esposito, Z. M. Berdinas, Sascha Grziwa, Olivier Demangeon, J. M. Almenara, O. Mousis, Julia V. Seidel, D. J. A. Brown, T. Lopez, A. Santerne, S. G. Sousa, Benjamin F. Cooke, Davide Gandolfi, R. A. Garcia, Eric B. Ting, Fei Dai, David W. Latham, Daniel Bayliss, Romain Allart, Peter J. Wheatley, François Bouchy, Christopher J. Burke, Vardan Adibekyan, Seth Redfield, Hugh P. Osborn, Natalia Guerrero, Joshua N. Winn, Malcolm Fridlund, Martin Turbet, Louise D. Nielsen, Chris Henze, Caroline Dorn, J. Dittman, K. W. F. Lam, Carina M. Persson, William D. Cochran, Jorge Lillo-Box, Rodrigo F. Díaz, Stéphane Udry, Nuno C. Santos, David Barrado, Enric Palle, James S. Jenkins, Roland Vanderspek, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Vanderburg, A. [0000-0001-7246-5438], Dos Santos, L. [0000-0002-2248-3838], Barrado, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Cochran, W. [0000-0001-9662-3496], Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Barros, S. [0000-0003-2434-3625], Stalport, M. [0000-0003-0996-6402], Dorn, C. [0000-0001-6110-4610], Nielsen, L. D. [0000-0002-5254-2499], Seidel, J. V. [0000-0002-7990-9596], Diaz, M. R. [0000-0002-2100-3257], Bolmont, E. [0000-0001-5657-4503], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Van Eylen, V. [0000-0001-5542-8870], Armstrong, D. [0000-0002-5080-4117], Korth, J. [0000-0002-0076-6239], Díaz, R. [0000-0001-9289-5160], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Luque, R. [0000-0002-4671-2957], Turbet, M. [0000-0003-2260-9856], Mathur, S. [0000-0002-0129-0316], Strom, P. A. [0000-0002-7823-1090], Sabotta, S. [0000-0001-9078-5574], Wheatley, P. [0000-0003-1452-2240], Hojjatpanah, S. [0000-0002-0417-1902], Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Swiss National Centre of Competence inResearch (NCCR), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), European Research Council (ERC), European Southern Observatory, STFC via an Ernest Rutherford Fellowship, FEDER -Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional through COMPETE2020-Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology, CONICYT-PFCHA/Doctorado Nacional, Comision Nacional de Investigacion Cientifica y Tecnologica CONICYT FONDECYT, German Research Foundation (DFG), Spanish State Research Agency (AEI), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, and Spanish Ministry under the Ramon y Cajal fellowship

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Planets and satellites: detection, Planets and satellites: individual: (TOI-125, TIC 52368076), FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Neptune, Planet, TIC 52368076), 0103 physical sciences, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], individual: TOI-125, TIC 52368076 [Planets and satellites], Ecliptic, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radius, Planets and satellites: detection, Orbital period, Exoplanet, Radial velocity, detection [Planets and satellites], Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planets and satellites: individual: (TOI-125
Abstract

The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, TESS, is currently carrying out an all-sky search for small planets transiting bright stars. In the first year of the TESS survey, steady progress was made in achieving the mission's primary science goal of establishing bulk densities for 50 planets smaller than Neptune. During that year, TESS's observations were focused on the southern ecliptic hemisphere, resulting in the discovery of three mini-Neptunes orbiting the star TOI-125, a V=11.0 K0 dwarf. We present intensive HARPS radial velocity observations, yielding precise mass measurements for TOI-125b, TOI-125c and TOI-125d. TOI-125b has an orbital period of 4.65 days, a radius of $2.726 \pm 0.075 ~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$, a mass of $ 9.50 \pm 0.88 ~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$ and is near the 2:1 mean motion resonance with TOI-125c at 9.15 days. TOI-125c has a similar radius of $2.759 \pm 0.10 ~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$ and a mass of $ 6.63 \pm 0.99 ~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$, being the puffiest of the three planets. TOI-125d, has an orbital period of 19.98 days and a radius of $2.93 \pm 0.17~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$ and mass $13.6 \pm 1.2 ~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$. For TOI-125b and TOI-125d we find unusual high eccentricities of $0.19\pm 0.04$ and $0.17^{+0.08}_{-0.06}$, respectively. Our analysis also provides upper mass limits for the two low-SNR planet candidates in the system; for TOI-125.04 ($R_P=1.36 ~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$, $P=$0.53 days) we find a $2\sigma$ upper mass limit of $1.6~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$, whereas TOI-125.05 ( $R_P=4.2^{+2.4}_{-1.4} ~\mathrm{R_{\rm E}}$, $P=$ 13.28 days) is unlikely a viable planet candidate with upper mass limit $2.7~\mathrm{M_{\rm E}}$. We discuss the internal structure of the three confirmed planets, as well as dynamical stability and system architecture for this intriguing exoplanet system., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

Published
2020
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6. A remnant planetary core in the hot-Neptune desert

Author

David J. Armstrong, Théo A. Lopez, Vardan Adibekyan, Richard A. Booth, Edward M. Bryant, Karen A. Collins, Magali Deleuil, Alexandre Emsenhuber, Chelsea X. Huang, George W. King, Jorge Lillo-Box, Jack J. Lissauer, Elisabeth Matthews, Olivier Mousis, Louise D. Nielsen, Hugh Osborn, Jon Otegi, Nuno C. Santos, Sérgio G. Sousa, Keivan G. Stassun, Dimitri Veras, Carl Ziegler, Jack S. Acton, Jose M. Almenara, David R. Anderson, David Barrado, Susana C. C. Barros, Daniel Bayliss, Claudia Belardi, Francois Bouchy, César Briceño, Matteo Brogi, David J. A. Brown, Matthew R. Burleigh, Sarah L. Casewell, Alexander Chaushev, David R. Ciardi, Kevin I. Collins, Knicole D. Colón, Benjamin F. Cooke, Ian J. M. Crossfield, Rodrigo F. Díaz, Elisa Delgado Mena, Olivier D. S. Demangeon, Caroline Dorn, Xavier Dumusque, Philipp Eigmüller, Michael Fausnaugh, Pedro Figueira, Tianjun Gan, Siddharth Gandhi, Samuel Gill, Erica J. Gonzales, Michael R. Goad, Maximilian N. Günther, Ravit Helled, Saeed Hojjatpanah, Steve B. Howell, James Jackman, James S. Jenkins, Jon M. Jenkins, Eric L. N. Jensen, Grant M. Kennedy, David W. Latham, Nicholas Law, Monika Lendl, Michael Lozovsky, Andrew W. Mann, Maximiliano Moyano, James McCormac, Farzana Meru, Christoph Mordasini, Ares Osborn, Don Pollacco, Didier Queloz, Liam Raynard, George R. Ricker, Pamela Rowden, Alexandre Santerne, Joshua E. Schlieder, Sara Seager, Lizhou Sha, Thiam-Guan Tan, Rosanna H. Tilbrook, Eric Ting, Stéphane Udry, Roland Vanderspek, Christopher A. Watson, Richard G. West, Paul A. Wilson, Joshua N. Winn, Peter Wheatley, Jesus Noel Villasenor, Jose I. Vines, Zhuchang Zhan, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Météo-France, Armstrong, David J [0000-0002-5080-4117], Collins, Karen A [0000-0001-6588-9574], Emsenhuber, Alexandre [0000-0002-8811-1914], Lillo-Box, Jorge [0000-0003-3742-1987], Lissauer, Jack J [0000-0001-6513-1659], Santos, Nuno C [0000-0003-4422-2919], Stassun, Keivan G [0000-0002-3481-9052], Veras, Dimitri [0000-0001-8014-6162], Barrado, David [0000-0002-5971-9242], Collins, Kevin I [0000-0003-2781-3207], Demangeon, Olivier DS [0000-0001-7918-0355], Dumusque, Xavier [0000-0002-9332-2011], Eigmüller, Philipp [0000-0003-4096-0594], Jenkins, Jon M [0000-0002-4715-9460], Jensen, Eric LN [0000-0002-4625-7333], Kennedy, Grant M [0000-0001-6831-7547], Mordasini, Christoph [0000-0002-1013-2811], Santerne, Alexandre [0000-0002-3586-1316], Seager, Sara [0000-0002-6892-6948], Sha, Lizhou [0000-0001-5401-8079], Udry, Stéphane [0000-0001-7576-6236], West, Richard G [0000-0001-6604-5533], Wilson, Paul A [0000-0002-7823-1090], Winn, Joshua N [0000-0002-4265-047X], Wheatley, Peter [0000-0003-1452-2240], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Collins, K. A. [0000-0002-4317-142X], Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Matthews, E. [0000-0003-0593-1560], Sousa, S. [0000-0002-3631-6440], National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Unidad de Excelencia María de Maeztu del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, and French Programme National de Planetologie

Subjects
Extrasolare Planeten und Atmosphären, astro-ph.SR, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gas giant, 530 Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, TOI-849b, 01 natural sciences, Astrobiology, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Planetary Core, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Hot Neptune, Desert, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, QB, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Multidisciplinary, Planetary core, 520 Astronomy, Giant planet, 620 Engineering, Accretion (astrophysics), Exoplanet, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], astro-ph.EP, Neptune, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planetary mass, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The interiors of giant planets remain poorly understood. Even for the planets in the Solar System, difficulties in observation lead to large uncertainties in the properties of planetary cores. Exoplanets that have undergone rare evolutionary processes provide a route to understanding planetary interiors. Planets found in and near the typically barren hot-Neptune 'desert' (a region in mass-radius space that contains few planets) have proved to be particularly valuable in this regard. These planets include HD149026b, which is thought to have an unusually massive core, and recent discoveries such as LTT9779b and NGTS-4b, on which photoevaporation has removed a substantial part of their outer atmospheres. Here we report observations of the planet TOI-849b, which has a radius smaller than Neptune's but an anomalously large mass of $39.1^{+2.7}_{-2.6}$ Earth masses and a density of $5.2^{+0.7}_{-0.8}$ grams per cubic centimetre, similar to Earth's. Interior structure models suggest that any gaseous envelope of pure hydrogen and helium consists of no more than $3.9^{+0.8}_{-0.9}$ per cent of the total planetary mass. The planet could have been a gas giant before undergoing extreme mass loss via thermal self-disruption or giant planet collisions, or it could have avoided substantial gas accretion, perhaps through gap opening or late formation. Although photoevaporation rates cannot account for the mass loss required to reduce a Jupiter-like gas giant, they can remove a small (a few Earth masses) hydrogen and helium envelope on timescales of several billion years, implying that any remaining atmosphere on TOI-849b is likely to be enriched by water or other volatiles from the planetary interior. We conclude that TOI-849b is the remnant core of a giant planet., Published in Nature. This is a preprint of the article, before minor changes made during the refereeing and editing process. The published PDF is at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2421-7 and can be accessed for free by following this link: https://rdcu.be/b5miB . Abstract updated to match published version

Published
2020
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7. WASP-127b: a misaligned planet with a partly cloudy atmosphere and tenuous sodium signature seen by ESPRESSO

Author

P. Di Marcantonio, M. Cretignier, Alessandro Sozzetti, Stéphane Udry, Vincent Bourrier, P. Figueira, J. I. González Hernández, Stefano Cristiani, Vardan Adibekyan, François Bouchy, Baptiste Lavie, Olivier Demangeon, Núria Casasayas-Barris, A. Suárez Mascareño, Cristina Martins, Nuno C. Santos, Marco Riva, C. Lovis, Enric Palle, Antonio Manescau, Denis Mégevand, Hans Dekker, Nelson J. Nunes, Monika Lendl, Alexandre Cabral, Andrea Mehner, Ennio Poretti, Lorenzo Pino, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, Francesco Pepe, Willy Benz, Yann Alibert, G. Lo Curto, S. G. Sousa, Valentina D'Odorico, Paolo Molaro, Rafael Rebolo, Hugo M. Tabernero, Giuseppina Micela, M. Amate, Xavier Dumusque, Jorge Lillo-Box, Francesco Borsa, Romain Allart, C. Allende Prieto, Filippo Maria Zerbi, R. Génova Santos, Mahmoudreza Oshagh, David Ehrenreich, Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), European Research Council (ERC), Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT), Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Allart, R. [0000-0002-1199-9759], Pino, L. [0000-0002-1321-8856], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Pallé, E. [0000-0003-0987-1593], Pepe, F. [0000-0002-9815-773X], Cristiani, S. [0000-0002-2115-5234], Rebolo, R. [0000-0003-3767-7085], Bourrier, V. [0000-0002-9148-034X], Demangeon, O. D. S. [0000-0001-7918-0355], Lendl, M. [0000-0001-9699-1459], Lillo Box, J. [0000-0003-3742-1987], Sozzetti, A. [0000-0002-7504-365X], Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Allende Prieto, C. [0000-0002-0084-572X], Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X], D´Odorico, V. [0000-0003-3693-3091], Di Marcantonio, P. [0000-0003-3168-2289], González Hernández, J. I. [0000-0002-0264-7356], Mehner, A. [0000-0002-9564-3302], Molaro, P. [0000-0002-0571-4163], Poretti, E. [0000-0003-1200-0473], Zerbi, F. M. [0000-0002-9996-973X], European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union, FEDER through COMPETE2020 Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalizacao, Research Projects of National Relevance (PRIN), 201278X4FL, and Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737

Subjects
individual: WASP-127b [Planets and satellites], Atmospheres, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Satellites, FOS: Physical sciences, Planets, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Spectroscopic, 01 natural sciences, spectroscopic [Techniques], Atmosphere, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, observational [Methods], Transit (astronomy), Observational, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Line (formation), Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, Blueshift, Orbit, WASP-127b, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, atmospheres [Planets and satellites], Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context The study of exoplanet atmospheres is essential for understanding the formation, evolution, and composition of exoplanets. The transmission spectroscopy technique is playing a significant role in this domain. In particular, the combination of state-of-The-Art spectrographs at low-And high-spectral resolution is key to our understanding of atmospheric structure and composition. Aims. We observed two transits of the close-in sub-Saturn-mass planet, WASP-127b, with ESPRESSO in the frame of the Guaranteed Time Observations Consortium. We aim to use these transit observations to study the system architecture and the exoplanet atmosphere simultaneously. Methods. We used the Reloaded Rossiter-McLaughlin technique to measure the projected obliquity λ and the projected rotational velocity veq sin(i∗). We extracted the high-resolution transmission spectrum of the planet to study atomic lines. We also proposed a new cross-correlation framework to search for molecular species and we applied it to water vapor. Results. The planet is orbiting its slowly rotating host star (veq sin(i∗) = 0.53-0.05+0.07 km s-1) on a retrograde misaligned orbit (λ =-128.41-5.46+5.60 °). We detected the sodium line core at the 9-σ confidence level with an excess absorption of 0.34 ± 0.04%, a blueshift of 2.74 ± 0.79 km s-1, and a full width at half maximum of 15.18 ± 1.75 km s-1. However, we did not detect the presence of other atomic species but set upper limits of only a few scale heights. Finally, we put a 3-σ upper limit on the average depth of the 1600 strongest water lines at equilibrium temperature in the visible band of 38 ppm. This constrains the cloud-deck pressure between 0.3 and 0.5 mbar by combining our data with low-resolution data in the near-infrared and models computed for this planet. Conclusions. WASP-127b, with an age of about 10 Gyr, is an unexpected exoplanet by its orbital architecture but also by the small extension of its sodium atmosphere (~7 scale heights). ESPRESSO allows us to take a step forward in the detection of weak signals, thus bringing strong constraints on the presence of clouds in exoplanet atmospheres. The framework proposed in this work can be applied to search for molecular species and study cloud-decks in other exoplanets., With funding from the Spanish government through the "María de Maeztu Unit of Excellence" accreditation (MDM-2017-0737)

Published
2020
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