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Aim: To determine the presence of Prevotella species, the cfxA/cfxA2, blaZ and blaTEM genes associated with resistance to lactamic agents in different oral niches of children with pulp necrosis. Methodology: Children with pulp necrosis in primary teeth had samples of saliva, supragingival, pulp chamber and root canal biofilms collected and tested for Prevotella species (P. intermedia, P. nigrescens, P. tannerae) and for beta‐lactam resistance genes (cfxA/cfxA2, blaZ and blaTEM). The presence of bacterial DNA was examined through PCR, with a specific primer directed to the 16S rRNA gene. Specific primers were used to detect the Prevotella species and beta‐lactam resistance genes. The chi‐square test was used to analyse associations between the presence of bacteria and clinical variables. The Cochran's Q test was used to assess whether the proportion of gene detection is the same between different sites. Results: Thirty‐two teeth were sampled from 27 patients with a mean age of 5.5 years (±1.76). The total detection rate of Prevotella strains was 29.1%, 25%, 21.8% and 32.29% in saliva, supragingival, pulp chamber and root canal samples, respectively. P. nigrescens was the most commonly detected species in all oral niches. The previous use of antibiotics was associated with detection of P. nigrescens in saliva (P = 0.03). Pain was associated with the presence of P. nigrescens (P = 0.04) and P. tannerae (P = 0.01) in pulp chamber biofilm. blaTEM was detected in the four oral niches, being more frequent (23.8%) in supragingival biofilm (Cochran's Q test, P = 0.04). The presence of P. intermedia in SB and PC was associated with the detection of blaTEM in saliva (P = 0.04). The cfxA/cfxA2 and blaZ genes were not detected in any of the four oral niches. Conclusions: The oral cavity of children with pulp necrosis had a variable distribution of Prevotella strains in different niches. Saliva, supragingival biofilm, pulp chamber and root canals of primary teeth with necrotic pulps can harbour resistance genes to beta‐lactams agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature has identified complex aspects of intracellular host-parasite relationships, which require systematic, nonreductionist approaches and spatial/temporal information. Increasing and integrating temporal and spatial dimensions in host cell imaging have contributed to elucidating several conceptual gaps in the biology of intracellular parasites. To access and investigate complex and emergent dynamic events, it is mandatory to follow them in the context of living cells and organs, constructing scientific images with integrated high quality spatiotemporal data. This review discusses examples of how advances in microscopy have challenged established conceptual models of the intracellular life cycles of Leishmania spp. and Trypanosoma cruzi protozoan parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present research was to evaluate the influence of organic and non-organic production systems on color stability and lipid oxidation of broiler meat Pectoralis major (PM) stored under refrigeration (4° C) for 9 days. PM samples from organic (ORG) and non-organic (NORG) production systems were compared based on physicochemical analyses (instrumental color, myoglobin concentration, metmyoglobin reducing activity (MRA), pH, and lipid oxidation) performed in 4 different trials (n = 4). In general, NORG broilers demonstrated higher (P < 0.05) b* and lipid oxidation values than ORG, whereas ORG samples exhibited increased (P < 0.05) MRA, ratio of reflectance at 630 per 580 nanometers (R 630/580), and a* values. The lower color stability observed in NORG samples can be partly due to lipid oxidation. Therefore, the production system can affect color and lipid stability of broiler breast meat during storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation from UV-C has been demonstrated as a potential surface decontamination method in addition to several advantages over regular sanitation methods. However, UV-C radiation possibly affects the physicochemical properties of meat products. To determine the optimum exposure time for bacterial reduction, 39 chicken breasts, inoculated with a pool of Salmonella spp., were submitted to 3 levels of UV-C intensities (0.62, 1.13, and 1.95 mW/cm² ) for up to 120 s. After the optimum exposure time of 90 s was determined, changes in the biogenic amines, total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Eriterobacteriaceae, lipid oxidation, pH, and instrumental color were evaluated in 84 chicken breasts that were irradiated (0.62, 1.13, and 1.95 mW/cm² ) and stored at 4°C for 9 d. The groups treated with UV-C radiation exhibited an increase in tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine contents ( P < 0.05). The highest UV-C intensity (1.95 mW/cm² ) promoted a decrease in the initial bacterial load, and extended the lag phase and the shelf life. The groups irradiated with 1.13 and 1.95 mW/cm² exhibited a more stable b* value than the other groups; similar trends for L*, a*, pH, and ?? A reactive substance values were observed among all groups. The UV-C light was demonstrated to be an efficient alternative technology to improve the bacteriological quality of chicken meat without negatively affecting the physical and chemical parameters of chicken breast meat. Nonetheless, the increases on the biogenic amines content should be considered as an effect of the UV processing and not as an indicator of bacterial growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of applying high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the instrumental parameters of color and texture and sensory characteristics of alligator meat were evaluated. Samples of alligator tail meat were sliced, vacuum-packed, pressurized and distributed into four groups: control, treated with 200 MPa/10 min, 300 MPa/10 min and 400 MPa/10 min, then stored at 4°C±1°C for 45 days. Instrumental color, texture profile and a sensory profiling using quantitative descriptive analysis were carried out on the 1st, 15th, 30th and 45th days of storage. HHP was shown to affect the color and texture of the product, and the sensory descriptors (p<0.05). The results suggest that high pressure is a promising technology for the processing of alligator meat, especially low pressures (200 MPa) which can have positive effects on the quality of the product., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Previous studies in developing countries have demonstrated post-disaster stress disorders in a substantial share of the people living through a natural calamity, but questions have remained as to the severity of these mental health problems. This article reports information derived from a 1987 study of Ecuadorian earthquake victims that shows many of the victims had diagnosable psychiatric disorders and provides insight into the nature of those disorders.

Previous studies in developing countries have demonstrated post-disaster stress disorders in a substantial share of the people living through a natural calamity, but questions have remained as to the severity of these mental health problems. This article reports information derived from a 1987 study of Ecuadorian earthquake victims that shows many of the victims had diagnosable psychiatric disorders and provides insight into the nature of those disorders.

The records of two groups of patients (358 schizophrenics and 69 neurotics), attending the community mental health center of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, were reviewed to assess the extent and severity of reported medical problems. Results indicate that 38% of the schizophrenics and 53% of the neurotics report medical problems, but schizophrenics present with serious medical problems more often than do the neurotics. The authors draw attention to the need for properly assessing the severity of these medical problems and for adequately coordinating psychiatric and medical care. Strategies to overcome these difficulties are suggested.

Seven to eight months after the disastrous volcanic mudslide that destroyed the town of Armero, Colombia, 200 victims were screened up by means of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) for emotional disorders identification. In order to assess disorders' specific nature, a 104-victim subsample was interviewed by psychiatrists. The most frequent diagnosis ranged among (a) Post-traumatic stress syndrome, (b) Depressión, and (c) Generalized anxiety disorder. Our findings help us to point out that (1) In a developing country a higher prevalence of well-defined emotional disorders among victims of any first-magnitude disaster is to be detected at such a level it can safely be said a real epidemic is to be tackled with, (2) Basically, the identified symptomatology confines itself to anxiety-depression disorders, (3) SRQ is indeed an apt instrument for disasters victims screening, and (4) Mental health specialized resources proved to be insufficient for an adequate coverage of the needs of the affected communities to be performed. As far as mental health is concerned, if the necessary services are to be offered so that all aspects involved are taken care of, it is imperative that victims be attended to by primary care workers. So far, mental health primary care area is still lacking a systematical research within a disaster situation framework. We understand that our paper may serve as an initial orientation for this care strategy being duly implemented and furthered up.

This paper presents a critical synthesis of models and methods in psychiatric epidemiology, with special reference to the developing world. Basic epidemiological concepts and their application to psychiatric epidemiology are reviewed. Lastly, the relevance of these developments for the Third World is described, underlining their role in General Health and Mental Health planning and policy.

The proportion of outpatients with concurrent medical and psychiatric problems is high and is expected to increase, but coordination of services has not been satisfactory. The medical and psychiatric records of 28 patients under regular psychiatric and medical care were abstracted, for a total of 323 visits, to ascertain issues related to assessment and coordination of care. Results indicate that psychiatric therapists and primary-care providers do not perform satisfactorily in assessing medical and psychiatric problems, respectively, and in initiating coordination of their patients' health care. The implications of these findings for the training, education, and supervision of staff are discussed.

The aim of this study was to estimate the needs for mental health services in Latin America and the Caribbean by the year 2000. Two types of data were used: statistics on mortality due to psychosocial and psychopathological causes, and data on psychiatric morbidity which were extrapolated from a study on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Puerto Rico. As a result of a rise in the prevalence of certain psychiatric disorders that lead to death, particularly those that involve violence, it is predicted that gross mortality from these causes will increase by 11.2% between 1985 and the year 2000. Parallel to this trend will be an increase in the number of years of potential life lost. In addition, it is estimated that 88.3 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean will suffer specific psychiatric disorders. This figure represents an increase of 48.1% over 1985. There will also be a rise in the gross prevalence figures for this group of disorders. There is no question that the predicted population growth differential will have a serious impact on the demand for mental health services. The worsening of socioeconomic conditions in Latin America and the Caribbean, coupled with other social factors, may cause the increases to be even greater. Health authorities, administrators, planners, and professionals will need to allow for this increased demand for services if the goal of mental health for all is to be attained by the year 2000.