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The purpose of this study was twofold: a) to analyze if the set speed can predict the attack efficacy of the outside hitter; and b) if the team level is a predictor of set speed and attack efficacy. A total of 32 games of elite competitions were observed, and 260 attack actions performed by the outside hitters from six national teams were analyzed throughout the Kinovea Software. Independent-sample t-tests were conducted and, when differences between groups were significant (i.e., p < .050), those variables were included in the model as covariates. Additionally, to analyze the predictor variables of efficacy, logistic binary regression and linear regression were used. Results showed that the better the reception, the higher the set speed; however, neither the set speed nor the team level predict the attack efficacy. Thus, it can be concluded that the individual performance of the outside hitter should be developed instead the set speed. Notwithstanding, to increase the speed of the game, teams should improve the receptor efficacy. It is important for teams to find a set speed that balances the benefit of a faster set with the need for control and accuracy from the outside hitter. © Copyright: Federación Española de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educación Física (FEADEF)

The objective of the present study was to analyze and compare the setter's decision-making (DM) in the offensive construction of the side-out (attack from the reception) in high-level men's volleyball. The sample consisted of the analysis of 132 games of the Brazilian men's volleyball Super-League 2021/2022, with 22 games for each team. The results showed that the eigenvector values were higher for setting to position 3, central attacker next to the setter, simple block, and obtaining the attack point. In addition, the setter's DM was similar between teams, suggesting that the game strategies aim to provide subsidies for the setter to make the decisions according to the game context in a flexible way and generate benefits for the attackers about the number of blockers, being that under ideal conditions and due to the lifter's correct choices in distribution, central blockers avoid anticipating the setting, and this fact allows the conditions of a single block or double-broken blocks in most cases. As a practical application, setting for the central attacker in position 3 becomes an interesting option for point acquisition and is capable of influencing the number of blockers, as well as the optimal blocking condition. Another application would be for the central attacker to position themselves close to the setter, a strategy that would enable the use of the "pipe" attack in other areas of the court with lower defensive blocking power., El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar y comparar la toma de decisiones (TD) del colocador en la construcción ofensiva del side-out (ataque desde la recepción) en el voleibol masculino de alto nivel. La muestra consistió en el análisis de 132 partidos de la Superliga masculina de voleibol de Brasil 2021/2022, con 22 partidos por equipo. Los resultados mostraron que los valores de los autovectores fueron más altos al realizar la colocación en la posición 3, con el atacante central junto al colocador, bloqueo simple y obtención del punto de ataque. Además, la TD del colocador fue similar entre los equipos, lo que sugiere que las estrategias de juego buscan proporcionar subsidios al colocador para tomar decisiones de acuerdo con el contexto del juego de manera flexible y generar beneficios para los atacantes en relación al número de bloqueadores, siendo que bajo condiciones ideales y debido a las elecciones correctas del levantador en la distribución, los bloqueadores centrales evitan anticipar la colocación, lo que permite las condiciones de un solo bloqueo o bloques dobles rotos en la mayoría de los casos. Como aplicación práctica, la colocación para el atacante central en la posición 3 se convierte en una opción interesante para la obtención del punto y tiene la capacidad de influir en el número de bloqueadores, así como en la condición óptima de bloqueo. Otra aplicación sería que el atacante central se posicione cerca del colocador, una estrategia que permitiría el uso del ataque "pipe" en otras áreas de la cancha con un menor poder defensivo de bloqueo.

The purpose of this study was to examine if only child show differences on somatic growth and physical fitness compared to be a child with siblings. The participants included 542 children (boys: N = 270; girls: N = 270) between 7 and 15 years of age. Somatic growth (height, weight, body mass index) and physical fitness (handgrip strength; flexed harm hang; 60-s sit-ups; standing long jump; 10-m shuttle run and PACER test) were assessed. Variance analysis revealed significant advantages for children with siblings in the flexed arm hang (p = 0.046), 60-s sit-ups (p = 0.002), 10-m shuttle run (p = 0.013) and PACER (p = 0.032). An examination of the possible differential effect of sex on the results revealed no significance for physical fitness variables, but significant interaction were found for weight (p = 0.004) and body mass index (p = 0.005). Despite a lack of interactions between offspring and sex in physical fitness, significant differences between sexes were found in all fitness variables. In conclusion, having siblings showed to be advantageous for general physical fitness in children. This evidence may be used for future analysis and interventions in motor competence, namely considering the growing number of only children in some regions of the world.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to assess the external jump-training load of different playing positions in male professional volleyball players during regular competitive microcycles. Five male elite volleyball players participated in this study. The sample was composed by five male elite volleyball players of a team from Portugal’s first division.was composed of 8,532 jumps were analyzed during 12 practice sessions of four competitive microcycles of the regular season (three practices in each microcycle). A descriptive design was implemented to analyze the number of jumps, jump heights, and rest time by players’ playing positions (middle blockers, setter, and outside hitters), by training sessions, and by microcycles. The jump height and jump moment were recorded using an inertial measurement device. The setter made a significantly greater number of jumps than middle blockers and outside hitters. Middle blockers and outside hitters accumulate their jumps in specific moments (frontcourt). No significant differences were found in the jump intensity with player positions and with different training days of the microcycle. Significant lower amount of jumps were found on the training day before the competition. Results show how the coach modified the jump-training load of the session in the day prior to the competition., El propósito de este estudio exploratorio fue evaluar la carga externa de entrenamiento de salto de diferentes posiciones de juego en jugadores de voleibol profesionales masculinos durante microciclos competitivos regulares. Cinco jugadores masculinos de voleibol de élite participaron en este estudio. La muestra estuvo compuesta por cinco jugadores de voleibol de élite masculinos de un equipo de la primera división de Portugal. Se compuso de 8,532 saltos y se analizaron durante 12 sesiones de práctica de cuatro microciclos competitivos de la temporada regular (tres prácticas en cada microciclo). Se implementó un diseño descriptivo para analizar la cantidad de saltos, alturas de salto y tiempo de descanso por las posiciones de juego de los jugadores (bloqueadores medios, colocadores y bateadores externos), por sesiones de entrenamiento y por microciclos. La altura de salto y el momento de salto se registraron utilizando un dispositivo de medición inercial. Setter hizo un número significativamente mayor de saltos que los bloqueadores medios y los bateadores externos. Los bloqueadores medios y los bateadores externos acumulan sus saltos en momentos específicos primera línea. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la intensidad del salto con las posiciones de los jugadores y con los diferentes días de entrenamiento del microciclo. Se encontró una cantidad de saltos significativamente menor en el día de entrenamiento antes de la competición. Los resultados muestran cómo el entrenador modificó la carga de entrenamiento de salto de la sesión en el día anterior a la competición.

The acquisition of a frequent sports leisure practice is one of the objectives that our society must achieve in order to ensure proper health and an improvement of life quality of young people. In turn, sport leisure practices are considered a frontline tool to foster socialization of potentially vulnerable young people. This study examined the effect of vulnerability in sports leisure habits in young people; in their preferences of physical and sporting practices through an organized or autonomous way; and finally, in the perceptions of the benefits that these practices entail. For this purpose, a quantitative research design was conducted, administering an ad hoc questionnaire to a sample of 2694 post-obligatory and non-university students in Spain; 785 of them were labelled as students at potential risk of vulnerability. The results revealed the existing differences between potentially vulnerable and non-vulnerable young people regarding sports leisure practices. The population at risk of vulnerability displayed less active leisure habits than the rest. Likewise, it was found that vul-nerable youth had a greater tendency to practice sports leisure activities in an autonomous way, unlike non-vulnerable young individuals, who preferred an organized practice. Similarly, potentially vulnerable young people obtained fewer benefits from sports leisure activities than non-vulnerable ones. The results proved the need to implement structured socio-educa-tional interventions in order to promote sports leisure practices among the most vulnerable young people., A aquisição de hábitos de lazer na atividade física e desportiva é um dos objetivos da nossa sociedade para que os nossos jovens tenham uma saúde adequada e uma melhor quali-dade de vida. Por sua vez, a prática desportiva como lazer é reconhecida como uma ferramenta fundamental para desenvolver a socialização dos jovens potencialmente vulneráveis. Este estu-do pretende analizar a incidencia da vulnerabilidade nos hábitos de lazer desportivo dos jovens; na sua preferencia na realização das atividades físicas e desportivas de forma estruturada e livre; e, finalmente, na perceção sobre os beneficios que advém da prática desportiva. Para isso, realizou-se um desenho de investigação quantitativo em que se aplicou um questionário elaborado ad hoc a um total de 2694 estudantes espanhois de Educação Pós-obrigatória não universitária. Da totalidade dos participantes, 785 foram considerados como potenciais risco de vulnerabilidade. Os resultados revelam que existem diferenças entre os jovens potencialmen-te vulneráveis e não vulneráveis no que respeita à prática de atividades de lazer desportivo. Evidencia-se que os participantes de risco vulnerável manifestam hábitos de lazer desportivo menos átivo do que os não vulneráveis. Ainda, os jovens vulneráveis têm maior tendência para a prática de lazer desportivo, enquanto os não vulneráveis preferem realizar atividades desporti-vas de forma organizada. Da mesma forma, os jovens vulneráveis percebem menores beneficios da prática desportiva quando comparados aos não vulneráveis. Os resultados obtidos apresen-tam a necessidade de aplicar estratégias socioeducativas estruturadas para promover a prática de desporto como lazer entre os jovens mais vulneráveis., La adquisición de un ocio físico deportivo habitual es uno de los objetivos que debe conseguir nuestra sociedad para lograr que nuestros jóvenes tengan una salud adecua­da y mejoren su calidad de vida. A su vez, la práctica de ocio deportivo es reconocida como una herramienta de primer orden para lograr la socialización de los jóvenes potencialmente vulnerables. Este estudio analizó la incidencia de la vulnerabilidad en los hábitos de ocio de­portivos de los jóvenes; en sus preferencias de práctica físico deportiva de forma estructu­rada o libre; y, finalmente, en la percepción sobre los beneficios que conlleva esta práctica. Para ello se realizó un diseño de investigación cuantitativo en el que se aplicó un cuestionario elaborado ad hoc a un total de 2694 estudiantes españoles de Educación Post-obligatoria no universitaria, de los que 785 fueron considerados como participantes en potencial riesgo de vulnerabilidad. Los resultados revelaron que existen diferencias entre los jóvenes potencial­mente vulnerables y no vulnerables en cuanto a la práctica de actividades de ocio deportivo. La población en riesgo de vulnerabilidad manifiestó hábitos de ocio menos activos que los no vulnerables. Asimismo, se encontró que los jóvenes vulnerables tenían una mayor tendencia a la práctica de ocio deportivo por su cuenta, frente a los no vulnerables que preferían realizar deporte de forma organizada. De la misma forma, los jóvenes potencialmente vulnerables percibieron menores beneficios de la práctica deportiva que los no vulnerables. De los re­sultados se deriva la necesidad de aplicar actuaciones socioeducativas estructuradas para promocionar la práctica de ocio deportivo entre los jóvenes más vulnerables.