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Using administrative data from Maine to quantify the effect of vocational rehabilitation (VR) services on employment outcomes for transition-age youth with disabilities, we exploited the variation in VR counselors' propensity to develop Individualized Plans for Employment (IPEs) for VR youth as an instrument for service receipt. We found that among the estimated 36 percent of VR clients on the margin of service receipt, having an IPE implemented increases quarterly employment rate by 15.4 percentage points and quarterly earnings by $1,442 (2018 dollars). We found heterogeneous program effects with individuals 18 or younger benefiting significantly more than those older than age 18 at the time of VR application. We estimate the annual real rate of return to be 10.2 percent for two years after VR case closure.

Reinforced by stigmatizing drug war policies, some responses to parental substance use have caused trauma to families, paradoxically increasing the risk of problematic substance use for children and parents. Solutions [...]

Graphene lithography is crucial for various graphene‐based devices, showing considerable potential in the fields of energy, environment, electronics, and optics. Recent reports show that graphene can be facilely fabricated and simultaneously patterned without masks via laser direct writing on a graphene oxide (GO) film. Thus, this laser‐reduced graphene oxide (LRGO) is successfully applied for graphene holograms with advantages of being ultra‐thin, wide‐angle viewing, and full‐color display. However, owing to the absence of an effective approach for oxidizing LRGO, the graphene holograms are only written once, not rewritable. This study demonstrates that LRGO can be oxidized with oxygen plasma treatment, enabling the development of rewritable graphene holograms through laser reduction and plasma oxidization. Laser irradiation can directly reduce GO and simultaneously achieve patterning. The oxygen plasma treatment gradually oxidizes and removes the as‐prepared LRGO. Using a computer‐calculated hologram pattern, the laser system can manufacture a thin graphene hologram in seconds. The fabricated graphene hologram image can be erased with oxygen plasma treatment, preparing the GO film for new hologram writing. This facile, low‐cost, erasable graphene lithography process paves the way for various graphene applications in metasurfaces, device fabrication, imaging, data storage, and displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning can empower the design of cascaded diffractive optical elements (DOEs) at terahertz frequencies enabling the realization of holograms with a tailored multi‐degree‐of‐freedom reconfigurable operation when altering either the number, spacing, rotational alignment, and/or order of the elements. This unprecedented control over the spatial terahertz light distribution can profoundly impact multiple terahertz applications such as signal multiplexing, imaging, and displays. This work demonstrates this multi‐degree‐of‐freedom control in structures fabricated through 3D printing employing low‐loss materials. The designs are validated through 3D finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations and experimental measurements, showing that, in all cases, the desired diffraction patterns are generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Topological Hall effect, being an unconventional anomalous Hall effect, is originated from the real‐space Berry curvature caused by the nontrivial topological spin textures in materials. Manipulations of nontrivial magnetic structure and related topological Hall effect are very important for the study of the chiral magnet. Herein, it is experimentally observed that the significant topological Hall conductivity σxy in antiferromagnetic K0.5RhO2 can reach 3.5% of ν = 1 quantum conductivity below 20 K. Furthermore, by adjusting the concentration of K‐cation different from 0.5 in KxRhO2 or substituting the K cations by Rb or Cs to form Rb0.5RhO2 or Cs0.5RhO2, it is observed that the topological Hall effect is much weakened or even disappeared. This evolution, verified by the theoretical calculations, is attributed to the unstable ground state of the non‐coplanar spin structure in KxRhO2 (x = 0.4 and 0.6) and Cs0.5RhO2. The significantly tunable topological Hall effect in AxRhO2 makes it prospective on logical/sensor devices of spintronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using administrative data from Maine to quantify the effect of vocational rehabilitation (VR) services on employment outcomes for transition‐age youth with disabilities, we exploited the variation in VR counselors' propensity to develop Individualized Plans for Employment (IPEs) for VR youth as an instrument for service receipt. We found that among the estimated 36 percent of VR clients on the margin of service receipt, having an IPE implemented increases quarterly employment rate by 15.4 percentage points and quarterly earnings by $1,442 (2018 dollars). We found heterogeneous program effects with individuals 18 or younger benefiting significantly more than those older than age 18 at the time of VR application. We estimate the annual real rate of return to be 10.2 percent for two years after VR case closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on racial differences in vocational rehabilitation (VR) services has not been updated for over a decade. Using the 2017 individual-level U.S. national RSA-911 data, supplemented with the 2017 American Community Survey and publicly available information from the Kaiser Family Foundation, we investigated racial differences at each step of the VR process—application, eligibility, service provision, and employment outcomes at closure. At the first step, application, White individuals with disabilities were less likely to apply than their African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic counterparts, and more likely to apply than their Asian counterparts. For the remaining three steps, the results were inverted: the White subgroup had higher eligibility rates, service rates, and employment rates than the African American, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic subgroups, and lower rates than the Asian subgroup. These findings suggest that racial and ethnic differences continue to exist in the VR process despite several legislative acts and policy efforts. Within each racial and ethnic minority group, we also found large variation in application rates and employment rates across states, which indicates a need for developing performance measures and standardized guidelines for state VR agencies to better serve individuals with disabilities from racial and ethnic minorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]