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Background: Plasmodium berghei has been used as a preferred model for studying human malaria, but only a limited number of disease-associated genes of P. berghei have been reported to date. Identification of new disease-related genes as many as possible will provide a landscape for better understanding the pathogenesis of P. berghei. Methods: Network module analysis method was developed and applied to identify disease-related genes in P. berghei genome. Sequence feature identification, gene ontology annotation, and T-cell epitope analysis were performed on these genes to illustrate their functions in the pathogenesis of P. berghei. Results: 33,314 genes were classified into 4,693 clusters. 4,127 genes shared by six malaria parasites were identified and are involved in many aspects of biological processes. Most of the known essential genes belong to shared genes. A total of 63 clusters consisting of 405 P. berghei genes were enriched in rodent malaria parasites. These genes participate in various stages of parasites such as liver stage development and immune evasion. Combination of these genes might be responsible for P. berghei infecting mice. Comparing with P. chabaudi, none of the clusters were specific to P. berghei. P. berghei lacks some proteins belonging to P. chabaudi and possesses some specific T-cell epitopes binding by class-I MHC, which might together contribute to the occurrence of experimental cerebral malaria (ECM). Conclusions: We successfully identified disease-associated P. berghei genes by network module analysis. These results will deepen understanding of the pathogenesis of P. berghei and provide candidate parasite genes for further ECM investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was extremely difficult to deal with the complex full-thickness abdominal wall defect post serious trauma. The pedicled anterolateral thigh flap had been reported to be applied in reconstructing full-thickness abdominal wall defect in lower abdomen and groin. However, less cases in upper abdominal wall defect reconstructed by anterolateral thigh flap were reported due to some limitations. The aim of this study was to introduce our experiences in applying anterolateral thigh flap in upper abdominal wall defect reconstructing. In this study, seven patients with a large area of upper full-thickness defect in abdominal wall complicated with multiple organ damage were retrospectively identified due to acute trauma. Immediate organ-repair surgeries were performed. Meanwhile, the patients underwent complete debridement in the zone of abdominal wall defect, together with anti-infective treatment. Then, the appropriate timing was chosen to perform pedicled anterolateral thigh flap for reconstructing large area of full-thickness defect involving the upper abdomen. Postoperative follow-up data demonstrated that all the flaps survived, with no hernia complications or other discomforts. The outcome of the patients was also good. Thus, we conclude that pedicled anterolateral thigh flap was feasible to repair full-thickness defect in upper abdominal wall as long as well designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suppressed cell apoptosis by overexpressing PANDAR was observed in bladder cancer 5637 cells, SW780 cells and T24 cells (d, e and f). Induced cell apoptosis by silencing PANDAR was observed in bladder cancer 5637 cells, SW780 cells and T24 cells (a, b and c). [Extracted from the article]

With the rapid development of depth sensor, more and more RGB-D videos could be obtained. Identifying the foreground in RGB-D videos is a fundamental and important task. However, the existing salient object detection (SOD) works only focus on either static RGB-D images or RGB videos, ignoring the collaborating of RGB-D and video information. In this paper, we first collect a new annotated RGB-D video SOD (ViDSOD-100) dataset, which contains 100 videos within a total of 9362 frames, acquired from diverse natural scenes. All the frames in each video are manually annotated to a high-quality saliency annotation. Moreover, we propose a new baseline model, named attentive triple-fusion network (ATF-Net), for RGB-D video salient object detection. Our method aggregates the appearance information from an input RGB image, spatio-temporal information from an estimated motion map, and the geometry information from the depth map by devising three modality-specific branches and a multi-modality integration branch. The modality-specific branches extract the representation of different inputs, while the multi-modality integration branch combines the multi-level modality-specific features by introducing the encoder feature aggregation (MEA) modules and decoder feature aggregation (MDA) modules. The experimental findings conducted on both our newly introduced ViDSOD-100 dataset and the well-established DAVSOD dataset highlight the superior performance of the proposed ATF-Net.This performance enhancement is demonstrated both quantitatively and qualitatively, surpassing the capabilities of current state-of-the-art techniques across various domains, including RGB-D saliency detection, video saliency detection, and video object segmentation. We shall release our data, our results, and our code upon the publication of this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as a class of organic-inorganic hybrid materials, possess high porosity, large surface area, and adjustable structure, showing great application potential in supercapacitor. MOFs-derived porous carbon is considered to be a candidate electrode material for supercapacitors due to its high conductivity and efficient ion diffusion. However, severe stacking and low mechanical strength of MOFs-derived porous carbon limits its practical application. In this work, Fe-MOF grows on cellulose fibers (CF) with polydopamine (PDA) as an anchoring agent for fabricating CF/PDA/Fe-MOF paper. Carbonized paper-supported electrode is prepared via carbonization process. Carbonized paper substrate improves the dispersion, accessibility, and processability of Fe-MOF-derived porous carbon. And a large amount of N species in PDA can be transformed into N-doped carbon for further improving the conductivity of carbonized paper. Moreover, the Fe3+ in Fe-MOF are converted into Fe 2 O 3 particles and embedded in the carbon skeleton of Fe-MOF-derived porous carbon, providing additional pseudocapacitive active sites. Benefiting from the pore structure, N doping, and pseudocapacitive active substances, the carbonized paper-supported electrode shows an impressive volume specific capacitance of 93.4 F cm−3 at 0.5 mA cm−2 current density and good rate capability with 84.1% capacitance retention at 10 times current density. Carbonized paper-supported electrode also has good electrochemical stability with 94.5% capacitance retention after 10000 charge-discharge cycles. In addition, carbonized paper-supported electrode exhibits enhanced flexibility because the loading of Fe-MOF-derived porous carbon improves the displacement space of carbonized fibers. This work provides a novel strategy for developing new carbonized paper-supported electrode for flexible supercapacitors. [Display omitted] • A carbonized paper electrode loaded with MOF-derived porous carbon is developed. • Polydopamine is critical to the loading state of MOF-derived porous carbon. • Resulting porous carbon enable an efficient electron/ion transfer. • Porous carbon loading is responsible for the high flexibility of carbonized paper. • The methodology inspires a new route for fabrication of paper-based electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Regulating the ramping rate effectively improves specific surface area of biochar. • FeCl 3 acts as a microwave absorber and pore-forming agent for microwave pyrolysis. • Specific surface area of Fe-biochar can reach 456 m2 g−1 in 15-min microwave pyrolysis. • Engineered biochar displays better benzene adsorption capacity and humidity resistance. To customize biochar suitable for efficient adsorption of benzene derivatives, this study presents programmed microwave pyrolysis to produce hydrophobic porous biochar with low-dose ferric chloride. Designated control of the ramping rates in the carbonization stage and the temperatures in the activation stage were conducive to enlarging the specific surface area. Iron species, including amorphous iron minerals, could create small-scale hotspots during microwave pyrolysis to promote microporous structure development. Compared with conventional pyrolysis, programmed microwave pyrolysis could increase the specific surface area from 288.6 m2 g−1 to 455.9 m2 g−1 with a short heating time (15 min vs. 2 h) under 650 °C. Engineered biochar exhibited higher adsorption capacity for benzene and toluene (136.6 and 94.6 mg g−1), and lower adsorption capacity for water vapour (6.2 mg g−1). These findings provide an innovative design of engineered biochar for the adsorption of volatile organic compounds in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work used CO 2 as a co-reaction gas to realize in-situ deoxygenation of the bio-oil produced from microwave pyrolysis of biomass, and the mechanisms were thoroughly analyzed. Results showed that the bio-oil obtained at 550 °C (N 2 atmosphere) had the highest yield of 29.24 wt% with the higher heating value (HHV) of 20.27 MJ/kg. The introduction of CO 2 atmosphere reduced the oxygen content of the bio-oil by 12.68 wt% and increased the HHV by 26.43%. The oxygen mass balances demonstrated that the oil-O decreased by 31.45%, and the gas-O increased by 29.28% at CO 2 atmosphere. The specific components in the bio-oil and pyrolytic gas were characterized. Furans in the bio-oil could react homogeneously with CO 2 to generate CO at CO 2 atmosphere, which was the main route to realize in-situ deoxygenation of the bio-oil. Meanwhile, stearic acid was selected as a model compound of the bio-oil to verify the action mechanisms of CO 2 atmosphere. CO 2 inhibited the decomposition of stearic acid to reduce the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content in the bio-oil and promoted the generation of alkenes and CO. This study provides a novel perspective for the production of low-oxygen and high-quality bio-oil from biomass using CO 2 reaction atmosphere. [Display omitted] • The path of CO2-assisted bio-oil deoxygenation at microwave pyrolysis was explored. • CO2 atmosphere decreased the oxygen content of the bio-oil by 12.68 wt% at 550 °C. • The higher heating value of the bio-oil increased by 26.53% at CO2 atmosphere. • More stearic acid was pyrolyzed to produce CO and alkenes at CO2 atmosphere. • CO2 likely reacted homogeneously with furfuryl alcohol to form CO and H2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demand response (DR) is an effective load management method. To attract customers to participate, DR policies need to both satisfy customers' individual DR habits and be economically profitable. However, customers' individual DR habits are hard to be formulated with few hypotheses when other objectives are simultaneously considered. To tackle this challenge, a novel DR behavioural learning method is proposed. We learn customers' DR habits by an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) method to reduce the subjectivity in DR model formulation. Meanwhile, in contrast to traditional learning‐based methods, the proposed method can adapt to multiple DR objectives more than just following customers' DR habits, like obtaining higher economic revenues. Additionally, we consider the diversity and changes of customer DR behaviour patterns and offer an enhancement for the proposed DR behavioural learning method via building a DR pattern clustering and inference module. The proposed method can work with customer‐side energy storage systems to diversify the DR policies and make the DR behaviours more flexible. Case studies show the proposed method can reduce about 10–20% behavioural learning deviations than the compared model‐based methods, while daily charges of the proposed method can be further reduced by over 4% than the compared supervised‐learning‐based methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The specific catalytic properties of oxygen vacancy were systematically explored. • The defect of metal oxide improved the utilization efficiency of microwave energy. • Syngas concentration in the bio-gas could reach 61.5 mol% with Fe 3 O 4 as a catalyst. • The lower heating value of light bio-oil was up to 30.45–31.21 MJ/kg. • Iron oxide provided reactive sites for CO 2 reduction to CO in microwave pyrolysis. This paper proposed to use ferric oxide (Fe 2 O 3) and ferroferric oxide (Fe 3 O 4) as catalysts with both microwave absorption and catalytic properties. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) was introduced as the reaction atmosphere to further improve the quality of biofuel produced by microwave pyrolysis of food waste (FW). The results showed the bio-gas yield and the syngas concentration (H 2 + CO) increased to 70.34 wt% and 61.50 mol%, respectively, using Fe 3 O 4 as the catalyst. The content of aliphatic hydrocarbons in bio-oil produced with the catalyst Fe 2 O 3 increased to 67.48% and the heating value reached 30.45 MJ/kg. Compared with Fe 2 O 3 catalyst, Fe 3 O 4 exhibited better microwave absorption properties and catalytic properties. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) characterizations confirmed that the crystal surface of Fe 3 O 4 formed more oxygen vacancy defects and unpaired electrons. Additionally, according to the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the content of lattice oxygen in Fe 3 O 4 was 14.11%, a value that was much lower than Fe 2 O 3 (38.54%). The oxygen vacancy defects not only improved the efficient utilization of microwave energy but also provided the reactive sites for the reaction between the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and CO 2 to generate CO. This paper provides a new perspective for selecting catalysts that have both microwave absorption and catalytic properties during the microwave pyrolysis of biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are among the most severe complications following total hip arthroplasty revision (THAR), imposing significant burdens on individuals and society. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of PPCs following THAR using the NIS database, identifying specific pulmonary complications (SPCs) and their associated risks, including pneumonia, acute respiratory failure (ARF), and pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods: The National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was used for this cross-sectional study. The analysis included patients undergoing THAR based on NIS from 2010 to 2019. Available data include demographic data, diagnostic and procedure codes, total charges, length of stay (LOS), hospital information, insurance information, and discharges. Results: From the NIS database, a total of 112,735 THAR patients in total were extracted. After THAR surgery, there was a 2.62% overall incidence of PPCs. Patients with PPCs after THAR demonstrated increased LOS, total charges, usage of Medicare, and in-hospital mortality. The following variables have been determined as potential risk factors for PPCs: advanced age, pulmonary circulation disorders, fluid and electrolyte disorders, weight loss, congestive heart failure, metastatic cancer, other neurological disorders (encephalopathy, cerebral edema, multiple sclerosis etc.), coagulopathy, paralysis, chronic pulmonary disease, renal failure, acute heart failure, deep vein thrombosis, acute myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, stroke, continuous trauma ventilation, cardiac arrest, blood transfusion, dislocation of joint, and hemorrhage. Conclusions: Our study revealed a 2.62% incidence of PPCs, with pneumonia, ARF, and PE accounting for 1.24%, 1.31%, and 0.41%, respectively. A multitude of risk factors for PPCs were identified, underscoring the importance of preoperative optimization to mitigate PPCs and enhance postoperative outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• High-ash sludge achieved a faster pyrolysis heating rate and higher temperature. • High-organic sludge generated bio-gas with a higher yield and a higher LHV. • Increases in H/C ratios enhanced the H 2 and aliphatic contents of bio-fuels. • Decreases in O/C ratios resulted in higher CO and oxygenated compound contents. • A mixture of high-ash and high-organic sludge can improve pyrolysis efficiency. To study the effects of different ash/organics and C/H/O ratios on bio-fuel characteristics and energy efficiency, four kinds of sludge with different properties were used for microwave pyrolysis (800 °C). Moreover, the microwave pyrolysis reaction mechanisms of different sludge were also explored. The results showed that high-ash sludge could accelerate the frequency of polar molecule rotation in the microwave field due to the presence of oxides with dielectric properties in ash, thereby achieving faster heating rates and higher temperatures. However, compared with high-organic sludge, high-ash sludge exhibited lower bio-gas yield and higher bio-char yield. As the H/C ratio increased from 0.127 to 0.148, the bio-gas yield increased from 15.41% to 40.01%, and the content of H 2 in bio-gas and aliphatics in bio-oil increased to 36.69 vol% and 26.54 wt%, respectively. When the O/C ratio was reduced to 1.31, the content of CO and oxygenated compound in bio-oil increased to 31.25 vol% and 40.04 wt%, which lowered the quality of the bio-oil. Those consequences also determined that a mixture of sludge with different ash/organic ratios could be pyrolyzed to obtain high-quality bio-fuels and high energy efficiency. Differences in C/H/O ratios in the mixed sludge greatly affected the microwave pyrolysis heating process, which affected the pyrolysis reactions and the quality of the bio-fuels. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis to elevate the quality of bio-fuels and reduce microwave pyrolysis costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long noncoding RNAs have been proved in regulating tumourigenesis, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, up to date, the role of PCAT6 in HCC is rare to be reported. In current study, bioinformatics analysis and quantitative real‐time PCR were applied to examine the expression of PCAT6 in HCC. The role of PCAT6 in cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and metastasis were detected in both gain‐ and loss‐of‐function studies by cell biological assays. Bioinformatics analysis was employed to investigate the PCAT6‐related genes and pathways in HCC. And we found that PCAT6 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and correlated with poor overall survival and disease‐free survival in HCC patients. Furthermore, elevated PCAT6 promoted cell proliferation, inhibited cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis while deficiency of PCAT6 impaired cell proliferation, caused cell cycle arrest and induced cell apoptosis of HCC. Moreover, as for bioinformatics analysis, a total of 389 PCAT6‐related genes were found in both HCC tissue and cell lines, and these promising target genes were highly enriched in various key pathways, such as Wnt, HIF‐1 signalling pathway, and metabolic pathways. Additionally, among these genes, DCAF13, SNRPB2, RPS8, and FKBP1A were revealed to be overexpressed in HCC and predicted poor prognosis. Taken together, our findings illustrate that PCAT6 contributes to HCC progression and might be a potential target for HCC therapy. Bioinformatics analysis may present a new way for assessing the underlying mechanism of PCAT6 in HCC. Significance of the Study: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and malignant tumours all over the world. In this study, we observed that PCAT6 was upregulated in HCC and correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients. PCAT6 could promote cell proliferation, inhibit cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis of HCC, suggesting PCAT6 exerts tumorigenic role in HCC. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis revealed a total of 389 PCAT6‐related genes in both HCC tissue and cell lines, and these promising target genes were highly enriched in various key pathways, such as Wnt, HIF‐1 signalling pathway, and metabolic pathways. These finding provided evidence that PACT6 may be identified as a strategy to treat HCC in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year tens of millions reconstruction surgeries were performed to repair tissue defects caused by trauma or malignant tumor. As the composite tissues are very difficult to be preserved for a long time in vitro, "organ bank" was proposed. In addition to immune rejection, tissue cryopreservation is the key step of the "Organ Bank". In this study, two severed fingers were cryopreserved because the patients' conditions were not allowed to undergo the replantation immediately. The fingers were perfused with the cryopreservation solution through the digital artery at a speed of 1 ml/min, they were frozen following a control rate freezing procedure and stored in the liquid nitrogen. One finger was cryopreserved for 10 days and the other for 30 days. Both fingers were successfully replanted when the patient get better. After 1 year follow-up, the replanted fingers achieved satisfactory appearance and function. Our result demonstrate small composite tissues such as severed fingers can be cryopreserved and replanted successfully, which will help the patients who cannot receive the replantation immediately. This method will have important application value in cryobiology and clinical medicine. • Two autologous transplanted cryopreserved fingers survived, and both gained good function and appearance. • Cryoprotectant should be injected via digital artery for full perfusion. • Programmed control rate freezing, rapid rewarming and tissue irrigation are very important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The type and proportion of metal oxides were regulated by regulating the pH of pretreatment. • The modified steel slag catalyst promoted the formation of light hydrocarbon (C11-C20). • The modified steel slag catalyst has both catalytic and microwave absorption functions. • The electron density of oxygen vacancy and adsorption energy of tricosane were calculated by DFT. • The formation of oxygen vacancy can improve the catalytic and dielectric properties of the catalysts. As an industrial waste rich in metal elements, steel slag (SS) has the potential for application as a catalytic material. However, the presence of large amounts of silicates and ferrates is one of the main reasons for the low catalytic properties of SS. In this work, SS was converted into catalysts with multi-metal oxide fractions by regulating the pH of the pretreatment process and using microwave calcination technology. By targeted design of oxygen vacancy (O V) number, specific surface area, and grain size, the steel slag catalyst (SSC) showed catalytic and microwave absorption functions, which could quickly convert waste engine oil (WEO) into light fuel. When the pH of the pretreatment was 8, SSC contained an abundance of metal oxides (such as Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , and MnFe 2 O 4), and the specific surface area could reach 237.3 m2/g. The abundant O V defect structure also contributed to the enhanced catalytic properties of the SSC. The light hydrocarbon (C5-C20) composition of the WEO increased from 15.11% to 86.24% at 500℃ in the presence of the bifunctional catalyst. Density functional theory calculations showed that the O V was the key to enhancing the catalytic and microwave absorption functions of the SSC. O V could be used as the activity site to promote the decomposition of heavy hydrocarbons by breaking C H bonds. Meanwhile, defect-induced polarization caused by O V promoted the transfer of carriers in the microwave field, thus enhancing the microwave absorption properties of the catalyst. This work provided a new perspective on the design of bifunctional catalysts for the preparation of microwave pyrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using sludge incineration residue (SIR) to prepare SIR-based geopolymer can realize the minimization and reclamation of urban sludge as well as the stabilization of potential toxic elements. This work has researched the critical factors that influence the formulation of SIR-based geopolymer and the stabilization performance on potential toxic elements. Results showed that the addition amount of SIR had significant influence on the compressive strength of geopolymer, while the modules of sodium silicate and the sodium silicate/metakaolin ratio had little influence thereon. When the addition amount of SIR was 10%, the modules of sodium silicate was 1.3 and the sodium silicate/metakaolin ratio was 0.86, the compressive strength of geopolymer reached the maximum of 95.6 MPa. When the temperature increased from 25 °C to 800 °C, the compressive strength showed a tendency of increasing first and then decreasing. SIR-based geopolymer could significantly reduce the leaching of Zn and Cu from 1264.8 mg/kg and 856.3 mg/kg to 50.8 mg/kg and 30.7 mg/kg respectively, leading to a stabilizing efficiency more than 96%. pH influenced the stabilization of geopolymer on the potential toxic elements, the effective diffusion coefficients De of Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb and Cr at pH = 4 were higher than those at the pH of 7, which were probably due to the physic-chemical characteristics and the corresponding changes in the leaching and species distribution of the potential toxic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the reclamation of the sludge residue, we used the sludge residue pretreated by the wet alkalinizing method to prepare geopolymer. Results showed that, when the dosage of the alkali activator, the silicate modulus of the alkali activator, and the doping amount of the pretreated sludge residue were 82.5%, 1.3 mol/mol, and 20% respectively, the compressive strength of geopolymer reached a maximum at 89.03 MPa. The preparation of geopolymer also realized a highly-efficient immobilization of the unstable-forms of copper and zinc (72.22% and 68.60%) in sludge residue, which significantly reduced the pollution risks of the leaching of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the study of the effect of different final pyrolysis temperatures on the production of bio-oil by catalytic microwave pyrolysis of sludge, a mathematical model has been used to accurately calculate the calorific value of each component in the bio-oil mixture, making it enable to study the variations in the calorific value of bio-oil at a final pyrolysis temperature from a single-component perspective. Results showed that the yield and calorific value of bio-oil reached the maximum at 22.60% and 35.47 MJ kg −1 , respectively, with iron oxide as a catalyst, increasing by 5.16% and 16.83% compared with those without a catalyst. The calculation model based on Huggett’s oxygen consumption method realized the accurate calculation of the calorific value of a single component in the bio-oil, which could explain why the calorific value of the bio-oil mixture varies with the final pyrolysis temperature. The relative deviation between the model calculating value and the measured value of the component was lower than 5%. The content of fatty hydrocarbons and high-carbon compounds gradually decreased with temperature increased. Increasing temperature leaded to the breakage of chemical bonds of the high-carbon compounds and the formation of low-carbon compounds, which resulted in a decrease in the calorific value of bio-oil. The content of high-calorific value components, such as octadecane and docosane, reached a maximum of 35.78% in the bio-oil mixture at 550 °C, which was significantly higher than the contents at 650 °C and 750 °C. This result may explain why the calorific value of the bio-oil mixture was obviously higher at 550 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co-pyrolysis of algae model compounds formed pyrazines, furans, and pyridines. • Ethylamine and small molecular aldehydes and ketones were the main precursors. • Possible volatile interaction pathways were proposed at the molecular level. • Energy profiles of various reaction pathways were assessed by DFT calculations. • Maillard and acetal reactions to form heterocycles had lower energy barriers. Fast pyrolysis of algae biomass is a promising approach to produce high value-added bio-oil, while the interaction mechanisms among the pyrolytic volatiles of algae components remain unclear. To simplify the pyrolysis process and better investigate the intermediates distribution, glucose (Glc), alanine (Ala), and glycerol (Gly) were selected as the model compounds for algae biomass. The fast pyrolysis behaviors, volatile release properties, and bio-oil compositions of model compounds and their binary mixers were performed using TG-FTIR and Py-GC/MS to reveal the volatile interaction mechanisms combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Experimental results showed that co-pyrolysis of Ala with Glc and Gly displayed a synergistic effect on the weight loss and CO 2 release at lower temperatures, and the volatile interactions inhibited the weight loss and C O production at higher temperatures during co-pyrolysis of model compounds. Compared with individual pyrolysis, the contents of pyrazines, furans, and pyridines in the bio-oils from co-pyrolysis of Glc+Ala, Glc+Gly, and Ala+Gly increased by 14.47%, 18.59%, and 12.07%, respectively. Ethylamine generated from Ala and small molecular aldehydes and ketones derived from Glc and Gly were the main precursors. Based on the products evolution, the possible volatile interaction pathways were proposed at the molecular level and the energy profiles were assessed by DFT calculations. Calculation results manifested that the Maillard and acetal reactions with lower free energy barriers were the initial reactions driving the formation of heterocyclic compounds. These findings could offer insights into the fast pyrolysis mechanisms of algae biomass and provide theoretical support for the feedstock and pyrolysis process optimization and the bio-oil composition regulation, thereby promoting the efficient utilization of algae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apoptotic cells were observed and calculated in T24/5637 cells treated with "amiRNA -catenin" (C-F) or "amiRNA HIF-1 " (C-F) induced by doxycycline using Hoechst 33,258 staining assay. The relative rate of cell migration was calculated in T24 (A) and 5637 (B) cells treated with "amiRNA -catenin" or "amiRNA HIF-1 " induced by doxycycline using wound-healing assay. Author Correction: Synthetic Tet-inducible artificial microRNAs targeting -catenin or HIF-1 inhibit malignant phenotypes of bladder cancer cells T24 and 5637. [Extracted from the article]

Power flow routing is an emerging control paradigm for the dynamic control of electric power flows. In this paper, we propose a generic model of a power flow router (PFR) and incorporate it into the optimal power flow (OPF) problem. First, a generic PFR architecture is proposed to encapsulate the desired functions of PFRs. Then, the load flow model of PFRs is developed and incorporated into the OPF framework. To pursue global optimality of the non-convex PFR-incorporated OPF (PFR-OPF) problem, we develop a semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation of PFR-OPF. By introducing the regularization terms that favor a low-rank solution and tuning the penalty coefficients, a rank-1 solution can be obtained and used for recovering an optimal or near-optimal solution of the PFR-OPF and the results are verified in numerical tests. The efficacy of the PFR-OPF framework allows us to investigate the impact of PFR integration. With the system loadability as an example, the numerical results show that remarkable enhancement can be achieved by installing PFRs at certain critical buses of the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Effect of temperature, moisture content and treatment amount on the biogas is investigated. • Hydrogen-rich biogas from microwave pyrolysis of sludge is evaluated using the LCA. • Proper control of moisture content can reduce energy consumption and increase H 2 concentration. • Reducing the heating-up time can reduce the energy consumption and carbon emission. Microwave pyrolysis is one of the emerging technologies for biomass conversion into clean energy. To promote the commercial application of microwave pyrolysis, the scale-up technology and the life cycle assessment (LCA) were used to optimize the quality of hydrogen-rich biogas and to provide ideas for process upgrading. Compared to the batch equipment, the horizontal microwave continuous pyrolysis equipment could effectively improve the biogas yield (50.15 wt%) while increasing the sludge treatment amount. The instantaneous high temperatures and the control of sludge moisture content were more favorable to increase the H 2 concentration (45.71 vol%) via promoting the steam reforming and the secondary cracking of bio-oil. The energy consumption and carbon emission of each scenario were evaluated using the LCA. The drying and microwave pyrolysis scenarios were the main energy consuming stages, emitting 503 and 587 kg CO 2 eq., respectively. For this reason, controlling the sludge moisture content not only contributed to the H 2 generation, but also reduced the CO 2 emissions. Meanwhile, the global warming could be reduced by 45.60 % when the energy consumption was reduced by 35 %. To improve the utilization efficiency of microwave energy, the combination of different frequency magnetrons and the design of biochar microwave absorption bed can be optimized to reduce equipment manufacturing costs and CO 2 emissions. This work provides a new insight into the development of biomass energy and the innovation of microwave pyrolysis technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2D layered MoS2 has drawn intense attention for its applications in flexible electronic, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices. Most of the MoS2 atomic layers grown by conventional chemical vapor deposition techniques are n-type due to the abundant sulfur vacancies. Facile production of MoS2 atomic layers with p-type behavior, however, remains challenging. Here, a novel one-step growth has been developed to attain p-type MoS2 layers in large scale by using Mo-containing sol-gel, including 1% tungsten (W). Atomic-resolution electron microscopy characterization reveals that small tungsten oxide clusters are commonly present on the as-grown MoS2 film due to the incomplete reduction of W precursor at the reaction temperature. These omnipresent small tungsten oxide clusters contribute to the p-type behavior, as verified by density functional theory calculations, while preserving the crystallinity of the MoS2 atomic layers. The Mo containing sol-gel precursor is compatible with the soft-lithography techniques, which enables patterned growth of p-type MoS2 atomic layers into regular arrays with different shapes, holding great promise for highly integrated device applications. Furthermore, an atomically thin p-n junction is fabricated by the as-prepared MoS2, which shows strong rectifying behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The key influencing factors of sludge microwave pyrolysis to produce biogas were screened. • The combined effect of the key parameters on the syngas quality optimization was explored. • The yield and the lower heating vale of syngas reached 34.31 mol/kg DS and 15.48 MJ/kg DS. • Improved syngas quality was achieved in the less time by the synergistic control of parameters. • The mechanism of high-quality syngas generated by sludge microwave pyrolysis was revealed. To directionally convert sludge into the high-quality syngas, the effects of various parameters on the biogas produced by the sludge microwave pyrolysis are explored, and the syngas generation mechanism under the synergistic effect of parameters is revealed. The results showed that the pyrolysis final temperature, reaction time, and the amount of the microwave absorber were the key factors that affected the biogas yield. A response surface analysis was used to explore the synergistic effect of each key parameter on the yield and the lower heating vale (LHV) of syngas. The pyrolysis temperature was the key to driving syngas generation. Properly prolonging the reaction time decreased the formation of tar by-products and increased the syngas yield. The addition of a microwave absorber increased the heating rate by enhancing the conversion efficiency of microwave energy, and this contributed to accelerating the dehydrogenation and the Boudouard reactions to promote the generation of H 2 and CO. Under high temperature conditions (900 °C), a higher syngas yield (10.25–34.31 mol/kg DS) and LHV (4.85–14.53 MJ/kg DS) were obtained in a shorter period time by synergistically optimizing the amount of microwave absorbers (8–10 g) and the reaction time (28–40 min). As the pyrolysis temperature increased, the H 2 content gradually rose to the peak, while the content of CO continued to increase. By analyzing the evolution of the specific pyrolysis products, the secondary pyrolysis of bio-oil at high temperatures and the Boudouard reaction were found to be the primary pathways that promoted syngas generation. This research provides strategic guidance for producing high-quality syngas using the microwave pyrolysis of waste biomass, thereby minimizing the exploration cost of basic experiments and providing directional control of the syngas quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To realize the efficient resource utilization of sewage sludge, this work explored the competitive relationship and reaction mechanisms between syngas quality optimization and heavy metals (HMs) immobilization. The results showed that continuous microwave pyrolysis (CMP) technology with an instantaneous temperature increase could shorten the pyrolysis time, and the biogas yield and syngas concentration reached 51.68 wt% and 83.6 vol%, respectively. Although a higher pyrolysis (750 °C) temperature could optimize the syngas quality, the HMs immobilization efficiency was reduced due to the deep pyrolysis of the biochar. The moderate pyrolysis temperature (650 °C) facilitated the rapid formation of biochar with abundant surface functional groups and pore structure, thus enhancing HMs immobilization. Furthermore, the HMs could also form more stable crystalline compounds with inorganic components (SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , inorganic sulfur). By optimizing the process parameters, the risk factor of HMs in the sludge decreased from 117.36 to 62.5 while obtaining high-quality syngas. The energy utilization efficiency of microwave pyrolysis also increased significantly from 11.20% to 82.01%. This work provided new insight into the efficient resource utilization and environmentally friendly treatment of sludge, and demonstrated that CMP technology has significant potential for future industrial applications as an alternative to traditional pyrolysis. [Display omitted] • Syngas quality and heavy metals immobilization were synergistically improved at 650 °C. • Continuous microwave pyrolysis facilitated the immobilization of Zn and Cr (>85%). • The biochar adsorption and residue state formation enhanced the immobilization of HMs. • The syngas concentration reached 83.6 vol%, and biochar risk index decreased to 57.4. • Continuous microwave pyrolysis favored environmentally friendly treatment of sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Via edge ENgineering, a facile two ‐ step method is demonstrated that produces solid edge ‐ on junctions betweEN TiO2 and few ‐ layered MoS2 in large scale. MoS2/TiO2 edge ‐ on heterostructures result in high conductive MoS2/TiO2 interfaces and optimized electron transport pathways that facilitate the electron–hole pair separation, leading to an efficiENt solar water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: Cholesterol is a type of lipid that plays a crucial role in building and maintaining cell membranes, producing certain hormones, and aiding in digestion. The two main types of cholesterol are low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein, and maintaining a healthy balance between them is essential for cellular function and organism health. Recent Advances: Cholesterol metabolism is a complex and dynamic process that involves biosynthesis, uptake, efflux, transport, and esterification. Disruptions in cholesterol metabolism are implicated in all stages of cancer, contributing to drug resistance, immune evasion, and autophagy dysfunction. These disruptions have also been linked to various types of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, anoikis, lysosome-dependent cell death, pyroptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, entosis, ferroptosis, alkaliptosis, immunogenic cell death, and paraptosis. Critical Issues: Understanding the complex interplay between cholesterol metabolism and cell death and their impact on cancer development and progression is still a significant challenge. In addition, there is currently a lack of reliable biomarkers that can accurately reflect cholesterol metabolism dysregulation in cancer. Future Directions: To develop more specific and effective cholesterol metabolism-targeted therapies, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which cholesterol metabolism dysregulation contributes to cell death and cancer progression is needed. In addition, improving the accuracy and reliability of biomarkers will be crucial for monitoring and diagnosing cholesterol-related cancer subtypes and evaluating the effectiveness of cholesterol metabolism-targeted therapies. These efforts will require ongoing research and collaboration among multidisciplinary teams of scientists and clinicians. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 102–140. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The nitrogenous chemicals were mainly produced at 200–500 °C from amino acids. • Ser was more favorable for the nitrogen accumulation in bio-oil. • Increased temperature promoted amines/amides to form nitriles and N-heterocycles. • Possible formation pathways of the nitrogenous chemicals were proposed. • The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated by DFT method. Microwave pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich biomass for bio-oil is a green and sustainable pathway to realize energy conversion and produce high-value nitrogenous chemicals. This work selected three typical amino acids (serine (Ser), glutamic acid (Glu), and phenylalanine (Phe)) as nitrogenous model compounds for biomass, and the distribution characteristics and formation mechanisms of the nitrogenous chemicals in bio-oil were studied in depth. Results showed that the amino acid structure and pyrolysis temperature were the crucial factors affecting the distribution and selectivity of nitrogenous chemicals. The nitrogenous chemicals were mainly produced at 200–500 °C from the model amino acids, and the nitrogen in Ser was more prone to accumulating in bio-oil compared with Glu and Phe. At 300 °C, the model amino acids generated numerous amines and cyclic amides through decarboxylation, decarbonylation, and dehydration. Higher temperatures (400 and 500 °C) promoted amines/amides to form nitriles and N-heterocycles, with the releasing of H 2. Nitriles (including propionitrile and phenylacetonitrile) were typically produced by the straight-chain dehydrogenation of amines. Ser, Glu, and Phe produced N-heterocycles (including pyrazine, pyrrole, 2-pyrrolidone, and indole) based on the cyclization and dehydration between carbonyl and amino compounds, intramolecular dehydration, and cyclization dehydrogenation of phenethylamine, respectively. Finally, the possible formation pathways of the main nitrogenous chemicals were proposed, and the kinetics and thermodynamic analyses were performed through density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The findings could provide theoretical support for the nitrogenous chemicals production from microwave pyrolysis of amino acids and biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Instantaneous temperature rise improves syngas yield under the spiral feed condition. • Temperature is the most critical factor driving the H 2 O/CO 2 steam reforming reaction. • Directional regulation of syngas can be achieved at lower temperatures (600 °C). • The mechanism of CO 2 reforming with carboxylic acid was revealed by the density flooding theory. • Syngas quality control and energy recovery efficiency were explored to reduce costs. Emerging spiral continuous microwave pyrolysis technology could enhance the H 2 O/CO 2 steam reforming of sludge to directionally optimize the quality of syngas. Based on the results of a response surface model analysis, an increase in the moisture content of sludge decreased the biogas yield but increased the H 2 content. The synergistic effect of temperature and CO 2 concentration helped to increase the biogas yield and CO content, but had a negative effect on the H 2 generation. Using the model to optimize key parameters, the syngas concentration produced from the spiral continuous microwave pyrolysis of sludge increased to 62.59 vol%, and the directional regulation of the syngas ratio (H 2 /CO = 0.68–1.50) was achieved. The increase in the syngas concentration was primarily attributed to the reforming reactions of water molecules with light hydrocarbon compounds and CO 2 with bio-oil. Based on the reaction path simulated by the density functional theory (DFT), CO 2 could be used as a weak oxidant to promote the thermal decomposition of hexadecanoic acid, generating more H 2 and CO. In addition, the use of the appropriate sludge moisture content as the feedstock and the introduction of the CO 2 reaction atmosphere reduced the energy required for microwave pyrolysis of wet sludge (20.9–35.3 MJ/kg) and improved the quality of syngas (55.91–62.59 vol%). This study evaluated the potential of spiral continuous microwave pyrolysis of sludge to produce syngas with a high heating value for small-scale power generation plants, providing new inspiration for the low consumption and efficient energy utilization of sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A microwave multiphysics model with dynamic permittivity of biochar was constructed. • Attenuation of electric field intensity caused the temperature gradient distribution. • The generation mechanisms and the spatial distribution of the hotspots were explored. • Regulation of the hotspots optimized the pore structure and graphitization of the biochar. • The interaction between the formation of the biochar and the microwave energy loss was explored. The microwave pyrolysis of biomass and the directional design of biochar structure are examined in this study by exploring the internal connection between energy conversion and biochar structure evolution. Through the optimization of process parameters (microwave power and sample volume), the average utilization efficiency of microwave energy increased from 11.96% to 32.84%, and the specific surface area of the biochar increased from 453.89 m2/g to 638.82 m2/g. According to the simulation results of the COMSOL Multiphysics software, the distribution of the temperature field was closely related to the evolution of the microwave electric field intensity. The local high temperature areas (hotspots) were primarily located in the center of the biochar, and the temperature distribution gradually decreased from the inside to the outside. The hotspots contributed to the promotion of the conversion of amorphous carbon to graphite carbon. Meanwhile, the graphite carbon with a stronger microwave absorption capacity formed a local hotspot and promoted the growth of the pore structure. The rich pore structure of the biochar facilitated the multiple reflection of microwave energy and prolonged the microwave residence time. Graphite carbon can absorb microwave energy and convert it into heat energy to improve the utilization efficiency of microwave energy. This paper combined the experimental and simulation results to reveal the heat transfer mechanism in the microwave pyrolysis process, which provided a new perspective for the directional reduction of microwave pyrolysis energy consumption and the optimization of the microstructure of biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pursuit of ultrasmall electronic components, monolayer electronic devices have recently been fabricated using transition-metal dichalcogenides. Monolayers of these materials are semiconducting, but nanowires with stoichiometry MX (M = Mo or W, X = S or Se) have been predicted to be metallic. Such nanowires have been chemically synthesized. However, the controlled connection of individual nanowires to monolayers, an important step in creating a two-dimensional integrated circuit, has so far remained elusive. In this work, by steering a focused electron beam, we directly fabricate MX nanowires that are less than a nanometre in width and Y junctions that connect designated points within a transition-metal dichalcogenide monolayer. In situ electrical measurements demonstrate that these nanowires are metallic, so they may serve as interconnects in future flexible nanocircuits fabricated entirely from the same monolayer. Sequential atom-resolved Z-contrast images reveal that the nanowires rotate and flex continuously under momentum transfer from the electron beam, while maintaining their structural integrity. They therefore exhibit self-adaptive connections to the monolayer from which they are sculpted. We find that the nanowires remain conductive while undergoing severe mechanical deformations, thus showing promise for mechanically robust flexible electronics. Density functional theory calculations further confirm the metallicity of the nanowires and account for their beam-induced mechanical behaviour. These results show that direct patterning of one-dimensional conducting nanowires in two-dimensional semiconducting materials with nanometre precision is possible using electron-beam-based techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses CO 2 as a reaction gas (99.999%) during the sub- (360 °C) and supercritical water gasification (380 °C–440 °C) of municipal sludge to realize the synergistic regeneration of CO 2 and sludge into biofuels. The results showed that the reaction efficiency of sludge under CO 2 atmosphere could be enhanced by adjusting the reaction parameters to increase the yield of biogas and bio-oil. Temperature was the primary driving force to promote the gasification reaction between CO 2 and sludge. With increasing temperature, CO 2 catalyzed the decomposition of fatty acids to form the biogas. An increase in the gasification temperature enhanced the reformation reaction between CO 2 and the biogas, thus facilitating the generation of carbonaceous gases (CO, CH 4, and C 2 –C 4). Besides, CO 2 -assisted catalysis primarily facilitated the decomposition of organic matter by increasing the H+ concentration of reaction system. According to the elements distribution, more carbon was transferred to the biogas, and the oxygen content in the bio-oil was reduced in the presence of CO 2. Correspondingly, the lower heating value of biogas and bio-oil increased to 30.18 MJ/kg and 6.32 MJ/Nm3. Using CO 2 as a reaction gas has the potential to optimize the quality of sludge-derived biofuels and convert CO 2 into carbonaceous fuels. [Display omitted] • The catalysis of CO 2 reaction gas in supercritical water was preliminarily explored. • Temperature was the driving force for the reaction between CO 2 and organic matter. • CO 2 reaction gas effectively facilitated the generation of carbonaceous gases. • CO 2 promoted the deoxygenation of bio-oil due to the acid catalysis for carboxylic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Temperature is the key factor affecting the distribution of sulfur in the products. • Increased temperature promotes the breaking of S-C and S-H bonds. • SO 4 2- can form crystals with HMs to synergistic immobilization in bio-char. • The generation of H 2 S is mainly caused by the decomposition of organic sulfur. The generation of sulfur-containing pollution products affects the quality of biofuels obtained from the supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of sludge. This study investigates the effects of the gasification temperature, moisture content, and reaction atmosphere on the evolution of sulfur-containing compounds. The results showed that temperature was the key parameter causing the migration of sulfur from sludge to biogas and liquid products. The sludge decomposition reaction was dominated by ionic reactions at 360 °C, while the decomposition of organic matter was converted to free radical reactions as the temperature increased from 380 °C to 440 °C. The mercaptan and thioether contents of the bio-oil decreased to 0.3% at 440 °C. Correspondingly, the concentration of H 2 S increased from 6.7 ppm to 38.0 ppm. The decomposition of organic sulfur with an unstable structure (S-H bond and S-C bond) was the main cause of the increase in the content of H 2 S. Additionally, the solubility and oxidation properties of supercritical water were extremely strong. Some sulfur-containing organic compounds were converted into SO 4 2- via hydrolysis and oxidation reactions, forming sulfate crystals with heavy metals in the bio-char, which aided in achieving the synergistic immobilization of sulfur and heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microwave pyrolysis promoted the CO 2 steam reformation of organic matter. • The syngas yield was improved dramatically with CO 2 as the reaction atmosphere. • CO 2 reacted with light organic matter to generate syngas and inhibited PAHs. • The SSA of bio-char obtained in a CO 2 atmosphere reached up to 205.71 m2/g. • The reaction mechanisms between CO 2 and pyrolysis products were studied in detail. CO 2 steam reformation technology for the conventional pyrolysis of food waste has been proven to effectively improve the bio-gas yield. However, the syngas proportion is low. This work systematically investigated the effects of a CO 2 reaction atmosphere on the improvement of the syngas yield and the intrinsic reaction mechanisms during the microwave pyrolysis of food waste. The results show that an increased microwave power promoted the generation of bio-gas by rapidly increasing the pyrolysis temperature of the food waste. When the microwave power was 1400 W, the bio-gas yield in the CO 2 reaction atmosphere reached 67.90 wt%, and the yield of the syngas in the bio-gas was 44.13% higher than that in the N 2 atmosphere (46.73 L/kg food waste). The concentrations of H 2 , CH 4 , and CO in the bio-gas increased rapidly at temperatures between 200 °C and 600 °C. However, the concentrations of H 2 and CH 4 gradually decreased as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 600 °C to 900 °C, which was caused by H 2 and CH 4 reacting with CO 2 to form CO. In addition, the reaction of the light organic matter (e.g., aliphatic hydrocarbons and oxygen-containing compounds) in the bio-oil with CO 2 was the critical process that improved the syngas yield. The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons decreased by 6.13% due to the inhibition of the aromatization reaction of the organic matter. Compared to the N 2 atmosphere, the CO 2 atmosphere not only promoted the generation of CO from bio-char gasification but also significantly improved the specific surface area of the bio-char (from 143.66 m2/g to 205.71 m2/g), which provided the possibility for subsequent resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the immobilization efficiency of heavy metals (HMs) and the generation of bio-gas under different catalyzing conditions during the supercritical water gasification of sludge. Results showed that catalysts could promote the decomposition of organic matters to improve the yield of bio-gas and the order of the catalysts in terms of H 2 selectivity was Pd > CaO > AlCl 3. Pd catalyst not only promoted the generation of hydrogen-rich bio-gas but also enhanced the immobilization efficiency of HMs. This was because the Pd catalyst facilitate the steam reforming reaction of the high-molecular-weight organic matters while promoting the combination of HMs with mineral components to form stable crystalline compounds. When the addition amount of Pd catalyst was 10 wt %, the yield of hydrogen-rich bio-gas increased from 35.74 wt% to 46.88 wt%, and the leaching concentration of Zn, Cu, and Cr decreased significantly to 1.22 mg/L, 0.55 mg/L and 0.38 mg/L, respectively. In addition, rational adjustment of addition amount of catalyst could optimize the specific surface area of the bio-char to enhance the physical adsorption of HMs via affecting the process of bio-gas generation. Image 1 • Decomposition of C–C and C–H bonds in organics increased the yield of H 2 in SCWG. • Pd catalyst facilitates the steam reforming of organic matters to generate H 2. • Adjusting the production of bio-gas promotes the immobilization of HMs in bio-char. • The formation of pore in bio-char contributes to the immobilization of Zn and Cu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exchange bias effect, pivotal in magnetic data storage and sensing devices, has been observed not only in interfacial regions but also in intrinsic ferromagnetic materials. Here, we have uncovered a robust and stable exchange bias effect within the layered van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnet VI3 employing magnetic circular dichroism microscopy. At 10 K, we observed a significant exchange field of approximately 0.1 T, accompanied by random shifts (positive or negative relative to zero magnetic field) after zero-field cooling. Notably, this effect is effectively controllable after field cooling, with shift direction opposing the applied magnetic field. The presence of strong magnetic anisotropic energy within VI3 results in larger coercivity-bound magnetic domains. These domains dictate the neighboring ferromagnetic alignment and induce shifts in the hysteresis loop. Our study not only contributes to comprehending fundamental nanoscale magnetic interactions but also sheds light on emergent phenomena within layered van der Waals magnets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review recent progress in the electronic structure study of intrinsic magnetic topological insulators (MnBi2Te4) · (Bi2Te3)n (⁠|$n\ = \ 0,\ 1,\ 2,\ 3$|⁠) family. Specifically, we focus on the ubiquitously (nearly) gapless behavior of the topological Dirac surface state observed by photoemission spectroscopy, even though a large Dirac gap is expected because of surface ferromagnetic order. The dichotomy between experiment and theory concerning this gap behavior is perhaps the most critical and puzzling question in this frontier. We discuss various proposals accounting for the lack of magnetic effect on the topological Dirac surface state, which are mainly categorized into two pictures, magnetic reconfiguration and topological surface state redistribution. Band engineering towards opening a magnetic gap of topological surface states provides great opportunities to realize quantized topological transport and axion electrodynamics at higher temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a dynamic direct-writing optical holographic display system based on quantum-dot-doped liquid crystal (QDDLC). Instead of using two-beam interference to generate the desired holographic patterns, computer-generated hologram was directly generated by a spatial light modulator (SLM) and projected to the QDDLC sample. Employing only one recording beam, the proposed system greatly simplifies the optical system complexity and eliminates the influence of environmental disturbance. We investigate the factors that affect the diffraction efficiency and response time of the QDDLC in the direct-writing system and implement a dynamic holographic 3D display refreshed at 30 Hz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li‐rich layered oxides based on the anionic redox chemistry provide the highest practical capacity among all transition metal (TM) oxide cathodes but still struggle with poor cycling stability. Here, a certain amount of oxygen vacancies (OVs) are introduced into the ≈10 nm‐thick surface region of Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 through a long‐time medium‐temperature post‐annealing. These surficial enriched OVs significantly suppress the generation of O‐O dimers (O2n−, 0 < n < 4) and the associated side reactions, thus facilitating the construction of a uniform and compact cathode/electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer on the surface. The CEI layer then decreases the further side reactions and TM dissolution and protects the bulk structure upon cycling, eventually leading to enhanced cycling stability, demonstrated in both half cells and full cells. An in‐depth understanding of OVs is expected to benefit the design of stable cathode materials based on anionic redox chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On page 6371, W. Zhou, P. A. Hu, and co‐workers report a novel approach for growing stable p‐type MoS2 atomic layers in large scale by using Mo‐containing sol‐gel, including 1% tungsten (W). The small tungsten oxide clusters contribute to the p‐type behavior. Availability of regular arrays with different shapes via soft‐lithography techniques holds great promise for highly integrated electronics and flexible device applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "Theophylline controllable RNAi-based genetic switches regulate expression of lncRNA TINCR and malignant phenotypes in bladder cancer cells" published in Scientific Reports. The correction addresses errors in Figure 6 of the article, specifically in the grouping of data points within the '5637 ON-NC' subgroup. The corrected figure and accompanying legend are provided. The article discusses the effects of the ON device on the proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells in vitro, demonstrating that the ON device can activate the inhibition of cell proliferation and promote apoptosis when the lncRNA TINCR is silenced. The authors of the article are Zhicong Chen, Yuchen Liu, Anbang He, and others. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: In recent years, heterostructures formed in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted significant attention due to their unique physical properties beyond the individual components. Atomically thin TMD heterostructures, such as MoS2‐WS2, MoS2‐MoSe2, MoS2‐WSe2, and WSe2‐WS2, are synthesized so far via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Engineering the morphology of domains including size and shape, however, still remains challenging. Here, a one‐step CVD strategy on the morphology engineering of MoS2 and WS2 domains within the monolayer MoS2‐WS2 lateral heterostructures through controlling the weight ratio of precursors, MoO3 and WO3, as well as tuning the reaction temperature is reported. Not only can the size ratio in terms of area between WS2 and MoS2 domains be easily controlled from less than 1 to more than 20, but also the overall heterostructure size can be tuned from several to hundreds of micrometers. Intriguingly, the quantum well structure, a WS2 stripe embedded in the MoS2 matrix, is also observed in the as‐synthesized heterostructures, offering opportunities to study quantum confinement effects and quantum well applications. This approach paves the way for the large‐scale fabrication of MoS2‐WS2 lateral heterostructures with controllable domain morphology, and shall be readily extended to morphology engineering of other TMD heterostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The multiple requirements of optical transmittance, high shielding effectiveness, and long-term stability bring considerable challenge to electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding in the fields of visualization windows, transparent optoelectronic devices, and aerospace equipment. To this end, attempts were hereby made, and based on high-quality single crystal graphene (SCG)/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) heterostructure, transparent EMI shielding films with weak secondary reflection, nanoscale ultra-thin thickness and long-term stability were finally realized by a composite structure. In this novel structure, SCG was adopted as the absorption layer, while sliver nanowires (Ag NWs) film acted as the reflection layer. These two layers were placed on different sides of the quartz to form a cavity, which achieved the dual coupling effect, so that the electromagnetic wave was reflected multiple times to form more absorption loss. Among the absorption dominant shielding films, the composite structure in this work demonstrated stronger shielding effectiveness of 28.76 dB with a higher light transmittance of 80.6%. In addition, under the protection of the outermost h-BN layer, the decline range of the shielding performance of the shielding film was extensively reduced after 30 days of exposure to air and maintained long-term stability. Overall, this study provides an outstanding EMI shielding material with great potential for practical applications in electronic devices protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the immobilization of heavy metals in the bio-char during microwave pyrolysis, the immobilization efficiency and mechanism of heavy metals in the microwave pyrolysis of sludge with different alkaline catalysts were explored. Results showed that the leaching concentrations of heavy metals reduced greatly after pyrolysis, which were lower when catalyzed by CaO than those of Fe 2 O 3 . CaO was more favorable for the immobilization of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and Ni while Fe 2 O 3 was more favorable for Cd. Different species distributions of heavy metals in the bio-char affected the leaching concentrations. Adding catalyst could significantly reduce the ecological risks of heavy metals in the bio-char, and CaO (RI = 15.17–20.43) had a better performance than Fe 2 O 3 (RI = 16.88–21.79). When catalyzed by CaO, the formation of pores and co-crystal compounds in the bio-char determined the immobilization efficiencies of heavy metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to make a better understanding of the characteristics of N 2 O emission in A/O wastewater treatment plant, full-scale and pilot-scale experiments were carried out and a back propagation artificial neural network model based on the experimental data was constructed to make a precise prediction of N 2 O emission. Results showed that, N 2 O flux from different units followed a descending order: aerated grit tank > oxic zone ≫ anoxic zone > final clarifier > primary clarifier, but 99.4% of the total emission of N 2 O (1.60% of N-load) was monitored from the oxic zone due to its big surface area. A proper DO control could reduce N 2 O emission down to 0.21% of N-load in A/O process, and a two-hidden-layers back propagation model with an optimized structure of 4:3:9:1 could achieve a good simulation of N 2 O emission, which provided a new method for the prediction of N 2 O emission during wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing depletion of fossil energy and the development of carbon neutral sustainable concept, the production of high-quality biogas from renewable biomass has important applications. Microwave pyrolysis technology, as a biomass conversion method with the high pyrolysis efficiency, good quality of biogas products and high energy utilization efficiency, has attracted wide attention. However, due to the key defects of microwave pyrolysis technology, it is still in the laboratory scale and has not been applied on a large scale. Therefore, in order to improve the application potential of microwave pyrolysis technology in biomass energy development, this work selects sludge as the representative of biomass, and summarizes 172 related research on the production of high-quality biogas by microwave pyrolysis sludge. In this review, the exploration of key influencing factors, insight into pyrolysis mechanisms from different perspectives, energy consumption and techno-economic analysis are discussed, aiming at optimizing microwave pyrolysis process from multiple perspectives. The key problems and solutions of microwave pyrolysis to generate biogas are investigated and proposed to understand the critical issues that hinder its further development. This review provides new thinking and references for the application and industrialization of microwave pyrolysis technology in producing high-quality biofuels. [Display omitted] • Parameters affecting biogas obtained by microwave pyrolysis of sludge are reviewed. • Mechanisms of microwave pyrolysis of sludge are explored from different perspectives. • Energy consumption and efficiency of microwave pyrolysis process are analyzed. • Critical issues affecting the development of microwave pyrolysis process are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging 2D magnetic heterojunctions attract substantial interest due to their potential applications in spintronics. Achieving magnetic phase engineering with structural integrity in 2D heterojunctions is of paramount importance for their magnetism manipulation. Herein, starting with chromium ditelluride (CrTe2) as the backbone framework, various lateral and vertical magnetic heterojunctions are obtained via self‐intercalated 2D chromium telluride (CrxTey). A Cr2Te3‐Cr5Te8 lateral heterojunction prototype is demonstrated for the manipulation of magnetic moments under different magnitudes of magnetic excitation, showing a sharply stepped hysteresis loop with a dual spin‐flip transition at high Curie temperatures up to 150 and 210 K by magneto‐optical Kerr measurement. High‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and first‐principles calculations reveal a preferred random location of Cr intercalants at the phase boundary, allowing lowering energy associated with crystal field splitting. The overall structural rigidity of chromium‐telluride heterostructure with magnetic phase decoupled behaviors is promising for 2D spintronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Globally, hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Activator of HSP90 ATPase activity 1(AHSA1) was reported to be involved in regulating the maturation, stability, and degradation of related cancer-promoting proteins. However, the biological function and regulatory mechanism of AHSA1 in hepatocellular carcinoma were unclearly. In this study, we found AHSA1 was upregulated and associated with poor clinical characteristics and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Moreover, AHSA1 promoted proliferation, metastasis, epithelium-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo by recruiting ERK1/2 and promoting the phosphorylation and inactivation of CALD1. Taken together, our findings provided a mechanistic insight into the role of AHSA1 in hepatocellular carcinoma progression and implied AHSA1 may be a biomarker and therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related death worldwide. AHSA1 as a chaperone of HSP90 promotes the maturation, stability, and degradation of related cancer-promoting proteins. However, the regulatory mechanism and biological function of AHSA1 in HCC are largely unknown. Actually, we found that AHSA1 was significantly upregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines and was notably correlated with the poor clinical characteristics and prognosis of HCC patients in this study. Furthermore, both in vitro and in vivo, gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that AHSA1 promoted the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC. Moreover, the mechanistic study indicated that AHSA1 recruited ERK1/2 and promoted the phosphorylation and inactivation of CALD1, while ERK1/2 phosphorylation inhibitor SCH772984 reversed the role of AHSA1 in the proliferation and EMT of HCC. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the knockdown of CALD1 reversed the inhibition of proliferation and EMT by knocking AHSA1 in HCC. We also illustrated a new molecular mechanism associated with AHSA1 in HCC that was independent of HSP90 and MEK1/2. In summary, AHSA1 may play an oncogenic role in HCC by regulating ERK/CALD1 axis and may serve as a novel therapeutic target for HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]