Search

Frequent itching and incessant scratching are commonly observed in various chronic inflammatory skin conditions, including atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. The persistent and prolonged nature of pruritus can worsen one's quality of life. Keratinocytes (KCs), the predominant cells of the epidermis, have been confirmed to interact with sensory neurons and immune cells and be involved in chronic skin inflammatory diseases associated with pruritus. Initially, KCs and sensory neurons form a unique synapse‐like connection within the epidermis, serving as the structural foundation for their interaction. Additionally, several receptors, including toll‐like receptors and protease‐activated receptor 2, expressed on KCs, become activated in an inflammatory milieu. On the one hand, activated KCs are sources of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors, such as adenosine triphosphate, thymic stromal lymphopoietin, and nerve growth factor, which directly or indirectly participate in stimulating sensory neurons, thereby contributing to the itch sensations. On the other hand, KCs also function as primary transducers alongside intraepidermal nerve endings, directly initiating pruritic responses. This review summarizes the current literature and highlights the critical role of KCs in the development and persistence of chronic itch in inflammatory skin disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A healthy animal intestine hosts a diverse population of bacteria in a symbiotic relationship. These bacteria utilize nutrients in the host's intestinal environment for growth and reproduction. In return, they assist the host in digesting and metabolizing nutrients, fortifying the intestinal barrier, defending against potential pathogens, and maintaining gut health. Bacterial colonization is a crucial aspect of this interaction between bacteria and the intestine and involves the attachment of bacteria to intestinal mucus or epithelial cells through nonspecific or specific interactions. This process primarily relies on adhesins. The binding of bacterial adhesins to host receptors is a prerequisite for the long-term colonization of bacteria and serves as the foundation for the pathogenicity of pathogenic bacteria. Intervening in the adhesion and colonization of bacteria in animal intestines may offer an effective approach to treating gastrointestinal diseases and preventing pathogenic infections. Therefore, this paper reviews the situation and mechanisms of bacterial colonization, the colonization characteristics of various bacteria, and the factors influencing bacterial colonization. The aim of this study was to serve as a reference for further research on bacteria–gut interactions and improving animal gut health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A facile method for synthesis of biomass‐derived porous carbon from bio‐wastes sodium lignosulfonate is proposed. Using neutral reagent KNO3 as activator and nitrogen source, the porous carbon materials with three‐dimensional hierarchical porous structure interconnected oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur co‐doped are prepared via simple and efficient lyophilisation and a one‐step carbonization. The porous carbon carbonized at 800°C possesses high specific surface area (2400 m2 g−1) and moderate oxygen (9.15 at%), nitrogen (2.35 at%) and sulphur (0.37 at%) contents. As a result, the GSLS‐800 achieves an ultrahigh specific capacitance of 389.7 F g−1 with 1 A g−1 as well as 92.3% capacitance retention with 10 000 cycles at 10 A g−1 under 3 M KOH three‐electrode system. Furthermore, the solid‐symmetric supercapacitor aggregated by GSLS‐800 delivers a high energy density of 27.26 W h kg−1 under a power density of 487.75 W kg−1 and presents a favourable retention capacity of 89.6% at 10 A g−1 after 10 000 cycles. This work extends high value‐added utilization of biomass derivatives in energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]