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Introduction: Streptococcus pneumoniaeis the leading cause of meningitis, with a case fatality of up to about 50%. Children younger than 5 years are at greater risk for pneumococcal meningitis compared with other populations. It is of significant importance to provide a comprehensive understanding of the burden of pneumococcal meningitis among under-fives in the low pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) coverage period in China. Methods: A systematic review was conducted. We searched both English (PubMed, Ovid-EMBASE, Biosis, Web of Science, and Cochrane) and Chinese (CNKI, Wanfang, and ViP) databases for studies on bacterial meningitis in China published between January 1980 and July 2022. Ineligible studies were excluded based on study design and data integrity. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2and estimates of bacterial meningitis morbidity and mortality were pooled using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was conducted to trace the source of the heterogeneity and summarize average estimates. Results: A total of 13,082 studies were identified in the literature, and 56 studies were finally included for data analysis. The estimated incidence of pneumococcal meningitis was 2.10 cases per 100,000 children younger than 5 years each year (95% CI: 0.59–7.46), with a pooled case fatality rate of 24.59% (95%CI: 19.35–30.28%) in China. It was estimated that 1617.16 (95% CI: 454.35–5744.78) pneumococcal meningitis cases and 548.86 (95% CI: 474.80–627.62) deaths occurred among under-fives in China in 2020. Streptococcus pneumoniaeplayed an important role in the etiology of confirmed bacterial meningitis cases, with a pooled proportion of 22.05% (95% CI: 17.83–26.27%). The most prevalent serotypes were 6B, 14, 19F, 19A, and 23F, which were preventable with a vaccine. Conclusions: Pneumococcal meningitis remains one of the most important health problems among children younger than 5 years in China. Immunization programs should be promoted to avoid preventable cases and deaths.

Although the combination of chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) can treat triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), the severe effects of chemotherapy on immune cells significantly reduce the efficacy of the ICIs. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with high selectivity is an alternative to chemotherapy that can also effectively treat hypoxic TNBC. However, high levels of immunosuppressive cells, and low infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) limit the efficacy of PDT combined with ICIs. This study aims to evaluate the role of drug self‐delivery nanocubes (ATO/PpIX‐SMN) combined with anti‐PD‐L1 in TNBC treatment. Anti‐malarial atovaquone (ATO) enhances protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)‐mediated PDT‐induced immunogenic cell death and downregulates tumor Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. Furthermore, the nanocubes combined with anti‐PD‐L1, which synergistically induce maturation of dendritic cells, promote infiltration of CTLs, reduce regulatory T cells, and significantly activate the host immune system, thus treating primary and distal tumors. This work demonstrates that ATO/PpIX‐SMN can enhance the response rate of anti‐PD‐L1 in TNBC treatment via O2‐economized photodynamic‐downregulating Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. The drugs form nanocubes (ATO/PpIX‐SMN) via self‐assembly through hydrophobic interaction. ATO/PpIX‐SMN ameliorate oxygen consumption, thus enhancing PDT‐induced ICD to release TAA, and degrade β‐catenin protein, combined with anti‐PD‐L1, which synergistically induce more DCs maturation, CTLs infiltration, and lower level of Tregs. The above strategy can convert TNBC “cold” tumor into “hot” tumor, thus killing primary and distal tumors.