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While the philosophy of deterrence has long been rooted in the criminal justice system and has informed policy and programming, the results of such strategies have been mixed. A handful of research efforts have focused on the relationship between various deterrence perspectives and cyberbullying; however, few address this issue in a non-Western context. To develop a more comprehensive assessment of cyberbullying deterrence and perceptions of punishment among adolescents, this study utilizes a large-scale data set collected from Taiwan. Results indicate a negative association between cyberbullying and a sense of the certainty of punishment from authorities. Moreover, perceptions of the severity of punishment decrease the propensity for cyberbullying behavior.

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a potential radiation therapy modality for cancer, and tumor-targeted stable boron-10 (10B) delivery agents are an important component of BNCT. Currently, two low-molecular-weight boron-containing compounds, sodium mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (BSH) and boronophenylalanine (BPA), are mainly used in BNCT. Although both have suboptimal tumor selectivity, they have shown some therapeutic benefit in patients with high-grade glioma and several other tumors. To improve the efficacy of BNCT, great efforts have been devoted for the development of new boron delivery agents with better uptake and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. This article reviews the application and research progress of boron nanomaterials as boron carriers in boron neutron capture therapy and hopes to stimulate people’s interest in nanomaterial-based delivery agents by summarizing various kinds of boron nanomaterial patents disclosed in the past decade.

A non-contact piezoelectric actuator is proposed. The non-contact power transfer between stator and rotor is realized by pneumatic transmission, characterized by fast response, long life, compact structure, and easy miniaturization and control. The structure of the non-contact piezoelectric actuator is designed and its working principle is elucidated. The equation of the relationship between the output displacements of the non-contact piezoelectric actuator's micro-displacement amplifying mechanism and the input displacements of piezoelectric stack is deduced, and the simulation analysis method of output displacement of the micro-displacement amplifying mechanism is established. Using the equation and the simulation analysis, the output characteristics of micro-displacement amplifying mechanism for the non-contact piezoelectric actuator and their changes along with the system parameters are investigated. The detailed process of optimal design of the micro-displacement amplifying mechanism is given by means of mathematical statistics. The prototype is made and the performance test is carried out. The correctness of the theoretical calculation and simulation analysis is verified by comparing the experimental values with the theoretical and simulated values of the output displacement of the micro-displacement amplifying mechanism. The results show that the initial angle of bridge structure I has an obvious effect on the output characteristics of the micro-displacement amplifying mechanism in the range of 5°–15°. When the lever's rod length is 13 mm–15 mm, the bridge structure II's rod length is 6 mm–7 mm, and the power arm length of bridge structure I's driving lever is 5 mm–7 mm, the bridge structure II's rod horizontal projection length is 5 mm–6 mm and the output displacement of the micro-displacement amplifying mechanism is larger. Through the optimal design, it is obtained that the bridge structure I's initial angle is 8°, the lever's rod length is 15 mm, the bridge structure II's rod length is 7 mm, and the power arm length of bridge structure I driving lever is 5 mm, the bridge structure II's rod horizontal projection length is 6 mm, and the simulated output displacement of the micro-displacement amplifying mechanism is 0.1415 mm. The prototype test reveals that as the input excitation displacement decreases, the error increases, while as the input excitation displacement increases, the error decreases. Specifically, when the input excitation displacement is 0.005 mm, the measured output displacement of the micro-displacement amplifying mechanism is 0.1239 mm, resulting in a 19.8% deviation from the theoretical value and a 12.44% deviation from the simulated value. The research work in this paper enriches the research achievements of non-contact piezoelectric actuators, and also provides a reference for designing small structure and large travel micro-displacement amplifying mechanisms of this type of actuator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) regulate the level of tyrosine phosphorylation in proteins. PTKs are key enzymes that catalyze the transfer of an ATP phosphoric acid to a tyrosine residue on target protein substrates. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are responsible for the dephosphorylation of tyrosine residues and play a role in countering PTK overactivity. As widespread oncogenes, PTKs were once considered to be promising targets for therapy. However, tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) now face a number of challenges, including drug resistance and toxic side effects. Treatment strategies now need to be developed from a new perspective. In this review, we assess the current state of TKIs and highlight the role of PTPs in cancer and other diseases. With the advances of allosteric inhibition and the development of multiple alternative proprietary drug strategies, the reputation of PTPs as "undruggable" targets has been overturned, and they are now considered viable therapeutic targets. We also discuss the strategies and prospects of PTP-targeted therapy, as well as its future development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]