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6. Lacustrine Shale Oil Occurrence State and Its Controlling Factors: A Case Study from the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin.

Author

Zhang, Shaomin, Guo, Ruiying, Tang, Qingsong, Hong, Haitao, Qin, Chunyu, Lu, Shuangfang, Zhang, Pengfei, Wei, Tengqiang, Pan, Keyu, and Lin, Zizhi

Subjects
SHALE oils, NUCLEAR magnetic resonance, POROSITY, ORGANIC compounds, SHALE
Abstract

To reveal the shale oil occurrence state and its controlling factors of the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation in the Sichuan Basin, experimental analyses, including total organic content, X-ray diffraction, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption-desorption, nuclear magnetic resonance, conventional, and multistage rock-eval, were conducted on the shale samples. The shale oil occurrence state, the amount/proportion of adsorbed/free oil, and their control factors were clarified. Moreover, the classification evaluation standard of shale oil resources was then determined. The results show that the selected shales are characterized by large oil contents. Total oil ranges from 0.08 mg/g to 10.06 mg/g (mean 2.82 mg/g). Adsorbed oil is between 0.03 mg/g and 5.66 mg/g (1.64 mg/g), while free oil spans from 0.05 mg/g to 4.94 mg/g (1.21 mg/g). The higher the total oil content, the higher the free oil content, indicating that the free oil sweet spot corresponds to the shale oil resource sweet spot. Shale oil is mainly adsorbed in organic matter; the larger TOC content results in the higher adsorbed oil content. Residual shale oil primarily occurs in pores less than 100 nm in diameter, and a higher pore volume corresponds to a higher total oil content. The shale oil enrichment resources refer to the shale with the TOC > 1.5%, S1 > 1.5 mg/g, and S1/TOC > 45 mg/g. This study is helpful for the prediction of shale oil resources and optimizing sweet spots in the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation of the Sichuan Basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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9. B-Spline Curve Fitting with Normal Constrains in Computer Aided Geometric Designed

Author

Lin, Zizhi, Ding, Yun, Kacprzyk, Janusz, Series Editor, Pal, Nikhil R., Advisory Editor, Bello Perez, Rafael, Advisory Editor, Corchado, Emilio S., Advisory Editor, Hagras, Hani, Advisory Editor, Kóczy, László T., Advisory Editor, Kreinovich, Vladik, Advisory Editor, Lin, Chin-Teng, Advisory Editor, Lu, Jie, Advisory Editor, Melin, Patricia, Advisory Editor, Nedjah, Nadia, Advisory Editor, Nguyen, Ngoc Thanh, Advisory Editor, Wang, Jun, Advisory Editor, Atiquzzaman, Mohammed, editor, Yen, Neil, editor, and Xu, Zheng, editor

Published
2021
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18. Pore Structure and Fractal Character of Lacustrine Oil-Bearing Shale from the Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Author

Pengfei Zhang, Zhiping Zeng, Shuangfang Lu, Guo Chen, Junqian Li, Jijun Li, Lin Zizhi, Junjian Zhang, and Xiangchun Chang

Subjects
Calcite, QE1-996.5, Article Subject, 020209 energy, Dolomite, Carbonate minerals, Mineralogy, Geology, 02 engineering and technology, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Fractal dimension, Fractal analysis, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Shale oil, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Clay minerals, Oil shale, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

To better understand the pore structure and fractal character of lacustrine shales and their influence on liquid hydrocarbon occurrences, in this study, a total of 29 lacustrine oil-bearing shale samples collected from the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, were investigated based on nitrogen adsorption (NGA) analysis combined with TOC, Rock-Eval pyrolysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) experiments. The relationships among the compositions (TOC, minerals, and oil content), pore structures, and fractal dimensions of the lacustrine shale samples were discussed. The results showed that the adsorption and fractal characteristics of lacustrine oil-bearing shales differ at relative pressures of 0-0.1 and 0.5-1. Two corresponding fractal dimensions D 1 and D 2 were determined by the FHH model according to the nitrogen adsorption branches. Specifically, D 1 varies from 2.4292 to 2.6109 (mean 2.5245), and D 2 varies between 2.4680 and 2.8535 (mean 2.6889). The specific surface area (SSA) ranges from 1.512 m2/g to 34.002 m2/g, with an average of 13.656 m2/g, the total pore volume is between 6.0 × 10-3 cm3/g and 48.4 × 10-3 cm3/g (mean 24.5 × 10-3 cm3/g), and the average pore diameter is in the range of 4.22 nm to 19.57 nm (mean 9.35 nm). Both D 1 and D 2 increase with increasing SSA and increase with decreasing average pore diameters but have no correlation with pore volume. Moreover, D 1 and D 2 exhibit positive relationships with clay minerals and negative correlations with carbonate minerals (calcite and dolomite). The relationship between fractal dimensions ( D 1 and D 2 ) and TOC contents is expressed as a U-shaped curve, characterized by the minimum D values at approximately 3% TOC. The shale oil content is controlled by the pore structures and fractal dimensions, and lacustrine shales with lower SSAs and smaller fractal dimensions would have more free oil. Therefore, lacustrine shales in the oil window with TOC contents ranging from 2% to 4% are probably the preferred shale oil exploration target in the Shahejie Formation, Dongying Sag, Bohai Bay Basin. The results indicate that fractal analysis can provide insight into the pore structure characteristics and oil storage capacity of lacustrine shales.

Published
2021
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21. A New RSA Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Singular Value Decomposition.

Author

Zhu, Kai, Lin, Zizhi, and Ding, Yun

Subjects
*IMAGE encryption, *RSA algorithm, *SINGULAR value decomposition, *CRYPTOSYSTEMS
Abstract

There have been many ways to construct an algorithm to encrypt image. Most often the algorithms are based on DNA sequence or other methods. In this paper, we proposed a new method which is based on singular value decomposition. In this approach, we can encrypt a small portion of the data through RSA encryption algorithm. The strength of the proposed method is insured through various statistical and security analysis. It shows that the algorithm has good encryption effect and higher encryption efficiency, which can be applied to the storage and network transmission of military, medical and other digital images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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