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Objective To evaluate and analyze the impact of COVID-19 epidemic on inventory of red blood cells (RBCs)in local and municipal blood stations in China, and to provide reference for the management of public health emergencies. Methods Relevant data from 2018 to 2021 were collected, and the differences in the volume of qualified RBCs, the usage efficiency of inventory RBCs, the average daily distribution of RBCs,the blood distribution rate of RBCs prepared by 400 mL whole blood, the difference in the average storage days of RBCs at the time of distribution, the average daily inventory of RBCs and the time of the average daily inventory of RBCs to maintain the distribution in 24 local and municipal blood stations in China during the COVID-19 epidemic and non-epidemic periods were retrospectively analyzed. Results Compared with non-epidemic periods, the volume of qualified RBCs [(117 525.979 ±52 203.175)U] and the average daily distribution of RBCs [( 156. 468 ± 70. 186) U ] increased significantly, but the usage efficiency of inventory RBCs decreased(97.24%±0.51%) significantly (P0.5). Conclusion During the COVID-19 epidemic, the inventory management of RBCs operated well, the overall inventory remained relatively stable, the stock composition and storage period showed no significant change.

Objective To analyze the basic characteristics of whole blood donors from blood stations before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. Methods After excluding invalid data, data related to the basic characteristics of whole blood donors collected from 26 blood stations in China during 2018 to 2021 were statistically analyzed, including the trend of total whole blood donors, the number of repeated blood donors, the frequency of blood donation, the average age of donors and the recruitment of first-time blood donors. Results Affected by the epidemic, 8 out of 14 indicators were with large variations, accounting for 57%. The overall growth rate of total whole blood donors during the epidemic was higher than before the epidemic (P

Objective To analyze the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection data of blood donors from 18 domestic blood stations, so as to investigate the HBV infection situation of blood donors. Methods The positive rate of HBV and its distribution characteristics of regions, the percentage of HBsAg+ ELISA in first-time vs repeated blood donors, and the percentage of HBsAg-/HBV DNA+ blood donors of 18 domestic blood stations during 2017 to 2020 were collected from the Working Platform for Practice Comparison of Blood Centers, and the HBV infection among blood donors were statistically analyzed. Results From 2017 to 2020, the positive rate of HBV in blood donors among 18 domestic blood stations was 13.48/10 000-144.02/10 000, with the average HBV positive rate in eastern, central and western region at 26.14/10 000, 51.98/10 000 and 41.00/10 000, respectively. The HBsAg+ rate by ELISA among first-time and repeated blood donors was 14.55/10 000-305.39/10 000 vs 1.04/10 000-87.43/10 000 The HBsAg-/HBV DNA+ yield was 1.80/10 000-35.31/10 000. Conclusion The distribution of HBV infection in blood donors has regional characteristics, and HBV prevalence was low in repeated blood donors. HBsAg ELISA combined with HBV DNA detection can better ensure blood safety.

To address the issue of low predictive accuracy in complex trajectory forecasting for civilian rotorcraft unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), this paper presents a method that utilizes the SVM-BTS technique for recognizing and predicting these intricate trajectories. Initially, the Support Vector Machine-Binary Tree Support Vector Machine model (SVM-BTS) is employed to segmentally recognize the complex trajectories of civilian UAVs. Based on this identification, five distinct flight states are identified: vertical, pitch, transverse, roll, and transitional. To assess the predictive performance of these states, a combination of Sliding Window Polynomial Least Squares, Unscented Kalman Filtering, and Long Short-Term Memory neural network methods is utilized. Consequently, the most suitable prediction algorithm is determined for each flight state. Experimental results demonstrate that the SVM-BTS recognition method, compared to SVM, achieves a 10.4% increase in recognition accuracy. Across different flight datasets, this prediction method exhibits the lowest mean squared error values compared to SWPLS, UKF, and LSTM. Therefore, this study accurately predicts the complex flight trajectories of civilian rotorcraft UAVs, enhancing the precision and efficiency of UAV flight prediction.

In this study, the constant temperature control system of a heating plate was established, ethanol–diesel fuel with different proportions was prepared, and a series of experiments were carried out. The experimental system was used to observe, summarize, and analyze four evaporation and crushing modes of mixed droplets, which were explosion, liquid filament stretching, exocytosis, and ejection mode. The evaporation process of four kinds of mixed droplets in their life cycle was analyzed by normalizing the diameter square. It was proposed that the evaporation process of droplets could be divided into the following three stages: a heating stage, a fluctuating evaporation stage, and an equilibrium evaporation stage. It was also pointed out that the expansion, ejection, and micro-explosion of droplets were the causes of fluctuating evaporation. The concept of expansion and crushing intensity was put forward and the expansion and crushing intensity of ethanol/diesel mixed droplets with different proportions were calculated. The reasons why expansion and crushing intensity first increased and decreased with the increase in ethanol blending ratio were analyzed. Finally, the time proportion of ethanol–diesel mixed droplets in each evaporation stage was calculated, which explained that the time proportion of the instantaneous heating stage showed a parabolic law with the increase in ethanol content.

Objective To understand the current situation of blood components distribution in domestic prefecture-level blood stations through analyzing the components distribution data of 24 prefecture-level blood stations in China. Methods The data of components distribution of 24 blood stations from 2017 to 2020 as well as the data of blood deployment of 24 blood stations from 2019 to 2020 were collected and analyzed. Results From 2017 to 2020, positive annual growth in red blood cells, plasma and cryoprecipitate was observed in 22, 19 and 15 out of the 24 blood stations, and the annual growth median rate of above three components was 5.24%, 3.80% and 3.25%, respectively. Among the 24 prefecture-level blood stations, 23 carried out the preparation of cryoprecipitate. Conclusion The distribution of red blood cells, cryoprecipitate and plasma in prefecture-level blood stations is increasing year by year. However, there is a overstock of plasma, and most blood stations need blood employment.

Objective To learn the production efficient of platelet components among prefecture-level blood stations in China, to provide supporting data for those blood stations to optimize the production mode of platelet components and continuously improve production efficiency and supply capacity. Methods The data from 2017 to 2020 was obtained from 24 prefecture-level blood stations who were the members of the practice comparison network for blood institutes in China. The collection units of apheresis platelets, the number of dual-collections of apheresis platelets and plasma, the average apheresis units of one platelet apheresis procedure, the discarded rate of apheresis platelets, the amount of expired apheresis platelets and the amount of apheresis platelets issued were collected. For concentrated platelets, the prepared amount of platelet concentrates and the amount of expired platelet concentrates were collected; both the quantity of qualified and issued concentrated platelets were submitted for statistical analysis.The total output and efficiency of platelet components were calculated based on the collected data. Results The average annual growth rate of apheresis platelets collection in 24 prefecture-level blood stations was 12.23%, accounting for 99.80% of the total platelet output; the average collection unit of one platelets apheresis procedure was 1.75; from 2019 to 2020, only 5 blood stations performed dual-collection of platelet and plasma during one apheresis procedure; the discarded rate of apheresis platelets was 0.28%, of which 0.007% was due to expiration. A total of 1 621.2 therapeutic units of concentrated platelets were prepared, and 13.03% of them was discarded due to the expiration. The production efficiency of platelet components was 97.56%, of which the production efficiency of apheresis platelets was 97.61% and the production efficiency of concentrated platelets was 74.43%. Conclusion There are large regional differences in the supply capacity of platelet components in prefecture-level blood stations. Apheresis platelets are the main resource of platelet components product, and the collection capacity is increasing over the years with the characteristics of high production efficiency and low expiration scrapping rate. However, the preparation of concentrated platelets are still limited with relatively low production and high expiration discarded rate.

Artificial neurons are the fundamental elements in neuromorphic computing systems. Studies have revealed neuronal spike‐rate adaptation owing to intrinsic plasticity that neurons will adapt to the spiking patterns and store the events in the background spiking through clustered neuronal spiking. The event can be reactivated by specific retrieval clues instead of solely relying on synaptic plasticity. However, the neural adaptation, as well as the interactive adaptations of neuronal activity for information processing, have not been implemented. Herein, an artificial adaptive neuron via in materia modulation of the VO2/HfO2 based dual‐mode memristor is demonstrated. By changing the conductance of the HfO2 layer, the firing threshold can be modulated, thus the excitability and inhibition can be adjusted according to the previous stimuli without any complex peripherals, showing an adaptive firing rate even under the same stimuli. The artificial neuron clusters can emulate the concept of neuronal memory and neural adaptation, demonstrating spatiotemporal encoding capabilities via the correlated neural firing patterns. This conceptual work provides an alternative way to expand the computation power of spiking neural networks by exploiting the neural adaptation and could be enlightenment to maximize the synergy across both synapse and neuron in neuromorphic computing systems.

In the main body of colleges and universities, the effect of college teaching psychology management is an important standard to test the quality of college teaching psychology management and its effects on the development of college teaching psychology management. However, the psychology management system used by traditional colleges and universities is challenging to meet the needs of the innovation of the new talent training model of higher vocational education. The construction of the new micro-level teaching organization inevitably requires the psychology management practice, structure, process, and technology at the medium and macro-levels to adapt to it. However, there are many mismatches in Higher Vocational Colleges’ internal and external administrative systems in China, such as low administrative efficiency, generalization of administrative power, low degree of specialization in administrative psychology management, and unreasonable administrative and organizational structure. This paper innovates the psychology management of colleges and universities reforms in combination with the characteristics of the digital age. Based on the collaborative innovation theory of colleges and universities, this paper puts forward the collaborative psychology management innovation network model of colleges and universities. The model combines the psychology management theory with the practical research of collaborative innovation in colleges and universities, expands the application and research field of innovation network theory, constructs the evaluation index system of students’ satisfaction in teaching psychology management in colleges and universities, and discusses it through reading and consulting materials and communication with teachers and students. A questionnaire of college teaching psychology management based on student satisfaction is formed. The experiment shows that teaching satisfaction is improved by nearly 31% compared with before innovation and reform. It can initially get the effect of innovation and reform, meet students’ needs, and promote the improvement of teaching psychology management quality.

Interactive evolutionary algorithms (IEAs) coupled with a data-driven user surrogate model (USM) have recently been proposed for enhancing personalized recommendation performance. Since the USM relies on only one model to describe the full range of user preferences, existing USM-based IEAs have not investigated how knowledge migrates between preference models to improve the diversity and novelty of recommendations. Motivated by this, an interactive multifactorial evolutionary optimization algorithm with multidimensional preference user surrogate models is proposed here to perform a multi-view optimization for personalized recommendation. Firstly, multidimensional preference user surrogate models (MPUSMs), partial-MPUSMs, and probability models of MPUSMs are constructed to approximate the different perceptions of preferences and serve for population evolution. Next, a modified multifactorial evolutionary algorithm is used for the first time in the IEAs domain to recommend diverse and novel items for multiple preferences. It includes initialization and diversification management of a population with skill factors, recommendation lists of preference grading and interactive model management of inheriting previous information. Comprehensive comparison studies in the Amazon dataset show that the proposed models and algorithm facilitate the mining of knowledge between preferences. Eventually, at the cost of losing only about 5% of the Hit Ratio and Average Precision, the Individual Diversity is improved by 54.02%, the Self-system Diversity by 3.7%, the Surprise Degree by 2.69%, and the Preference Mining Degree by 16.05%.

Beyond the great success in machine learning (ML), the engineering community has been actively exploring neuromorphic computing systems based on spiking neural networks (SNNs). In the preliminary SNN, the neuronal information is simply encoded by the firing rate, which limits the volume of information in a certain spike pattern. Studies of the biological nervous system have discovered neuronal cooperativity, where flow of neural information is collaboratively encoded and carried by the spatiotemporal stamp and the correlated neuronal activity. In this study, by encoding the control pattern on the dual gates, a MoS2‐based neuristor is exploited to program spatiotemporal information and neuronal correlations via the device's internal dynamics as well as the network topology, and a spiking correlated neural network (SCNN) is demonstrated. This correlated neural network not only succeeds in identifying the patterns with translational and rotational symmetry but also correctly reveals the rotated angles. Compared with conventional SNNs, the dimension of information flow in SCNNs can be greatly enlarged by taking advantage of the synergy between the rate coding and the neuronal correlations. This proof‐of‐concept work provides the potential to achieve high‐volume information processing with the simplified circuitry of neuromorphic computing systems.

The α5 subunit-containing gamma-amino butyric acid type A receptors (α5 GABAARs) are a distinct subpopulation that are specifically distributed in the mammalian hippocampus and also mediate tonic inhibitory currents in hippocampal neurons. These tonic currents can be enhanced by low-dose isoflurane, which is associated with learning and memory impairment. Inverse agonists of α5 GABAARs, such as L-655,708, are able to reverse the short-term memory deficit caused by low-dose isoflurane in young animals. However, whether these negative allosteric modulators have the same effects on aged rats remains unclear. In the present study, we mainly investigated the effects of L-655,708 on low-dose (1.3%) isoflurane-induced learning and memory impairment in elderly rats. Young (3-month-old) and aged (24-month-old) Wistar rats were randomly assigned to receive L-655,708 0.5 hour before or 23.5 hours after 1.3% isoflurane anesthesia. The Morris Water Maze tests demonstrated that L-655,708 injected before or after anesthesia could reverse the memory deficit in young rats. But in aged rats, application of L-655,708 only before anesthesia showed similar effects. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that low-dose isoflurane decreased the mRNA expression of α5 GABAARs in aging hippocampal neurons but increased that in young animals. These findings indicate that L-655,708 prevented but could not reverse 1.3% isoflurane-induced spatial learning and memory impairment in aged Wistar rats. All experimental procedures and protocols were approved by the Experimental Animal Ethics Committee of Academy of Military Medical Science of China (approval No. NBCDSER-IACUC-2015128) in December 2015.

Background/Aims: MIAT is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) involved in cell proliferation and the development of tumor. However, the exact effects and molecular mechanisms of MIAT in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) progression are still unknown. Methods: We screened the lncRNAs’ profile of ccRCC in The Cancer Genome Atlas database, and then examined the expression levels of lncRNA MIAT in 45 paired ccRCC tissue specimens and in cell lines by q-RT-PCR. MTS, colony formation, EdU, and Transwell assays were performed to examine the effect of MIAT on proliferation and metastasis of ccRCC. Western blot and luciferase assays were performed to determine whether MIAT can regulate Loxl2 expression by competitively binding miR-29c in ccRCC. Results: MIAT was up-regulated in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. High MIAT expression correlated with worse clinicopathological features and shorter survival rate. Functional assays showed that knockdown of MIAT inhibited renal cancer cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Luciferase and western blot assays further confirmed that miR-29c binds with MIAT. Additionally, the correlation of miR-29c with MIAT and Loxl2 was further verified in patients' samples. Conclusion: Our data indicated that MIAT might be an oncogenic lncRNA that promoted proliferation and metastasis of ccRCC, and could be a potential therapeutic target in human ccRCC.

Abstract Background Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) has been reported to be involved in carcinogenesis of several human cancers. However, it is currently unknown whether SR-BI plays a role in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here, we aimed to evaluate a tumor promotive mechanism for SR-BI in ccRCC. Methods The expression of SR-BI was evaluated by real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Lipid droplets in ccRCC tissues and normal kidney tissues were examined by Oil Red O (ORO) and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The correlation between SR-BI mRNA levels and clinicopathological features was analyzed by Pearson’s chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox model were used to evaluate the difference in progression-free survival (PFS) associated with expression of SR-BI. Inhibition of SR-BI was conducted by using small interfering RNA (siRNA). In vitro assays were performed to assess the impact of SR-BI knockdown on cell biological behaviors. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol content in ccRCC cells and extracellular media was also measured after transfection with siRNA. Results The expression of SR-BI was markedly up-regulated in ccRCC tissues and tumor cell lines. ORO and HE staining revealed huge amounts of lipid droplets accumulation in ccRCC. Clinical analysis showed that over-expression of SR-BI was positively associated with tumor size, grade, distant metastasis and inversely correlated with PFS. Furthermore, SR-BI was proved to be an independent prognostic marker in ccRCC patients. The inhibition of SR-BI attenuated the tumorous behaviors of ccRCC cells, expression of metastasis and AKT pathway related proteins. The content of HDL-cholesterol was reduced in cells while increased in extracellular media after transfection with si-SR-BI. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that SR-BI functions as an oncogene and promotes progression of ccRCC. SR-BI may serve as a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for ccRCC.

Background/Aims: We previously performed microRNA (miRNA) microarray to identify effective indicators of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) tissue samples and preoperative/postoperative plasma in which we identified miR-144-3p as an oncomiRNA. However, the molecular mechanism of miR-144-3p remains unclear. This study aims to explore the roles of miR-144-3p in the invasion, migration and Sunitinib-resistance in ccRCC and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: Gain and loss of function approaches were used to investigate the cell proliferation, cycle distribution, clonogenicity, migration, invasion, chemosensitivity of miR-144-3p in vitro. The xenograft model was used to assess the effects of miR-144-3p overexpression on tumorigenesis. Bioinformatics analysis and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to indentify AT-rich interactive domain 1A (ARID1A) as a direct target gene of miR-144-3p. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining were used to explore ARID1A expression level of the mRNA and protein. Results: We found that miR-144-3p overexpression enhanced cell proliferation, clonogenicity, migration, invasion, and chemoresistance in ccRCC cells. Notably, the oncotumor activities of miR-144-3p were mediated by repressing the expression of ARID1A. The downregulation of ARIDIA could promote the function of miR-144-3p in cell proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance. Consistently, ARID1A mRNA and protein levels were decreased in ccRCC and in nude mice, and they negatively correlated with miR-144-3p. Conclusion: Higher miR-144-3p may enhance malignancy and resistance to Sunitinib in ccRCC by targeting ARID1A, the observations may uncover novel strategies of ccRCC treatment.

Abstract Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of abnormal lipid accumulation in cancer development and progression, but the mechanism for this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, it is demonstrated that phospholipase C‐like 1/uncoupling protein 1 (PLCL1)/(UCP1)‐mediated lipid browning promotes tumor cell “slimming” and represses tumor progression. By screening three independent lipid metabolism‐related gene sets in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and analyzing the TCGA database, it is found that PLCL1 predicted a poor prognosis and was downregulated in ccRCC. Restoration of PLCL1 expression in ccRCC cells significantly represses tumor progression and reduces abnormal lipid accumulation. Additionally, a phenomenon called tumor cell “slimming,” in which tumor cell volume is reduced and lipid droplets are transformed into tiny pieces, is observed. Further studies show that PLCL1 promotes tumor cell “slimming” and represses tumor progression through UCP1‐mediated lipid browning, which consumes lipids without producing ATP energy. Mechanistic investigations demonstrate that PLCL1 improves the protein stability of UCP1 by influencing the level of protein ubiquitination. Collectively, the data indicate that lipid browning mediated by PLCL1/UCP1 promotes tumor cell “slimming” and consumes abnormal lipid accumulation, which represses the progression of ccRCC. Tumor cell “slimming” offers a promising new concept and treatment modality against tumor development and progression.

Promethazine and scopolamine are two major components of a drug commonly used as a substitute for heroin addiction but with its own potential for abuse. Here, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy experiments were combined with density functional theory computations of the Raman frequencies of promethazine. The enhancement of the SERS substrate was optimized by contrast detection of silver nanoparticles. The optimized substrate was used to detect scopolamine, promethazine and their mixtures. Several mixtures of different concentrations were detected and analyzed. The approach of rapid identification and monitoring of drugs will become an important tool in the detection and control of illicit drug use.

A novel algorithm, called restricted Boltzmann machine-assisted estimation of distribution algorithm, is proposed for solving computationally expensive optimization problems with discrete variables. First, the individuals are evaluated using expensive fitness functions of the complex problems, and some dominant solutions are selected to construct the surrogate model. The restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) is built and trained with the dominant solutions to implicitly extract the distributed representative information of the decision variables in the promising subset. The visible layer’s probability of the RBM is designed as the sampling probability model of the estimation of distribution algorithm (EDA) and is updated dynamically along with the update of the dominant subsets. Second, according to the energy function of the RBM, a fitness surrogate is developed to approximate the expensive individual fitness evaluations and participates in the evolutionary process to reduce the computational cost. Finally, model management is developed to train and update the RBM model with newly dominant solutions. A comparison of the proposed algorithm with several state-of-the-art surrogate-assisted evolutionary algorithms demonstrates that the proposed algorithm effectively and efficiently solves complex optimization problems with smaller computational cost.

Aberrant expression of scavenger receptor class B type 1 has been reported in several human cancers. Nevertheless, the roles of scavenger receptor class B type 1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of scavenger receptor class B type 1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. The messenger RNA level of scavenger receptor class B type 1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissues was detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, while protein level was determined by western blot and immunohistochemistry. The lipid content between clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissues and normal kidney tissues was differentiated by Oil Red O and hematoxylin–eosin staining. The diagnostic value of scavenger receptor class B type 1 was determined by receiver operating characteristic curve. The prognostic significance of scavenger receptor class B type 1 was assessed by Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression analysis. Our results showed that the expression of scavenger receptor class B type 1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma tissues at both messenger RNA and protein level was much higher than that in normal kidney tissues. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis exhibited a significant value of area under the curve (0.8486, 95% confidence interval: 0.7926–0.9045) with strong sensitivity (0.75, 95% confidence interval: 0.6535–0.8312) and specificity (0.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.8238–0.9510). Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that patients with higher scavenger receptor class B type 1 expression had shorter progression-free survival time. Cox analysis indicated that scavenger receptor class B type 1 was an independent prognostic biomarker. In conclusion, our findings implied that scavenger receptor class B type 1 might serve as a diagnostic and independent prognostic biomarker in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Z-ligustilide (LIG), an essential oil extract from Radix Angelica sinensis, has broad pharmaceutical applications in treating cardio-vascular diseases and ischemic brain injury. Recently, LIG has been connected to Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) because of its structural similarity to 3-n-alkyphthalide (NBP), which is specifically cytotoxic to GBM cells. Hence, we investigated LIG's effect on GBM T98G cells. The study shows that LIG can significantly reduce T98G cells' migration in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the attenuation of cellular mobility can be linked to the activity of the Rho GTPases (RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42), the three critical molecular switches governing cytoskeleton remodeling; thus, regulating cell migration. LIG significantly reduces the expression of RhoA and affects in a milder manner the expression of Cdc42 and Rac1.

In the centrosymmetric dinuclear title compound, [Ag2(C36H26N8)2](PF6)2·2C2H3N, the Ag+ ion is bound to four N atoms from two 1,2-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(di-2-pyridylmethyleneamino)ethane-1,2-diimine ligands in a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The ligand adopts a twist conformation, coordinating two metal centers by three pyridyl N atoms and one imine N atom and spanning two Ag+ ions, resulting in the formation of a helical dimeric structure.

With the development of space electronic technology, the space payload operation modes are more and more complex, and manual interpretation is prone to errors for much workload. Generally the space payload’s operation modes are reflected by its telemetry data. By analysing the characteristics of the payload telemetry data, it is proposed an automatic analysis method of payload operation modes based on divide–and–conquer clustering. The clustering method combines division and incremental clustering. The principle of the method is introduced and the method is validated using the actual payload telemetry data. Furthermore the improved method is proposed to the problems encountered. Experimental results show that divide–and–conquer clustering method has the feature of calculation simple and classification accurate, when applied to the classification of payload operation modes. Furthermore this method can be applied to the other areas of payload data processing by extending the method.