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Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) seriously threatens human health and the quality of life, cognitive impairment is considered as a common complication of T2DM. Neuroimaging meta-analysis found brain functional and structural abnormality in patients with T2DM. Therefore, the purpose of the meta-analysis was to identify brain regions of patients with T2DM-related cognitive impairment (T2DM-CI) where functional and structural indicators changed together or could not synchronize. A literature screening of neuroimaging studies on cognitive impairment in T2DM was conducted from 1 January 2007 to 26 May 2023 in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Medline databases. The functional indicators we studied were amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo) and degree centrality (DC), while the structural indicator was gray matter (GM), which included gray matter volume (GMV) and cerebral cortical thickness. Studies reporting ALFF, ReHo, DC and GM abnormalities between T2DM-CI and healthy controls (HCs) were selected and their significant peak coordinates (x, y, z) and effect size (t-value) were extracted to perform a meta-analysis using anisotropic effect size sign differential mapping (AES-SDM) 5.15 software. Moreover, the brain regions with significant differences obtained from meta-analysis were saved as masks and then validated in our data. Total 19 studies and 20 datasets were involved in this study. Compared to HCs, combining ALFF, ReHo, and DC measurements, the brain activity of the left anterior cingulate/paracingulate gyri (ACC.L, BA24) in T2DM-CI patients increased significantly, while the brain activity of the left lingual gyrus (LING.L, BA18) in T2DM-CI patients decreased significantly. The GM indicator of the right superior temporal gyrus (STG.R, BA42) and left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG.L, BA19) in T2DM-CI patients decreased significantly. Meta-regression analysis showed the negative relationship between the brain activity reduction in LING.L and the percentage of female patients, as well as the negative relationship between GM reduction in IOG.L and T2DM duration. Furthermore, we validated a decrease in brain activity in the LING.L of T2DM-CI patients in our independent dataset. The decrease of brain activity in LING.L and the decrease of GM in IOG.L were closely related to visual impairment in T2DM-CI patients. These abnormal brain regions may be the main targets for future research, early intervention can delay the further development of cognitive impairment in T2DM patients and improve their quality of life, which also provided early biomarkers for clarifying the mechanism of cognitive impairment in T2DM.

Abstract Objectives This study aimed to investigate the intra- and inter-observer consistency of the Visually Accessible Rembrandt Images (VASARI) feature set before and after dichotomization, and the association between dichotomous VASARI features and the overall survival (OS) in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Methods This retrospective study included 351 patients with pathologically confirmed IDH1 wild-type GBM between January 2016 and June 2022. Firstly, VASARI features were assessed by four radiologists with varying levels of experience before and after dichotomization. Cohen’s kappa coefficient (κ) was calculated to measure the intra- and inter-observer consistency. Then, after adjustment for confounders using propensity score matching, Kaplan-Meier curves were used to compare OS differences for each dichotomous VASARI feature. Next, patients were randomly stratified into a training set (n = 211) and a test set (n = 140) in a 3:2 ratio. Based on the training set, Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was adopted to develop combined and clinical models to predict OS, and the performance of the models was evaluated with the test set. Results Eleven VASARI features with κ value of 0.61–0.8 demonstrated almost perfect agreement after dichotomization, with the range of κ values across all readers being 0.874–1.000. Seven VASARI features were correlated with GBM patient OS. For OS prediction, the combined model outperformed the clinical model in both training set (C-index, 0.762 vs. 0.723) and test set (C-index, 0.812 vs. 0.702). Conclusion The dichotomous VASARI features exhibited excellent inter- and intra-observer consistency. The combined model outperformed the clinical model for OS prediction.

A cortical plasticity after long-duration single side deafness (SSD) is advocated with neuroimaging evidence while little is known about the short-duration SSDs. In this case-cohort study, we recruited unilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) patients and age-, gender-matched health controls (HC), followed by comprehensive neuroimaging analyses. The primary outcome measures were temporal alterations of varied dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) states, neurovascular coupling (NVC) and brain region volume at different stages of SSNHL. The secondary outcome measures were pure-tone audiograms of SSNHL patients before and after treatment. A total of 38 SSNHL patients (21 [55%] male; mean [standard deviation] age, 45.05 [15.83] years) and 44 HC (28 [64%] male; mean [standard deviation] age, 43.55 [12.80] years) were enrolled. SSNHL patients were categorized into subgroups based on the time from disease onset to the initial magnetic resonance imaging scan: early- (n = 16; 1-6 days), intermediate- (n = 9; 7-13 days), and late- stage (n = 13; 14-30 days) groups. We first identified slow state transitions between varied dFNC states at early-stage SSNHL, then revealed the decreased NVC restricted to the auditory cortex at the intermediate- and late-stage SSNHL. Finally, a significantly decreased volume of the left medial superior frontal gyrus (SFGmed) was observed only in the late-stage SSNHL cohort. Furthermore, the volume of the left SFGmed is robustly correlated with both disease duration and patient prognosis. Our study offered neuroimaging evidence for the evolvement from functional to structural brain alterations of SSNHL patients with disease duration less than 1 month, which may explain, from a neuroimaging perspective, why early-stage SSNHL patients have better therapeutic responses and hearing recovery.

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are aging related diseases with high incidence. Because of the correlation of incidence rate and some possible mechanisms of comorbidity, the two diseases have been studied in combination by many researchers, and even some scholars call AD type 3 diabetes. But the relationship between the two is still controversial.MethodsThis study used seed-based d mapping software to conduct a meta-analysis of the whole brain resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) study, exploring the differences in amplitude low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) between patients (AD or T2DM) and healthy controls (HCs), and searching for neuroimaging evidence that can explain the relationship between the two diseases.ResultsThe final study included 22 datasets of ALFF and 22 datasets of CBF. The results of T2DM group showed that ALFF increased in both cerebellum and left inferior temporal gyrus regions, but decreased in left middle occipital gyrus, right inferior occipital gyrus, and left anterior central gyrus regions. In the T2DM group, CBF increased in the right supplementary motor area, while decreased in the middle occipital gyrus and inferior parietal gyrus. The results of the AD group showed that the ALFF increased in the right cerebellum, right hippocampus, and right striatum, while decreased in the precuneus gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus. In the AD group, CBF in the anterior precuneus gyrus and inferior parietal gyrus decreased. Multimodal analysis within a disease showed that ALFF and CBF both decreased in the occipital lobe of the T2DM group and in the precuneus and parietal lobe of the AD group. In addition, there was a common decrease of CBF in the right middle occipital gyrus in both groups.ConclusionBased on neuroimaging evidence, we believe that T2DM and AD are two diseases with their respective characteristics of central nervous activity and cerebral perfusion. The changes in CBF between the two diseases partially overlap, which is consistent with their respective clinical characteristics and also indicates a close relationship between them.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO [CRD42022370014].

BackgroundParkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with high incidence rate. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), as a widely used method for studying neurodegenerative diseases, has not yet been combined with two important indicators, amplitude low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and cerebral blood flow (CBF), for standardized analysis of PD.MethodsIn this study, we used seed-based d-mapping and permutation of subject images (SDM-PSI) software to investigate the changes in ALFF and CBF of PD patients. After obtaining the regions of PD with changes in ALFF or CBF, we conducted a multimodal analysis to identify brain regions where ALFF and CBF changed together or could not synchronize.ResultsThe final study included 31 eligible trials with 37 data sets. The main analysis results showed that the ALFF of the left striatum and left anterior thalamic projection decreased in PD patients, while the CBF of the right superior frontal gyrus decreased. However, the results of multimodal analysis suggested that there were no statistically significant brain regions. In addition, the decrease of ALFF in the left striatum and the decrease of CBF in the right superior frontal gyrus was correlated with the decrease in clinical cognitive scores.ConclusionPD patients had a series of spontaneous brain activity abnormalities, mainly involving brain regions related to the striatum-thalamic-cortex circuit, and related to the clinical manifestations of PD. Among them, the left striatum and right superior frontal gyrus are more closely related to cognition.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/ PROSPERO (CRD42023390914).

Abstract Aims/hypothesis Brain structure abnormality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-related cognitive dysfunction (T2DM-CD) has been reported for decades in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. However, the reliable results were still unclear. This study aimed to make a systemic review and meta-analysis to find the significant and consistent gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) alterations in patients with T2DM-CD by comparing with the healthy controls (HCs). Methods Published studies were systemically searched from PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science databases updated to November 14, 2021. Studies reporting abnormal GM or WM between patients with T2DM-CD and HCs were selected, and their significant peak coordinates (x, y, z) and effect sizes (z-score or t-value) were extracted to perform a voxel-based meta-analysis by anisotropic effect size-signed differential mapping (AES-SDM) 5.15 software. Results Total 15 studies and 16 datasets (1550 participants) from 7531 results were involved in this study. Compared to HCs, patients with T2DM-CD showed significant and consistent decreased GM in right superior frontal gyrus, medial orbital (PFCventmed. R, BA 11), left superior temporal gyrus (STG. L, BA 48), and right calcarine fissure / surrounding cortex (CAL. R, BA 17), as well as decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) in right inferior network, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF. R), right inferior network, longitudinal fasciculus (ILF. R), and undefined area (32, −60, −42) of cerebellum. Meta-regression showed the positive relationship between decreased GM in PFCventmed.R and MoCA score, the positive relationship between decreased GM in STG.L and BMI, as well as the positive relationship between the decreased FA in IFOF.R and age or BMI. Conclusions/interpretation T2DM impairs the cognitive function by affecting the specific brain structures. GM atrophy in PFCventmed. R (BA 11), STG. L (BA 48), and CAL. R (BA 17), as well as WM injury in IFOF. R, ILF. R, and undefined area (32, −60, −42) of cerebellum. And those brain regions may be valuable targets for future researches. Age, BMI, and MoCA score have a potential influence on the altered GM or WM in T2DM-CD.

ObjectivesTo quantitatively summarize the specific changes in brain structure and function in migraine patients.MethodsA literature screening of migraine was conducted from inception to Sept 1, 2022, in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Medline databases using the keyword combination of “migraine and MRI.” Activation likelihood estimation (ALE) was performed to assess the differentiation of functional connectivity (FC), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and gray matter volume (GMV) of migraine patients.ResultsEleven voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies and 25 resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) studies (16 FC and 9 ReHo studies) were included in this study. ALE analysis revealed the ReHo increase in the brainstem and left thalamus, with no decreased area. Neither increased nor decreased regions were detected in FC and GMV of migraine patients.ConclusionsThe left thalamus and brainstem were the significantly activated regions of migraine. It is a meaningful insights into the pathophysiology of migraine. The consistent alterated brain areas of morphometrical and functional in migraine patients were far from reached based on current studies.

ObjectiveNeuroimaging meta-analysis identified abnormal neural activity alterations in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but there was no consistency or heterogeneity analysis between different brain imaging processing strategies. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine consistent changes of regional brain functions in T2DM via the indicators obtained by using different post-processing methods.MethodsSince the indicators obtained using varied post-processing methods reflect different neurophysiological and pathological characteristics, we further conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis (CBMA) of the two categories of neuroimaging literature, which were grouped according to similar data processing methods: one group included regional homogeneity (ReHo), independent component analysis (ICA), and degree centrality (DC) studies, while the other group summarized the literature on amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and cerebral blood flow (CBF).ResultsThe final meta-analysis included 23 eligible trials with 27 data sets. Compared with the healthy control group, when neuroimaging studies were combined with ReHo, ICA, and DC measurements, the brain activity of the right Rolandic operculum, right supramarginal gyrus, and right superior temporal gyrus in T2DM patients decreased significantly. When neuroimaging studies were combined with ALFF and CBF measurements, there was no clear evidence of differences in the brain function between T2DM and HCs.ConclusionT2DM patients have a series of spontaneous abnormal brain activities, mainly involving brain regions related to learning, memory, and emotion, which provide early biomarkers for clarifying the mechanism of cognitive impairment and neuropsychiatric disorders in diabetes.Systematic review registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=247071, PROSPERO [CRD42021247071].

BackgroundGray matter volume (GMV) alteration in specific brain regions has been widely regarded as one of the most important neuroplasticity features in chronic pain patients with depressive symptoms (CP-D). However, the consistent and significant results were still lacking. Thus, further exploration was suggested to be performed.ObjectivesThis study aimed to comprehensively collect the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) studies on GMV alteration between CP-D and healthy controls (HCs). And a systemic review and meta-analysis were made to explore the characteristic brain regions in chronic pain and depression comorbidity.MethodsSearch of PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases updated to July 13, 2021. The altered GMV between CP-D and HCs in VBM studies was included in this meta-analysis. In total, 18 studies (20 datasets) and 1320 participants (520 patients and 800 HCs) were included. The significant coordinate information (x, y, z) reported in standard space and the effect size (t-value or z-score) were extracted and analyzed by anisotropic effect size-signed differential mapping (AES-SDM) 5.15 software.ResultsAccording to the main analysis results, CP-D showed significant and consistent increased GMV in the left hippocampus (HIP. L) and decreased GMV in the medial part of the left superior frontal gyrus (SFG. L, BA 10) compared to HCs. Subgroup analysis showed significant decreased GMV in the medial orbital part of SFG.R (BA 10) in neuropathic pain, as well as significant increased GMV in the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG.R, BA 35), left hippocampus (HIP.L, BA 20), and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG.R) in musculoskeletal pain. Furthermore, meta-regression showed a positive relationship between the decreased GMV in the medial part of SFG.L and the percentage of female patients.ConclusionGMV abnormality in specific brain areas (e.g., HIP.L and SFG) was robust and reproducible, which could be significantly involved in this comorbidity disease. The findings in this study may be a valuable reference for future research.Systematic Review Registration[www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/].

Abstract Background Based on conventional MRI images, it is difficult to differentiatepseudoprogression from true progressionin GBM patients after standard treatment, which isa critical issue associated with survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of machine learning using radiomics modelfrom T1-weighted contrast enhanced imaging(T1CE) in differentiating pseudoprogression from true progression after standard treatment for GBM. Methods Seventy-sevenGBM patients, including 51 with true progression and 26 with pseudoprogression,who underwent standard treatment and T1CE, were retrospectively enrolled.Clinical information, including sex, age, KPS score, resection extent, neurological deficit and mean radiation dose, were also recorded collected for each patient. The whole tumor enhancementwas manually drawn on the T1CE image, and a total of texture 9675 features were extracted and fed to a two-step feature selection scheme. A random forest (RF) classifier was trained to separate the patients by their outcomes.The diagnostic efficacies of the radiomics modeland radiologist assessment were further compared by using theaccuracy (ACC), sensitivity and specificity. Results No clinical features showed statistically significant differences between true progression and pseudoprogression.The radiomic classifier demonstrated ACC, sensitivity, and specificity of 72.78%(95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.45,0.91), 78.36%(95%CI: 0.56,1.00) and 61.33%(95%CI: 0.20,0.82).The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of three radiologists’ assessment were66.23%(95% CI: 0.55,0.76), 61.50%(95% CI: 0.43,0.78) and 68.62%(95% CI: 0.55,0.80); 55.84%(95% CI: 0.45,0.66),69.25%(95% CI: 0.50,0.84) and 49.13%(95% CI: 0.36,0.62); 55.84%(95% CI: 0.45,0.66), 69.23%(95% CI: 0.50,0.84) and 47.06%(95% CI: 0.34,0.61), respectively. Conclusion T1CE–based radiomics showed better classification performance compared with radiologists’ assessment.The radiomics modelwas promising in differentiating pseudoprogression from true progression.

Social media has been associated with decreased attention, memory, and learning abilities; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Dynamic function network connectivity (dFNC) analysis is suitable for uncovering dynamical brain activity. Besides, the effects of a cognitive task may persist for a while on the brain, even after the termination of the task, also known as the carryover effect. Consequently, we combined the dFNC analysis and cerebral carryover effects to study the brain dynamics of reading social media posts in the natural state and comparatively investigated the brain dynamics of reading science fiction on the smartphone. We performed functional MRI (fMRI) scans of all subjects at baseline and then assigned them a social media post or science fiction reading task. Immediately after, another fMRI scanning was performed for these subjects. We found that the change between dFNC states, the number of dFNC states, and the total distances increased after reading science fiction. Furthermore, the global, local, and nodal efficiencies of the deep-thinking state tended to increase after reading science fiction. On reading social media posts, the functional connectivity (FC) between the default mode network (DMN) and bilateral frontoparietal network (FPN) decreased, while the FC between DMN and visual network (VN) increased. Given the current evidence, we concluded that reading science fiction could substantially increase brain activity and network efficiency, while social media was related to abnormal FCs between DMN, VN, and FPN.

ObjectivesTo investigate the value of morphological feature and signal intensity ratio (SIR) derived from conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in distinguishing primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) from atypical glioblastoma (aGBM).MethodsPathology-confirmed PCNSLs (n = 93) or aGBMs (n = 48) from three institutions were retrospectively enrolled and divided into training cohort (n = 98) and test cohort (n = 43). Morphological features and SIRs were compared between PCNSL and aGBM. Using linear discriminant analysis, multiple models were constructed with SIRs and morphological features alone or jointly, and the diagnostic performances were evaluated via receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Areas under the curves (AUCs) and accuracies (ACCs) of the models were compared with the radiologists’ assessment.ResultsIncision sign, T2 pseudonecrosis sign, reef sign and peritumoral leukomalacia sign were associated with PCNSL (training and overall cohorts, P < 0.05). Increased T1 ratio, decreased T2 ratio and T2/T1 ratio were predictive of PCNSL (all P < 0.05). ROC analysis showed that combination of morphological features and SIRs achieved the best diagnostic performance for differentiation of PCNSL and aGBM with AUC/ACC of 0.899/0.929 for the training cohort, AUC/ACC of 0.794/0.837 for the test cohort and AUC/ACC of 0.869/0.901 for the overall cohort, respectively. Based on the overall cohort, two radiologists could distinguish PCNSL from aGBM with AUC/ACC of 0.732/0.724 for radiologist A and AUC/ACC of 0.811/0.829 for radiologist B.ConclusionMRI morphological features can help differentiate PCNSL from aGBM. When combined with SIRs, the diagnostic performance was better than that of radiologists’ assessment.

Abstract Background The medical imaging to differentiate World Health Organization (WHO) grade II (ODG2) from III (ODG3) oligodendrogliomas still remains a challenge. We investigated whether combination of machine leaning with radiomics from conventional T1 contrast-enhanced (T1 CE) and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offered superior efficacy. Methods Thirty-six patients with histologically confirmed ODGs underwent T1 CE and 33 of them underwent FLAIR MR examination before any intervention from January 2015 to July 2017 were retrospectively recruited in the current study. The volume of interest (VOI) covering the whole tumor enhancement were manually drawn on the T1 CE and FLAIR slice by slice using ITK-SNAP and a total of 1072 features were extracted from the VOI using 3-D slicer software. Random forest (RF) algorithm was applied to differentiate ODG2 from ODG3 and the efficacy was tested with 5-fold cross validation. The diagnostic efficacy of radiomics-based machine learning and radiologist’s assessment were also compared. Results Nineteen ODG2 and 17 ODG3 were included in this study and ODG3 tended to present with prominent necrosis and nodular/ring-like enhancement (P

Abstract Background Our study aims to reveal whether the low b-values distribution, high b-values upper limit, and the number of excitation (NEX) influence the accuracy of the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameter derived from multi-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in the brain. Methods This prospective study was approved by the local Ethics Committee and informed consent was obtained from each participant. The five consecutive multi-b DWI with different b-value protocols (0–3500 s/mm2) were performed in 22 male healthy volunteers on a 3.0-T MRI system. The IVIM parameters from normal white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) including slow diffusion coefficient (D), fast perfusion coefficient (D*) and perfusion fraction (f) were compared for differences among defined groups with different IVIM protocols by one-way ANOVA. Results The D* and f value of WM or GM in groups with less low b-values distribution (less than or equal to 5 b-values) were significantly lower than ones in any other group with more low b-values distribution (all P 0.05). In addition, no significant differences in the D, D* and f value of WM or GM were found between group with one and more NEX of low b-values distribution (all P > 0.05). IVIM parameters in normal WM and GM strongly depended on the choice of the high b-value upper limit. Conclusions Metrics of IVIM parameters can be affected by low and high b value distribution. Eight low b-values distribution with high b-value upper limit of 800–1000 s/mm2 may be the relatively proper set when performing brain IVIM studies.

Abstract Background The incidence and radiological patterns of eosinophilic granuloma (EG) in China is not clear. We described the incidence, presentation, and imaging characteristics of Chinese EG patients in a tertiary hospital. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed from January 2004 to October 2017 at a single tertiary general hospital. Seventy-six patients were pathologically identified as EG. Besides, 60 patients with preoperative imaging diagnosis of “EG” were analyzed to reveal the radiological patterns and their diagnostic power. Results Fifty-three male and 23 female EG patients with a mean age of 18.1 ± 16.7 years (range 1–58 years) were retrospectively included. Significant differences were observed in gender (male to female = 2.3:1) and age (the highest incidence at the age of 0~5 years) for EG. EG predominantly involved the skeletal system: flat bones (31.43%) > irregular bones (24.76%) > long bones (22.86%) > other organs (20.95%). No obvious relationships between season, biochemical markers, and EG incidence were observed. The common presenting symptoms were pain followed with local mass, and most patients underwent surgical resection. Among 60 imagingly diagnosed “EG” patients from April 2009 to October 2017, only 22 were with histological confirmation. The correct diagnosis rates were 37.1% (13 out of 35), 16.7% (5 out of 30), and 22.2% (8 out of 36) for plain radiography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), respectively. Conclusions Chinese EG has a varied presentation, age distribution, and gender difference. EG diagnosis is still based on biopsy or histopathology instead of imaging techniques.

ObjectiveTo explore the usefulness of texture signatures based on multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting the subtypes of growth hormone (GH) pituitary adenoma (PA).MethodsForty-nine patients with GH-secreting PA confirmed by the pathological analysis were included in this retrospective study. Texture parameters based on T1-, T2-, and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images (T1C) were extracted and compared for differences between densely granulated (DG) and sparsely granulated (SG) somatotroph adenoma by using two segmentation methods [region of interest 1 (ROI1), excluding the cystic/necrotic portion, and ROI2, containing the whole tumor]. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to determine the differentiating efficacy.ResultsAmong 49 included patients, 24 were DG and 25 were SG adenomas. Nine optimal texture features with significant differences between two groups were obtained from ROI1. Based on the ROC analyses, T1WI signatures from ROI1 achieved the highest diagnostic efficacy with an AUC of 0.918, the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 85.7, 72.0, 100.0, 100.0, and 77.4%, respectively, for differentiating DG from SG. Comparing with the T1WI signature, the T1C signature obtained relatively high efficacy with an AUC of 0.893. When combining the texture features of T1WI and T1C, the radiomics signature also had a good performance in differentiating the two groups with an AUC of 0.908. In addition, the performance got in all the signatures from ROI2 was lower than those in the corresponding signature from ROI1.ConclusionTexture signatures based on MR images may be useful biomarkers to differentiate subtypes of GH-secreting PA patients.

Current findings on brain structural alterations in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) are heterogenous and controversial. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the significant gray matter volume (GMV) abnormalities between patients with CRPS and healthy controls (HCs). A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE databases was performed, updated through 27 January 2022. A total of five studies (93 CRPS patients and 106 HCs) were included. Peak coordinates and effect sizes were extracted and meta-analyzed by anisotropic effect size–signed differential mapping (AES-SDM). Heterogeneity, sensitivity, and publication bias of the main results were checked by the Q test, jackknife analysis, and the Egger test, respectively. Meta-regression analysis was performed to explore the potential impact of risk factors on GMV alterations in patients with CRPS. The main analysis exhibited that patients with CRPS had increased GMV in the left medial superior frontal gyrus (SFGmedial.L), left striatum, and an undefined area (2, 0, −8) that may be in hypothalamus, as well as decreased GMV in the corpus callosum (CC) (extending to right supplementary motor area (SMA.R), right median cingulate/paracingulate gyri (MCC.R)), and an undefined area (extending to the right caudate nucleus (CAU.R), and right thalamus (THA.R)). Meta-regression analysis showed a negative relationship between increased GMV in the SFGmedial.L and disease duration, and the percentage of female patients with CRPS. Brain structure abnormalities in the sensorimotor regions (e.g., SFGmedial.L, SMA.R, CAU.R, MCC.R, and THA.R) may be susceptible in patients with CRPS. Additionally, sex differences and disease duration may have a negative effect on the increased GMV in SFGmedial.L.

Abstract Background The incidence of pain disorders in women is higher than in men, making gender differences in pain a research focus. The human insular cortex is an important brain hub structure for pain processing and is divided into several subdivisions, serving different functions in pain perception. Here we aimed to examine the gender differences of the functional connectivities (FCs) between the twelve insular subdivisions and selected pain-related brain structures in healthy adults. Methods Twenty-six healthy males and 11 age-matched healthy females were recruited in this cross-sectional study. FCs between the 12 insular subdivisions (as 12 regions of interest (ROIs)) and the whole brain (ROI-whole brain level) or 64 selected pain-related brain regions (64 ROIs, ROI-ROI level) were measured between the males and females. Results Significant gender differences in the FCs of the insular subdivisions were revealed: (1) The FCs between the dorsal dysgranular insula (dId) and other brain regions were significantly increased in males using two different techniques (ROI-whole brain and ROI-ROI analyses); (2) Based on the ROI-whole brain analysis, the FC increases in 4 FC-pairs were observed in males, including the left dId - the right median cingulate and paracingulate/ right posterior cingulate gyrus/ right precuneus, the left dId - the right median cingulate and paracingulate, the left dId - the left angular as well as the left dId - the left middle frontal gyrus; (3) According to the ROI-ROI analysis, increased FC between the left dId and the right rostral anterior cingulate cortex was investigated in males. Conclusion In summary, the gender differences in the FCs of the insular subdivisions with pain-related brain regions were revealed in the current study, offering neuroimaging evidence for gender differences in pain processing. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02820974. Registered 28 June 2016.

Abstract Background The methylation status of oxygen 6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter has been associated with treatment response in glioblastoma(GBM). Using pre-operative MRI techniques to predict MGMT promoter methylation status remains inconclusive. In this study, we investigated the value of features from structural and advanced imagings in predicting the methylation of MGMT promoter in primary glioblastoma patients. Methods Ninety-two pathologically confirmed primary glioblastoma patients underwent preoperative structural MR imagings and the efficacy of structural image features were qualitatively analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. In addition, 77 of the 92 patients underwent additional advanced MRI scans including diffusion-weighted (DWI) and 3-diminsional pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling (3D pCASL) imaging. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) values within the manually drawn region-of-interest (ROI) were calculated and compared using independent sample t test for their efficacies in predicting MGMT promoter methylation. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was used to investigate the predicting efficacy with the area under the curve (AUC) and cross validations. Multiple-variable logistic regression model was employed to evaluate the predicting performance of multiple variables. Results MGMT promoter methylation was associated with tumor location and necrosis (P

BackgroundTo compare the efficacies of univariate and radiomics analyses of amide proton transfer weighted (APTW) imaging in predicting isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation of grade II/III gliomas.MethodsFifty-nine grade II/III glioma patients with known IDH1 mutation status were prospectively included (IDH1 wild type, 16; IDH1 mutation, 43). A total of 1044 quantitative radiomics features were extracted from APTW images. The efficacies of univariate and radiomics analyses in predicting IDH1 mutation were compared. Feature values were compared between two groups with independent t-test and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied to evaluate the predicting efficacy of each feature. Cases were randomly assigned to either the training (n = 49) or test cohort (n = 10) for the radiomics analysis. Support vector machine with recursive feature elimination (SVM-RFE) was adopted to select the optimal feature subset. The adverse impact of the imbalance dataset in the training cohort was solved by synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE). Subsequently, the performance of SVM model was assessed on both training and test cohort.ResultsAs for univariate analysis, 18 features were significantly different between IDH1 wild-type and mutant groups (P < 0.05). Among these parameters, High Gray Level Run Emphasis All Direction offset 8 SD achieved the biggest area under the curve (AUC) (0.769) with the accuracy of 0.799. As for radiomics analysis, SVM model was established using 19 features selected with SVM-RFE. The AUC and accuracy for IDH1 mutation on training set were 0.892 and 0.952, while on the testing set were 0.7 and 0.84, respectively.ConclusionRadiomics strategy based on APT image features is potentially useful for preoperative estimating IDH1 mutation status.

Background: Previous studies presumed that the disturbed neurovascular coupling to be a critical risk factor of cognitive impairments in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but distinct clinical manifestations were lacked. Consequently, we decided to investigate the neurovascular coupling in T2DM patients by exploring the MRI relationship between neuronal activity and the corresponding cerebral blood perfusion. Methods: Degree centrality (DC) map and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) map were used to represent neuronal activity. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) map was used to represent cerebral blood perfusion. Correlation coefficients were calculated to reflect the relationship between neuronal activity and cerebral blood perfusion. Results: At the whole gray matter level, the manifestation of neurovascular coupling was investigated by using 4 neurovascular biomarkers. We compared these biomarkers and found no significant changes. However, at the brain region level, neurovascular biomarkers in T2DM patients were significantly decreased in 10 brain regions. ALFF-CBF in left hippocampus and fractional ALFF-CBF in left amygdala were positively associated with the executive function, while ALFF-CBF in right fusiform gyrus was negatively related to the executive function. The disease severity was negatively related to the memory and executive function. The longer duration of T2DM was related to the milder depression, which suggests T2DM-related depression may not be a physiological condition but be a psychological condition. Conclusion: Correlations between neuronal activity and cerebral perfusion maps may be a method for detecting neurovascular coupling abnormalities, which could be used for diagnosis in the future.Trial registry number: This study has been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02420470) on April 2, 2015 and published on July 29, 2015. Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellites (T2DM), Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Neurovascular coupling, Blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD), Arterial spin-labeling (ASL), Cognitive impairment

Background: Accurate glioma grading before surgery is of the utmost importance in treatment planning and prognosis prediction. But previous studies on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images were not effective enough. According to the remarkable performance of convolutional neural network (CNN) in medical domain, we hypothesized that a deep learning algorithm can achieve high accuracy in distinguishing the World Health Organization (WHO) low grade and high grade gliomas.Methods: One hundred and thirteen glioma patients were retrospectively included. Tumor images were segmented with a rectangular region of interest (ROI), which contained about 80% of the tumor. Then, 20% data were randomly selected and leaved out at patient-level as test dataset. AlexNet and GoogLeNet were both trained from scratch and fine-tuned from models that pre-trained on the large scale natural image database, ImageNet, to magnetic resonance images. The classification task was evaluated with five-fold cross-validation (CV) on patient-level split.Results: The performance measures, including validation accuracy, test accuracy and test area under curve (AUC), averaged from five-fold CV of GoogLeNet which trained from scratch were 0.867, 0.909, and 0.939, respectively. With transfer learning and fine-tuning, better performances were obtained for both AlexNet and GoogLeNet, especially for AlexNet. Meanwhile, GoogLeNet performed better than AlexNet no matter trained from scratch or learned from pre-trained model.Conclusion: In conclusion, we demonstrated that the application of CNN, especially trained with transfer learning and fine-tuning, to preoperative glioma grading improves the performance, compared with either the performance of traditional machine learning method based on hand-crafted features, or even the CNNs trained from scratch.

Aims: To investigate the white matter (WM) integrity and hippocampal functional connectivity (FC) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients without mild cognitive impairment (MCI) by using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), respectively.Methods: Twelve T2DM patients without MCI and 24 age, sex and education matched healthy controls (HC) were recruited. DTI and rs-fMRI data were subsequently acquired on a 3.0T MR scanner. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) combining region of interests (ROIs) analysis was used to investigate the alterations of DTI metrics (fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), λ1 and λ23) and FC measurement was performed to calculate hippocampal FC with other brain regions. Cognitive function was evaluated by using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Brain volumes were also evaluated among these participants.Results: There were no difference of MMSE and MoCA scores between two groups. Neither whole brain nor regional brain volume decrease was revealed in T2DM patients without MCI. DTI analysis revealed extensive WM disruptions, especially in the body of corpus callosum (CC). Significant decreases of hippocampal FC with certain brain structures were revealed, especially with the bilateral frontal cortex. Furthermore, the decreased FA in left posterior thalamic radiation (PTR) and increased MD in the splenium of CC were closely related with the decreased hippocampal FC to caudate nucleus and frontal cortex.Conclusions: T2DM patients without MCI showed extensive WM disruptions and abnormal hippocampal FC. Moreover, the WM disruptions and abnormal hippocampal FC were closely associated.Highlights-T2DM patients without MCI demonstrated no obvious brain volume decrease.-Extensive white matter disruptions, especially within the body of corpus callosum, were revealed with DTI analysis among the T2DM patients.-Despite no MCI in T2DM patients, decreased functional connectivity between hippocampal region and some critical brain regions were detected.-The alterations in hippocampal functional connectivity were closely associated with those of the white matter structures in T2DM patients.This trial was registered to ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02420470, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/).