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Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer in men worldwide after lung cancer. Its diagnosis is based on the identification of the Gleason score that evaluates the abnormality of cells in glands through the analysis of the different Gleason patterns within tissue samples. The recent advancements in computational pathology, a domain aiming at developing algorithms to automatically analyze digitized histopathology images, lead to a large variety and availability of datasets and algorithms for Gleason grading and scoring. However, there is no clear consensus on which methods are best suited for each problem in relation to the characteristics of data and labels. This paper provides a systematic comparison on nine datasets with state-of-the-art training approaches for deep neural networks (including fully-supervised learning, weakly-supervised learning, semi-supervised learning, Additive-MIL, Attention-Based MIL, Dual-Stream MIL, TransMIL and CLAM) applied to Gleason grading and scoring tasks. The nine datasets are collected from pathology institutes and openly accessible repositories. The results show that the best methods for Gleason grading and Gleason scoring tasks are fully supervised learning and CLAM, respectively, guiding researchers to the best practice to adopt depending on the task to solve and the labels that are available.

This paper presents a sensory fusion neuromorphic dataset collected with precise temporal synchronization using a set of Address-Event-Representation sensors and tools. The target application is the lip reading of several keywords for different machine learning applications, such as digits, robotic commands, and auxiliary rich phonetic short words. The dataset is enlarged with a spiking version of an audio-visual lip reading dataset collected with frame-based cameras. LIPSFUS is publicly available and it has been validated with a deep learning architecture for audio and visual classification. It is intended for sensory fusion architectures based on both artificial and spiking neural network algorithms.

The brain, this 3-pound mass of tissue that can easily be held in one's palm, has an inherent computational complexity that has always inspired efforts to endorse machines with some of its remarkable characteristics. Ironically, the brain computes in its own way, compared to analog or digital computers, despite sharing key concepts with both. It employs analog computation but digital communication, through spikes, both of which improve robustness to noise. This unique combination defines a new computational paradigm that we have just started to explore. The reasons why neuromorphic systems are one of the fastest growing applications are not purely scientific, but mainly technological. For 50 years, the principle guiding computations has been Moore's Law, a macroscopic observation that we will always find ways to engineer faster, smaller and cheaper chips. But there are several reasons why Moore's Law is no longer able to keep up. First, physics: As we downsize transistors close to the atomic scale, it becomes difficult to regulate electron flow. Electrons do not necessarily adhere to Newtonian physics and may pass through the transistor barriers, a phenomenon called quantum tunneling. This makes our computer architectures inefficient. Second, we have long accepted the existence of a trade-off between computing faster and consuming less power, but this has never been a problem until we started approaching the physical limits of fabricating transistors. And the final nail in Moore's Law coffin is put by deep learning. Our computational needs are now orders of magnitude higher than what our systems can deliver. The von-Neumann paradigm is already having more than its fair share of inefficiency—to match its brilliance. And the reason is simple. Computers have been designed with feasibility, not efficiency, at their center. And nowhere are the effects of a bad design more imminent—or the opportunity for an alternative design more compelling – than in emerging technologie

Background: Among all the cancers known today, prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed in men. With modern advances in medicine, its mortality has been considerably reduced. However, it is still a leading type of cancer in terms of deaths.The diagnosis of prostate cancer is mainly conducted by biopsy test. From this test, Whole Slide Images are obtained, from which pathologists diagnose the cancer according to the Gleason scale. Within this scale from 1 to 5, grade 3and above is considered malignant tissue. Several studies have shown an inter- observer discrepancy between pathologists in assigning the value of the Gleason scale. Due to the recent advances in artificial intelligence, its application to the computational pathology field with the aim of supporting and providing a second opinion to the professional is of great interest. Method:In this work, the inter-observer variability of a local dataset of 80 whole-slide images annotated by a team of 5 pathologists from the same group was analyzed at both area and label level. Four approaches were followed to train six different Convolutional Neural Network architectures, which were evaluated on the same data set on which the inter-observer variability was analyzed. Results: An inter-observer variability of 0.6946k was obtained, with 46% discrepancy in terms of area size of the annotations performed by the pathologists. The best trained models achieved 0.826±0.014k on the test set when trained with data from the same source. Conclusions: The obtained results show that deep learning-based automatic diagnosi s systems could help reduce the widely-known inter-observer variability that is present among pathologists and support them in their decision, serving as a second opinion or as a triage tool for medical centers.

Sound source localization (SSL) is used in various applications such as industrial noise-control, speech detection in mobile phones, speech enhancement in hearing aids and many more. Newest video conferencing setups use SSL. The position of a speaker is detected from the difference in the audio waves received by a microphone array. After detection the camera focuses onto the location of the speaker. The human brain is also able to detect the location of a speaker from auditory signals. It uses, among other cues, the difference in amplitude and arrival time of the sound wave at the two ears, called interaural level and time difference. However, the substrate and computational primitives of our brain are different from classical digital computing. Due to its low power consumption of around 20 W and its performance in real time the human brain has become a great source of inspiration for emerging technologies. One of these technologies is neuromorphic hardware which implements the fundamental principles of brain computing identified until today using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technologies and new devices. In this work we propose the first neuromorphic closed-loop robotic system that uses the interaural time difference for SSL in real time. Our system can successfully locate sound sources such as human speech. In a closed-loop experiment, the robotic platform turned immediately into the direction of the sound source with a turning velocity linearly proportional to the angle difference between sound source and binaural microphones. After this initial turn, the robotic platform remains at the direction of the sound source. Even though the system only uses very few resources of the available hardware, consumes around 1 W, and was only tuned by hand, meaning it does not contain any learning at all, it already reaches performances comparable to other neuromorphic approaches. The SSL system presented in this article brings us one step closer towards neuromorphic

Muscles are stretched with bursts of spikes that come from motor neurons connected to the cerebellum through the spinal cord. Then, alpha motor neurons directly innervate the muscles to complete the motor command coming from upper biological structures. Nevertheless, classical robotic systems usually require complex computational capabilities and relative high-power consumption to process their control algorithm, which requires information from the robot’s proprioceptive sensors. The way in which the information is encoded and transmitted is an important difference between biological systems and robotic machines. Neuromorphic engineering mimics these behaviors found in biology into engineering solutions to produce more efficient systems and for a better understanding of neural systems. This paper presents the application of a Spike-based Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller to a 6-DoF Scorbot ER-VII robotic arm, feeding the motors with Pulse-Frequency-Modulation instead of Pulse-Width-Modulation, mimicking the way in which motor neurons act over muscles. The presented frameworks allow the robot to be commanded and monitored locally or remotely from both a Python software running on a computer or from a spike-based neuromorphic hardware. Multi-FPGA and single-PSoC solutions are compared. These frameworks are intended for experimental use of the neuromorphic community as a testbed platform and for dataset recording for machine learning purposes.

In-camera event denoising reduces the data rate of event cameras by filtering out noise at the source. A lightweight multilayer perceptron denoising filter (MLPF) provides state-of-the-art low-cost denoising accuracy. It processes a small neighborhood of pixels from the timestamp image around each event to discriminate signal and noise events. This paper proposes two digital logic implementations of the MLPF denoiser and quantifies their resource cost, power, and latency. The hardware MLPF quantizes the weights and hidden unit activations to 4 bits and has about 1k weights with about 40% sparsity. The Area-Under-Curve Receiver Operating Characteristic accuracy is nearly indistinguishable from that of the floating point network. The FPGA MLPF processes each event in 10 clock cycles. In FPGA, it uses 3.5k flip flops and 11.5k LUTs. Our ASIC implementation in 65nm digital technology for a 346 × 260 pixel camera occupies an area of 4.3mm 2 and consumes 4nJ of energy per event at event rates up to 25MHz. The MLPF can be easily integrated into an event camera using an FPGA or as an ASIC directly on the camera chip or in the same package. This denoising could dramatically reduce the energy consumed by the communication and host processor and open new areas of always-on event camera application under scavenged and battery power.Code: https://github.com/SensorsINI/dnd_hls

Hearing can be considered as one of the most important senses since it plays a key role in the audiovisual learning process. While a lot of effort has been made for achieving good results from the traditional approach of auditory perception, new trends such as neuromorphic computing are showing promising achievements in the implementation of brain structures for sensory perception. In this work, the design and integration of a neuromorphic event based digital model of the auditory ascending pathway within the iCub robotic platform is proposed. This model, which comprises from the cochlea up to the inferior colliculus, replaces the traditional approach for sound processing already implemented on iCub and is able to perform sound recognition and spatial localization in real time, allowing the implementation of auditory attention models in complex scenarios, like the cocktail party problem