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Negative environmental externalities associated with wind power plants depend on the physical characteristics of turbine installations and associated power lines and the geographical siting. We derive analytically an environmental taxation scheme for achieving the efficient spatial distribution of new wind power production, taking account of both production and environmental costs. Further, we illustrate the analytical results by means of a detailed numerical energy system model for Norway. We show that a given target for wind power production can be achieved at a significantly lower social cost by implementing a tax scheme, compared to the current situation with no environmental taxes. We also show that the environmental costs associated with both turbines and power lines were crucial to the efficient spatial allocation of wind power plants.

Oslo has recently been given the European Environmental Capital award for 2019, following its adoption of an ambitious green strategy of reducing CO2 emissions by 50% by 2022, and by 95% by 2030. A core premise for Oslo reaching its goals is, however, that the city’s waste to energy plant installs carbon capture for sequestration (CCS). With 400,000 tons of CO2 emissions per year (Fortum 2019), Oslo’s Klemetsrud waste to energy plant is the largest single point carbon emitter in the city, and with these emissions it will be impossible for Oslo to reach its CO2 targets. However, carbon capture at Klemetsrud also carries significance in a wider global climate perspective. Global climate models are increasingly reverting to CCS in order to arrive at scenarios that are compatible with the Paris Agreement . This has created new pressure for CCS implementation, and Klemetsrud – if successful – could be an important trigger for CCS in Europe. This report is a styilized business case study of the Klemetsrud CCS project in light of four different regulatory scenarios. Carbon capture – from waste to energy: a stylized case from a pioneering initiative at Klemetsrud, Oslo. Report to the CLIMIT – demo project 618215: Potential for financing and pricing Carbon Capture in Waste-to Energy Installations in cities

A decarbonization of the energy sector calls for large new investments in renewable energy production. When choosing the location for increased production capacity, the producer has typically limited incentives to take fully into account the investments costs of the subsequent need for increased grid capacity. This may lead to inefficient choices of location. We discuss the regulatory background for an integrated EU electricity market, the binding renewable targets, and renewable incentives. We explore analytically the design of feed-in premiums that secure an optimal coordinated development of the entire electricity system. We investigate numerically the potential welfare cost of a non-coordinated development of grids and production capacity in the Norwegian energy system. Our result indicates that grid investment costs can be substantially higher when the location decision is based on private profitability compared with a socially optimal location. However, the difference in the sum of grid investment cost and production cost is much more modest, as location based on private profitability leads to capacity increase in areas with better wind conditions.

There is a clear trend today that we use more and more appliances with a higher power demand, something that is a real challenge for the electricity grid. Also, the shift towards electrification of the transport system gives a high volatility in consumption of electricity which is reflected in the distribution grid. Traditionally, the power distribution companies reinvest in grid upgrades to handle the increase in peak load demand. However, another alternative (short/midterm) solution to this problem is creating incentives to the customers to change their consumption patterns. This thesis investigates whether it is possible to control the use of household devices in order to reduce the electricity costs, and whether this process is economically feasible for the end users. To achieve this goal, a series of different grid tariff models were tested against real consumption patterns of buildings of different types. The results show that “Observed power” and “Subscribed power” tariff models compare to other studied models induce higher financial incentive to end-users to change their consumption behavior. In addition, the use of storage units and local solar production is another alternative to further increase the flexibility in Norwegian households. M-ØA

This master thesis studies the possible pathways to support military vehicles and ground troops with electrical power a more efficient way, than the present solution. Present energy solution is based on generation of electrical power from internal combustion engines and/or stored energy in batteries. The usage of the vehicles engine for generation of electricity in static positions, results in several disadvantages on a modern battlefield. The batteries specific energy increase every year, but the soldier s energy need has increased even faster, resulting in a problematic weight load for the dismounted soldier. In the thesis several new or improved solutions are investigated. The solutions are based on technology available today or within the next decade (2020) and selected on the basis of military criteria. A flexible model has been made in an energy simulating program capable to simulate a number of different energy configurations based on future electrical power consumption. Modelling and simulation of the soldiers power system has been recommended by earlier studies [10], but similar models have not been found by the author. The simulation results reveal that improvements of soldiers energy solution are feasible. By implementing new or better batteries in the current energy system, considerable improvement can be achieved. Introduction of fuel cells based on methanol fuel starts to become mature, and can result in several advantages on the battlefield. Solar harvesting can give an additional energy supply, but depend highly on insolation and available time for harvesting.