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In discussing the topic of egocentrism in relation to diaries, the audience factor must be considered. The diaries of young people are a unique source for revealing the development, over time, of the above trends in individual children. Wilkinson et al. have discovered that young children's sentences are narrative, descriptive, affirmative, literal, factual and self-oriented. The adolescent diaries bring to light the turbulent emotions of these young people, their swings from joy to despair. They appear to be using their diaries as one method of keeping a grip on their inner world of feeling. '"Social perception" has been defined as the "process by which man comes to know and to think about the other persons, their characteristics, qualities and inner states'". Moral judgements of their own behaviour reveal a similar trend to that depicted above. Older adolescents judged a particular action in terms of notions of intention and fairness.

Critiquing the amount of scholarly attention paid to the body and to intense, overwhelming feelings, this chapter examines how individuals, mainly the landed ranks, experienced and dealt with affect in daily life and relationships. While scholarship emphasizes suppression and disapproval of passion, this chapter views the management of affect as not only the repression of feelings but also as the encouragement and elicitation of them. It examines the available coping strategies for dealing with strong feelings such as anger or grief. It stresses the interconnections between affect and morality. Affect, judgment and conduct constituted a dynamic interchange in Shakespearean England. Feelings involve judgement and evaluation and are intimately connected to thoughts, norms, and culture. Finally, it points to the importance of the performative nature of affect in this period, concluding that culturally mandated or sanctioned emotions were not necessarily less authentic than spontaneous feelings.

This article, through a detailed examination of the private papers of the English landed elite, argues for the important place of anger in early modern society. It investigates the verbal expression of rage, from irritation to fury, in men and women: why it was aroused, how it was articulated, its effects, and in what circumstances anger was regarded as a legitimate response. Anger was a forceful invitation to renegotiate unsatisfactory aspects of relationships. It spotlighted deficiencies in duty, unacceptable conduct, disrespect, broken promises, and frustrated expectations. The article also challenges the prevailing approach to the history of emotions and suggests that we move from a model of linear repression to one of situated experience. Rather than postulating the gradual suppression of unacceptable emotions, historians should examine the conventions governing the expression of emotions in context, as well as the many perspectives on what was acceptable behaviour and what was not. Focusing on the situated use of emotions brings to light the different emotional mentality of the seventeenth century which linked emotions in unfamiliar ways. It also enables to us to uncover the interaction of emotions and how individuals engaged in daily life with cultural scripts, as well as bringing us closer to unravelling the emotional system of early modern England.

The historiography on the English family is divided between those who view the family as a sanctuary of emotional support and those who consider it an institution of female oppression, sibling jealousy, and intergenerational rivalry. The detailed archives of the Barrett-Lennard family reveal that this divide is mainly the product of a simplistic depiction of family life in the past, which fails to take into account the shifts in family relationships. Moreover, in examining patriarchy in the home, historians have concentrated on the marital relationship, excluding other male- female diads such as brother and sister. Finally, they have not yet thoroughly investigated patriarchy in action as opposed to in principle. Patriarchy was so long-lasting not because its harsh strictures were softened by affection but because the system contained within it the necessary structures for mitigation.

(1997). Childbearing and female bonding in early modern England. Social History: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 286-306.

The history of childhood has been dominated by a few main issues: whether or not there was a concept of childhood in the past; the amount of affection and intimacy between parents and children in the past; the severity of the discipline imposed on children in the past. One group of historians claims that the domestic, nuclear, child-centered family emerged gradually in the eighteenth century; the other that parent-child relations throughout history can be characterized by continuity rather than change.There seems little hope of reconciling the protagonists in the debate. We need to begin our study of past childhood afresh, attempting to discern not the existence of otherwise of concepts of love or childhood, but rather how parents viewed their role and what it was they wished to achieve as they nurtured their children from infancy to adulthood.All societies face similar problems in bringing up their young: how to ensure that children will become responsible, productive, mature individuals, fully compatibl...

Highly readable and entertaining, Ronald Hutton's acclaimed work is the first comprehensive account of the religious and secular rituals of late medieval and early modern England. This book is intended for readers with an interest in English traditional life and customs; folklorists; scholars and students of late medieval and early modern British and European history; historians of culture.

In 25 patients with intracranial gliomas, the autologous humoral response was studied in vitro with the use of microcytotoxicity (MC) and immune adherence (IA) assays. Antibodies were detected to autologous cultures in 44% of the cases by MC and in 50% by IA. These positive responses occurred in statistically different groups of patients, which suggested that different functional types of antibody were involved. Direct testing and absorption experiments showed that antibody was not significantly directed against autologous fibroblasts. Autologous cytotoxic antibodies were detected by 67% of astrocytoma cases and in only 10% of patients harboring a glioblastoma, the most anaplastic tumor of the glioma series. By means of the IA assay, absorption experiments were performed with the use of adult and fetal brains and cultures of autologous and allogeneic gliomas and fibroblasts. In this serologic system, the types of antigenic expression of a human glioma could be categorized as follows: 1) highly restricted glioma antigen(s), 2) common glioma antigen(s), 3) neurectoderm-derived antigen(s), and 4) brain and fibroblast-associated oncofetal antigen(s). The common glioma antigen and oncofetal antigen appeared to be qualitatively different, and the glioma antigen was expressed in uncultured tumor tissue.