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In this study we explore how incorporating an arts-based pedagogical approach, specifically, the use of film, art, and music, into a second-year sociological theory course enhances students’ overall learning experiences. We report on data collected from a survey given to students enrolled in this course in 2020. Findings reveal that employing this arts-based pedagogy helps students to sustain an interest in the course material, understand the theoretical course material, engage in a higher level of thinking/analysis, feel more confident in their abilities to write about theories covered in the course, apply theory in the real world, contextualize historical content, and enhance their memory of theories and concepts. Findings are also compared with data collected from a similar survey conducted in 2009, revealing that the overall favorable responses to arts-based resources have remained consistent over time and that this pedagogy remains an enduring approach that contributes to positive student learning experiences.

Background: Patient-oriented research (POR) incorporates patient partners as members of a research team. With the strengths and challenges of POR starting to emerge, one challenge we explore here is the research ethics application and review stages. Methods: We report the findings of a self-administered web-based survey in English and French for Canadian researchers or research ethics board (REB) perspectives (i.e., REB members or administrators) about the preparation and review of research ethics applications when patient partners are team members. The results are based on 165 survey responses and the team includes two patient partners who contributed fully to the conception, design, execution, interpretation of the findings, and in writing this manuscript.Results: The large majority of both groups correctly defined patient partner and had experience either reviewing or writing an application that included patient partners. REB perspective respondents indicated seeking more information to clarify patient partners’: roles, privacy training, experience/expertise, conflicts of interest, training, compensation; and at what stage the patient partner was recruited. Researchers indicated receiving questions about patient partners’: roles, training, compensation, access to data and participant information, affiliation, and curriculum vitae. Ideas related to adding questions to ethics applications about patient partners followed similar themes. Interpretation: This work reveals the knowledge base of REB perspectives and researchers in Canada with respect to ethics applications that include patient partners on research teams. We provide ideas for future work to help make the research ethics review and submission more efficient and clearer when patient partners are on research teams.

This commentary provides selected observations from 25 years of research in Canadian HIV awareness campaign representation. Earlier research by Hunter (2004) found that HIV awareness posters targeting women focused on messages of fear, rather than presenting women as proactive about safer sex. Although there has been some improvement in recent years, we remain quite troubled by many of the Canadian HIV awareness posters targeting women. We demonstrate that there has been little progress in portraying women's agency in communicating safer sex options with their partners. Further, posters tend to reinforce the stigma associated with HIV, rather than depicting support, to minimize stigma. Canadian HIV awareness posters targeting women are in great contrast to the community-based HIV awareness posters targeting men who have sex with men, where taking control of sexual health and the importance of communication are reinforced. This commentary offers a critical appraisal on the minimal progress of Canadian HIV awareness posters targeting women throughout the years, and makes the case for developing HIV awareness poster campaigns which focus on prevention through communication, and support around stigma.

BACKGROUND We sought to determine whether patients with a coordinated care plan developed using the Health Links model of care in the Hamilton Niagara Haldimand Brant Local Health Integration Network differed in their use of health care (no. of emergency department visits, inpatient admissions, length of inpatient stay) when compared with a matched control group of patients with no care plans. METHODS We performed a propensity score-matched study of 12 months pre- and 12 months post-health care use. Patients who had a coordinated care plan that started between 2013 and 2015 were propensity score matched to patients in a control group. Patient information was obtained from Client Health and Related Information System, National Ambulatory Care Reporting System and Discharge Abstract Database. Differences in health care use pre- and post-index date were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A negative binomial regression model was fit for each health care use outcome at 6 and 12 months post-index date. RESULTS Six hundred coordinated care plan enrollees and 25 449 potential control patients were included in the matching algorithm, which resulted in 548 matched pairs (91.3%). Both groups showed decreases in health care use post-index date. Matched care plan enrollees had significantly fewer emergency department visits at 6 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72-0.91, p < 0.01) and 12 months post-index date (IRR 0.88, 95% CI 0.79-0.99, p < 0.05) compared with the matched controls. Other use parameters were not significantly different between care plan enrollees and the control group. INTERPRETATION Care plan enrollees show a decrease in the number of times they visit emergency departments, which may be attributed to integrated and coordinated care planning. This association should be examined to see whether these reductions persist for more than 1 year.

Canine hip dysplasia and developmental dysplasia of the human hip share demographic, phenotypic, and clinical features including the predisposition to develop osteoarthritis in affected joints. To support the results of genetic mapping studies for CHD and its concomitant osteoarthritis with functional information, we performed RNA-seq on hip capsule and teres ligament of affected and unaffected dogs. RNA seq showed that expressed genes segregated according age, capsule or ligament, and hip phenotype. Expression of HHIP, DACT2, and WIF1 was significantly higher in capsule from control hips than dysplastic hips indicating a disruption of the hedgehog signaling pathway. Expression of SPON 1, a key component of the WNT pathway, was increased significantly in both dysplastic capsule and ligament while FBN2 and EMILIN3 were significantly increased in dysplastic capsule. Of genes associated with human hip osteoarthritis, expression of ACAN, IGF1, CILP2, COL11A1, COL8A1, and HAPLN was increased significantly in dysplastic capsule. The significant increase in expression of PLA2F, TNFRSF, TMEM, and IGFBP in dysplastic capsule indicated an injury response. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved in extracellular matrix structure, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, myogenesis, growth factor signaling, cancer and immune pathways were enriched in dysplastic capsule. For teres ligament from dysplastic joints, genes in retinoic signaling pathways and those encoding extracellular matrix molecules, but not proteoglycans, were enriched. Hip tissues respond to abnormal mechanics early in dysplastic hip development and these pathways present targets for intervention in the early synovitis and capsulitis secondary to canine and human hip dysplasia. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:313-324, 2019.

This article discusses the background and process for developing a multi-year corporate quality plan. The Ottawa Hospital's goal is to be a top 10% performer in quality and patient safety in North America. In order to create long-term measurable and sustainable changes in the quality of patient care, The Ottawa Hospital embarked on the development of a three-year strategic corporate quality plan. This was accomplished by engaging the organization at all levels and defining quality frameworks, aligning with internal and external expectations, prioritizing strategic goals, articulating performance measurements and reporting to stakeholders while maintaining a transparent communication process. The plan was developed through an iterative process that engaged a broad base of health professionals, physicians, support staff, administration and senior management. A literature review of quality frameworks was undertaken, a Quality Plan Working Group was established, 25 key stakeholder interviews were conducted and 48 clinical and support staff consultations were held. The intent was to gather information on current quality initiatives and challenges encountered and to prioritize corporate goals and then create the quality plan. Goals were created and then prioritized through an affinity exercise. Action plans were developed for each goal and included objectives, tasks and activities, performance measures (structure, process and outcome), accountabilities and timelines. This collaborative methodology resulted in the development of a three-year quality plan. Six corporate goals were outlined by the tenets of the quality framework for The Ottawa Hospital: access to care, appropriate care (effective and efficient), safe care and satisfaction with care. Each of the six corporate goals identified objectives and supporting action plans with accountabilities outlining what would be accomplished in years one, two and three. The three-year quality plan was approved by senior management and the board in April 2009. This process has supported The Ottawa Hospital's journey of excellence through the creation of a quality plan that will enable long-term measurable and sustainable changes in the quality of patient care. It also engaged healthcare providers who aim to achieve more measured quality patient care, engaged practitioners through collaboration resulting in both alignment of goals and outcomes and allowed for greater commitment by those responsible for achieving quality goals.

With a phenomenal expected growth in the Canadian Aboriginal population and the fact that less than 1% of Canadian health professionals are of Aboriginal ancestry, there is an increased need for culturally competent health professionals. This article explains diverse healing traditions and links those traditions to holistic nursing practice. Respect for culturally sensitive care is necessary for understanding Aboriginal peoples in different contexts. We suggest that nursing practice, which takes into consideration the understanding of Aboriginal healing traditions, strengthens the intention of nurses to be holistic. Holism in nursing allows the profession to be on the fore-front of understanding Aboriginal healing traditions; the linking of holistic nursing practice with Aboriginal healing traditions offers a foundation on which to build culturally competent care.

This paper examines the terminology of Hausa metalanguage in verbal art, the discourse about language in verbal art, and the social function of that discourse in Hausa society. The primary sources are the language in oral narratives; the language of bori, the Hausa system of possession-trance; and the language used in the performances of two contemporary Hausa oral poets from Niger. The Hausa trickster Gizo, for example, provides performers with a means to discuss language through the metalinguistic terminology of his own speech: baki biyu 'two mouths,' deceitful speech; romon kunne 'ear broth,' flattering, meaningless speech; tsammin baki 'sour-mouth,' baby-talk, Gizo-talk. An examination of the verses in praise of the bori spirit Mai Dara suggests that the voice of the spirit is powerful, as strong and fearsome as that of the ogre Dodo, of a lion. Seen as metaphorical discourse about language the verses proclaim that language is so powerful that it must by used judiciously. It can have far-reaching effects, it can convey truth, it can convey hypocrisy. Its power can and should sometimes be tempered by rechannelling it, by having a spokesperson intervene. Zabia Hussei and Ali na Maliki, two contemporary oral artists from Niger, create a poetic metalanguage as they create poetry itself Using images such as the building of fences or farming, they allude to the process of creating oral poetry or song. This paper examines how Hausa artists create a discourse about language within the artistic language of performance. 1. Metalanguage and metaphor In Et Cetera, Et Cetera: Notes of a Word-Watcher Lewis Thomas says: 'The language keeps talking about itself, cannot seem to have enough of itself. At a guess, I'd say there are more roots for the various ways of using language than for all other human activities together, some of them hidden away inside longer words that seem to be designed for other purposes, most of them standing baldly out in full view. The language, in fact, spends a large part of the time calling attention to what it can accomplish' (1990: 44). Language talking about itself, the language used to talk about language, is metalanguage. Often this takes the form of technical terms used by linguists or literary critics, but all language users have ways of talking about language. Primary among these is classification or

Existing theoretical models in the trade-industrial-organization literature assume almost exclusively that firms are ‘national enterprises’, so that there is no international coordination by multinational firms. We develop a model in which multinationals compete among themselves but coordinate production, pricing, and sales decisions across multiple plants and markets. Free entry and exit is assumed, and cases in which the multinationals can and cannot segment markets are considered. The model is simulated using data from the North American auto industry. Results are compared with a counter-factual model, calibrated to the same data, which assumes national ownership of firms.

Background Providing alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) at the point of care is a key success factor in enabling health care providers to achieve optimal hand hygiene practices. There are few tools available for health care organizations to assess the number of points of care, estimate the number of hand hygiene indications at each point of care, and estimate the anticipated volume of ABHR required to support a hand hygiene program. Methods We developed an assessment tool to systematically evaluate the environmental hand hygiene needs in diverse care settings across a multisite health care organization. Results We identified 1,103 points of care in 34 clinical units, of which only 53% had ABHR at point of care. There are an estimated 171,468,240 (95% confidence interval: 146,844,406-191,871,179) hand hygiene indications per year in our in-patient and emergency areas. If 100% compliance with hand hygiene is achieved, 240,056 L of ABHR will be required each year. Conclusions Our environmental assessment was invaluable in estimating the number of hand hygiene indications by unit and the logistical and financial requirements to implement a hand hygiene program. Other health care organizations may find this a useful framework to estimate their own environmental hand hygiene needs.

Queues for in-patient surgery are commonplace in universal health care systems. Clinicians and hospitals usually manage these waiting lists with informal criteria for determining patient priority—a form of implicit rationing. To understand the workings of implicit rationing by queue, we took advantage of a natural experiment in the Canadian province of Ontario. Unprecedentedly severe supply–demand mismatch led to long waiting lists for coronary surgery [CABS] in Ontario during 1987–1988. The crisis was resolved by increased funding and widespread adoption of a multifactorial clinical index for patient priority that was developed by an expert panel in 1989. Thus, we audited randomly chosen charts of patients who underwent coronary angiography at four Toronto hospitals during the crisis period, and calculated urgency scores for each case based on the multifactorial index. From 413 charts, 193 eligible patients were identified who proceeded to CABS. Waiting times did correlate with urgency ratings (r = 0.42, P < 0.0001). However, mean wait from catheterization to CABS varied among hospitals by as much as 8 weeks (P < 0.0001 after controlling for urgency scores). At the hospital with shortest queues, waiting times were twice as long for patients catheterized by cardiologists off-site vs those referred by on-site practitioners (P < 0.0001, after controlling for urgency scores); a similar form of bias was found at a second coronary surgery centre (P = 0.056, after controlling for urgency scores). Over half the patients waited longer than the maximum suggested for their category by the expert panel. Thus, implicit rationing by waiting list partly reflected clinical urgency—an advantage over American-style rationing by price or insurance cover. However, if these findings are generalizable, it appears that explicit queue-forming criteria, audits for institution-specific referral biases, and mechanisms to redistribute patients, are necessary to optimize queue-based allocation of scarce hospital services.

This paper estimates the economic significance of preference nonhomotheticity in international trade. Tastes are assumed to be identical, but budget shares depend on per capita income. A linear expenditure system is estimated for 34 countries over 11 commodity aggregates. A counterfactual exercise is conducted to estimate the volume of trade caused by deviations from homotheticity. The results indicate that nonhomothetic preferences may account for as much as one-quarter of interindustry trade flows.

Narrow phonetic transcriptions and prosodic judgments were made of single-word imitations by apraxic (AOS), conduction aphasic (CA), and ataxic dysarthric (AD) speakers. AOS and AD subjects showed similar vowel error patterns, particularly predominant errors in low, tense, and back vowels, more distortions than other types of vowel errors, and predominant errors in initial position of words and in monosyllabic words. The CA subjects displayed a different vowel error pattern, notably more substitutions than distortions, more errors in polysyllabic than monosyllabic words, and more errors in noninitial than initial positions of words. Analysis of prosodic features identifiable at the single-word level (e.g., syllabic stress, juncture, and struggles to initiate or complete productions) indicated that syllabic stress errors and more difficulty initiating than completing word production were characteristic of AOS and AD but not CA subjects.

The cone-rod homeobox protein (CRX) is a member of the homeodomain-containing protein family expressed in the retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes; it is involved in the regulation of the coordinate expression of multiple photoreceptor specific genes during retinal development. Mutations in the CRX gene are causally associated with retinal degeneration phenotypes in man. To clone the full length cDNA, characterize the genomic organization of canine CRX, map the gene in a radiation hybrid (RH) panel, and evaluate it as a candidate for canine inherited retinal degenerations.cDNA representational difference analysis (RDA) was done using normal and cone degeneration (cd) affected retinas. Exonic primers designed from consensus sequences of mammalian CRX cDNA were used to amplify and sequence dog genomic DNA. Canine specific primers were used for RH mapping of CRX on the RH3000 cell line. Linkage, sequencing and/or mapping the disease locus was used to evaluate CRX as a disease associated candidate gene.The gene comprises three exons and two introns and codes for a transcript with a 900 bp open reading frame (ORF). In agreement with human map data, RH mapping placed canine CRX on the proximal end of CFA1, in a region of synteny with HSA19q13-q13.3. Based on RH mapping, meiotic linkage or sequencing data, we excluded CRX as the cause of canine early onset photoreceptor degenerations affecting Alaskan malamutes (cd), collies (rod-cone dysplasia 2, rcd2), American Staffordshire terriers, and Tibetan terriers.Canine CRX has a high level of nucleotide and amino acid sequence identity with orthologous sequences reported for other species. The gene is excluded from causal association with 4 early onset photoreceptor diseases affecting cones (cd) or rods and cones (rcd2, PRA in American Staffordshire terriers, and Tibetan terriers).

Following closely on the heels of the U.S.—Canada Free Trade Agreement, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) focused attention on U.S.—Mexico trade liberalization. Strong support for such an agreement existed on both sides of the border, but dissent was heard in both countries as well. In the United States, this dissent focused not on the issue of aggregate income, but on the possible vulnerability of a number of U.S. industries and their workers. Concern was felt in Canada as well, insofar as a U.S.—Mexico agreement could result in the diversion of export production in some Canadian manufacturing industries from Canada to Mexico. One such industry is the automobile industry.

A theoretical model is developed and applied to the North American auto industry, motivated by the possibility of US-Mexico free trade. Special features of the model include (1) significant scale economies at the plant level, (2) imperfect competition among firms, (3) joint ownership of plants and production coordination across plants by each firm, (4) an (initial) ability of firms to segment markets, (5) a separate treatment of non-resident firms in determining oligopolistic markups. Using an applied GE model, we find that (A) the gains to Mexico are significant and the effects on the US and Canada are essentially zero following North American free trade if firms can continue to segment markets: (B) Because of the way that the North American multinationals determine markups, increased imports from Mexico do not result in a rationalization of US and Canadian production in the way it should if firms were strictly national. (C) Genuinely free trade for consumers (integrated markets) results in large gains for Mexico as the Mexican industry is forced to rationalize, while losses to the US and Canada are very small.

Single-word repetitions by 4 brain-damaged adults with apraxia of speech (AOS) but without concomitant aphasia were transcribed using a standard narrow phonetic transcription system. Analysis of consonant productions yielded a profile of AOS slightly different from the traditionally accepted one. Among the results was the atypical finding that consonant distortions exceeded all other error types including sound substitutions. In addition, errors predominated in the medial position of words, and monosyllabic words had approximately the same error rate per number of consonants as did multisyllabic words. Results are discussed with reference to previous perceptual descriptions of AOS and in relationship to Broca's aphasia. Results are also interpreted relative to linguistic and motoric components of speech production models.

L'A. discute des processus par lesquels la voix, le discours et meme le langage sont transformes pendant la production de l'art verbal africain. Les transformations de la voix comprennent la modification du ton, le ventriloquisme et le sifflement. Dans la transformation du discours il y a souvent une substitution du son. Quand le langage est transforme, un langage ambigu et plurivocal est cree. Ces transformations sont decrites et leurs emplois et effets discutes