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1. Clonal dissemination of successful emerging clone mecA-MRSA t304/ST6 among humans and hedgehogs in the Helsinki metropolitan area in Finland

Author

Johansson Venla, Al-Mustapha Ahmad, Heljanko Viivi, Lindholm Laura, Salmenlinna Saara, Sainmaa Sanna, and Heikinheimo Annamari

Subjects
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Wild animals, Antimicrobial resistance, Human–wildlife interface, t304, Hedgehog, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carrying mecC gene (mecC-MRSA) is frequently reported among European hedgehogs (Europeaus erineaus) due to co-evolutionary adaptation to dermatophyte infection in European hedgehogs. The occurrence of MRSA in European hedgehogs in Finland is unknown. Consequently, we investigated the occurrence of MRSA in wild hedgehogs from urban Helsinki metropolitan area in 2020–2021 and applied whole genome sequencing (WGS) to further characterize the studied isolates and compared them with human clinical MRSA isolates. Altogether 115 dead hedgehogs were screened for MRSA using selective cultivation methods. Presumptive MRSA isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and confirmed MRSA isolates were further characterized by spa-typing and WGS. Hedgehog derived MRSA isolates were compared with clinical human MRSA isolates using core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST). In total MRSA was recovered from 11 out of 115 (10%) hedgehogs. Among these four different spa types (t304; n = 4, t8835; n = 4, t5133; n = 2 and t622; n = 1) and three different sequence types (STs) (ST6; n = 6, ST7663; n = 4 and ST2840; n = 1) were identified. From the studied MRSA isolates seven harboured the mecA gene (mecA-MRSA) and four were identified as mecC-MRSA. All mecA-MRSA isolates carried immune evasion cluster genes, and one isolate was positive for Panton-Valentine leukocidin. cgMLST comparison revealed close genetic relatedness among three hedgehog and two human mecA-MRSA isolates all belonging to t304/ST6. Our results suggest a clonal dissemination of a successful MRSA clone among humans and hedgehogs. Further studies are warranted to investigate the sources and dissemination of such clone in urban environments. We observed a relatively low occurrence of mecC-MRSA in Finnish hedgehogs.

Published
2023
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3. Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium

Author

Shaw, David, Abad, Raquel, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bautista, Adriana, Bennett, Desiree, Broughton, Karen, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu-Wai, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert, Cuypers, Lize, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Domenech, Mirian, Drew, Richard, du Plessis, Mignon, Duarte, Carolina, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Hale, Thomas, Henares, Desiree, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnson, Christopher, Johnston, Jillian, Jolley, Keith A, Kawabata, Aníbal, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, León, María Eugenia, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David, Maiden, Martin C J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McCarthy, Noel D, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Novakova, Ludmila, Oftadeh, Shahin, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Pérez-Vázquez, Maria, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Prevost, Benoit, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Sanabria, Olga Marina, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen, Siira, Lotta, Sintchenko, Vitali, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Steens, Anneke, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tzanakaki, Georgina, Vainio, Anni, van der Linden, Mark P G, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Yuste, Jose, Zanella, Rosemeire, Zhou, Fei, and Brueggemann, Angela B

Published
2023
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5. Emergence of methicillin resistance predates the clinical use of antibiotics

Author

Larsen, Jesper, Raisen, Claire L., Ba, Xiaoliang, Sadgrove, Nicholas J., Padilla-González, Guillermo F., Simmonds, Monique S. J., Loncaric, Igor, Kerschner, Heidrun, Apfalter, Petra, Hartl, Rainer, Deplano, Ariane, Vandendriessche, Stien, Černá Bolfíková, Barbora, Hulva, Pavel, Arendrup, Maiken C., Hare, Rasmus K., Barnadas, Céline, Stegger, Marc, Sieber, Raphael N., Skov, Robert L., Petersen, Andreas, Angen, Øystein, Rasmussen, Sophie L., Espinosa-Gongora, Carmen, Aarestrup, Frank M., Lindholm, Laura J., Nykäsenoja, Suvi M., Laurent, Frederic, Becker, Karsten, Walther, Birgit, Kehrenberg, Corinna, Cuny, Christiane, Layer, Franziska, Werner, Guido, Witte, Wolfgang, Stamm, Ivonne, Moroni, Paolo, Jørgensen, Hannah J., de Lencastre, Hermínia, Cercenado, Emilia, García-Garrote, Fernando, Börjesson, Stefan, Hæggman, Sara, Perreten, Vincent, Teale, Christopher J., Waller, Andrew S., Pichon, Bruno, Curran, Martin D., Ellington, Matthew J., Welch, John J., Peacock, Sharon J., Seilly, David J., Morgan, Fiona J. E., Parkhill, Julian, Hadjirin, Nazreen F., Lindsay, Jodi A., Holden, Matthew T. G., Edwards, Giles F., Foster, Geoffrey, Paterson, Gavin K., Didelot, Xavier, Holmes, Mark A., Harrison, Ewan M., and Larsen, Anders R.

Published
2022
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6. Impact of Antimicrobial Treatment for Acute Otitis Media on Carriage Dynamics of Penicillin-Susceptible and Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae

Author

Lewnard, Joseph A, Tähtinen, Paula A, Laine, Miia K, Lindholm, Laura, Jalava, Jari, Huovinen, Pentti, Lipsitch, Marc, and Ruohola, Aino

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Pneumonia, Pneumonia & Influenza, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Lung, Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Related, Pediatric, Antimicrobial Resistance, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Infection, Acute Disease, Amoxicillin, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Clavulanic Acid, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Nasopharynx, Otitis Media, Penicillins, Pneumococcal Infections, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

Background:Despite concerns that antimicrobial treatment of prevalent infections may select for drug-resistant bacteria, the effects of antimicrobial treatment on colonization dynamics have not been well quantified. Methods:We measured impacts of antimicrobial treatment on nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PSSP) and penicillin-nonsusceptible (PNSP) lineages at the end of treatment and 15, 30, and 60 days after treatment in a previously conducted randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of amoxicillin-clavulanate for stringently defined acute otitis media. Results:In intention-to-treat analyses, immediate treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanate reduced PSSP carriage prevalence by 88% (95% confidence interval [CI], 76%-96%) at the end of treatment and by 27% (-3%-49%) after 60 days but did not alter PNSP carriage prevalence. By the end of treatment, 7% of children who carried PSSP at enrollment remained colonized in the amoxicillin-clavulanate arm, compared with 61% of PSSP carriers who received placebo; impacts of amoxicillin-clavulanate persisted at least 60 days after treatment among children who carried PSSP at enrollment. Amoxicillin-clavulanate therapy reduced PSSP acquisition by >80% over 15 days. Among children who carried PNSP at enrollment, no impacts on carriage prevalence of S. pneumoniae, PSSP, or PNSP were evident at follow-up visits. Conclusions:Although the absolute risk of carrying PNSP was unaffected by treatment, antimicrobial therapy conferred a selective impact on colonizing pneumococci by accelerating clearance and delaying acquisition of PSSP.

Published
2018

7. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa J, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, Désirée E, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert M, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Published
2021
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10. Sustained reductions in life-threatening invasive bacterial diseases during the first two years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries participating in the IRIS Consortium

Author

Shaw, David, primary, Abad, Raquel, additional, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, additional, Bautista, Adriana, additional, Bennett, Desiree, additional, Broughton, Karen, additional, Cao, Bin, additional, Casanova, Carlo, additional, Choi, Eun Hwa, additional, Chu, Yiu-Wai, additional, Claus, Heike, additional, Coelho, Juliana, additional, Corcoran, Mary, additional, Cottrell, Simon, additional, Cunney, Robert, additional, Cuypers, Lize, additional, Dalby, Tine, additional, Davies, Heather, additional, de Gouveia, Linda, additional, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, additional, Demczuk, Walter, additional, Desmet, Stefanie, additional, Domenech, Mirian, additional, Drew, Richard, additional, du Plessis, Mignon, additional, Duarte, Carolina, additional, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, additional, Fry, Norman, additional, Fuursted, Kurt, additional, Hale, Thomas, additional, Henares, Desiree, additional, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, additional, Hilty, Markus, additional, Hoffmann, Steen, additional, Humphreys, Hilary, additional, Ip, Margaret, additional, Jacobsson, Susanne, additional, Johnson, Christopher, additional, Johnston, Jillian, additional, Jolley, Keith A, additional, Kawabata, Aníbal, additional, Kozakova, Jana, additional, Kristinsson, Karl G, additional, Krizova, Pavla, additional, Kuch, Alicja, additional, Ladhani, Shamez, additional, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, additional, María Eugenia, León, additional, Lindholm, Laura, additional, Litt, David, additional, Maiden, Martin CJ, additional, Martin, Irene, additional, Martiny, Delphine, additional, Mattheus, Wesley, additional, McCarthy, Noel D, additional, McElligott, Martha, additional, Meehan, Mary, additional, Meiring, Susan, additional, Mölling, Paula, additional, Morfeldt, Eva, additional, Morgan, Julie, additional, Mulhall, Robert, additional, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, additional, Murdoch, David, additional, Murphy, Joy, additional, Musilek, Martin, additional, Mzabi, Alexandre, additional, Novakova, Ludmila, additional, Oftadeh, Shahin, additional, Perez-Arguello, Amaresh, additional, Pérez-Vázquez, Maria, additional, Perrin, Monique, additional, Perry, Malorie, additional, Prevost, Benoit, additional, Roberts, Maria, additional, Rokney, Assaf, additional, Ron, Merav, additional, Sanabria, Olga Marina, additional, Scott, Kevin J, additional, Sheppard, Carmen, additional, Siira, Lotta, additional, Sintchenko, Vitali, additional, Skoczyńska, Anna, additional, Sloan, Monica, additional, Slotved, Hans-Christian, additional, Smith, Andrew J, additional, Steens, Anneke, additional, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, additional, Toropainen, Maija, additional, Tzanakaki, Georgina, additional, Vainio, Anni, additional, van der Linden, Mark PG, additional, van Sorge, Nina M, additional, Varon, Emmanuelle, additional, Vohrnova, Sandra, additional, Gottberg, Anne von, additional, Yuste, Jose, additional, Zanella, Rosemeire, additional, Zhou, Fei, additional, and Brueggemann, Angela B, additional

Published
2022
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13. Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: diverging trends of meticillin-resistant and meticillin-susceptible isolates, EU/EEA, 2005 to 2018

Author

Gagliotti, Carlo, Högberg, Liselotte Diaz, Billström, Hanna, Eckmanns, Tim, Giske, Christian G, Heuer, Ole E, Jarlier, Vincent, Kahlmeter, Gunnar, Lo Fo Wong, Danilo, Monen, Jos, Murchan, Stephen, Simonsen, Gunnar Skov, Šubelj, Maja, Andrašević, Arjana Tambić, Żabicka, Dorota, Žemličková, Helena, Monnet, Dominique L, Strauss, Reinhild, Catteau, Lucy, Marteva-Proevska, Yuliya Stoyanova, Soprek, Silvija, Maikanti-Charalampous, Panagiota, Jakubů, Vladislav, Petersen, Andreas, Ivanova, Marina, Lindholm, Laura, Maugat, Sylvie, Noll, Ines, Polemis, Michalis, Végh, Zsolt, Kristinsson, Karl Gústaf, Burns, Karen, Monaco, Monica, Rutkovska, Ieva, Miciulevicienė, Jolanta, Perrin, Monique, Scicluna, Elizabeth A., Woudt, Sjoukje H. S., Gran, Frode Width, Hryniewicz, Waleria, Caniça, Manuela, Popescu, Gabriel Adrian, Niks, Milan, Ribič, Helena, Aracil García, Maria Belén, Mäkitalo, Barbro, Hope, Russell, Robert Koch Institute [Berlin] (RKI), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Service de Bactériologie et d'Hygiène Hospitalière [CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière], CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière [AP-HP], Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) (AP-HP)-Sorbonne Université (SU), and National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven] (RIVM)

Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus, medicine.medical_specialty, Meticillin, Epidemiology, bloodstream infection, MRSA, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Antibiotic resistance, Virology, Internal medicine, Europe, antimicrobial resistance, bacterial infections, Medicine, media_common.cataloged_instance, Blood culture, 030212 general & internal medicine, European union, media_common, 0303 health sciences, Surveillance, medicine.diagnostic_test, 030306 microbiology, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, bacterial infections and mycoses, 3. Good health, Attributable risk, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, business, human activities, medicine.drug
Abstract

Background Invasive infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus have high clinical and epidemiological relevance. It is therefore important to monitor the S. aureus trends using suitable methods. Aim The study aimed to describe the trends of bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) in the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). Methods Annual data on S. aureus BSI from 2005 to 2018 were obtained from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network (EARS-Net). Trends of BSI were assessed at the EU/EEA level by adjusting for blood culture set rate (number of blood culture sets per 1,000 days of hospitalisation) and stratification by patient characteristics. Results Considering a fixed cohort of laboratories consistently reporting data over the entire study period, MRSA percentages among S. aureus BSI decreased from 30.2% in 2005 to 16.3% in 2018. Concurrently, the total number of BSI caused by S. aureus increased by 57%, MSSA BSI increased by 84% and MRSA BSI decreased by 31%. All these trends were statistically significant (p Conclusions The results indicate an increasing health burden of MSSA BSI in the EU/EEA despite a significant decrease in the MRSA percentage. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring antimicrobial resistance trends by assessing not only resistance percentages but also the incidence of infections. Further research is needed on the factors associated with the observed trends and on their attributable risk.

Published
2021

14. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data.

Author

Brueggemann, Angela AB, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa MJ, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, Desiree, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu-Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl Gustaf, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, Zhou, Fei, Brueggemann, Angela AB, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa MJ, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, Desiree, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu-Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl Gustaf, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2021

15. Increasing Incidences and Clonal Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Nordic Countries - Results From the Nordic MRSA Surveillance

Author

Petersen, Andreas, primary, Larssen, Kjersti W., additional, Gran, Frode W., additional, Enger, Hege, additional, Hæggman, Sara, additional, Mäkitalo, Barbro, additional, Haraldsson, Gunnsteinn, additional, Lindholm, Laura, additional, Vuopio, Jaana, additional, Henius, Anna Emilie, additional, Nielsen, Jens, additional, and Larsen, Anders R., additional

Published
2021
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16. The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative reveals significant reductions in invasive bacterial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, primary, van Rensburg, Melissa J Jansen, additional, Shaw, David, additional, McCarthy, Noel, additional, Jolley, Keith A, additional, Maiden, Martin CJ, additional, van der Linden, Mark PG, additional, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, additional, Bennett, Désirée E, additional, Borrow, Ray, additional, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, additional, Broughton, Karen, additional, Campbell, Ruth, additional, Cao, Bin, additional, Casanova, Carlo, additional, Choi, Eun Hwa, additional, Chu, Yiu Wai, additional, Clark, Stephen A, additional, Claus, Heike, additional, Coelho, Juliana, additional, Corcoran, Mary, additional, Cottrell, Simon, additional, Cunney, Robert J, additional, Dalby, Tine, additional, Davies, Heather, additional, de Gouveia, Linda, additional, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, additional, Demczuk, Walter, additional, Desmet, Stefanie, additional, Drew, Richard J, additional, du Plessis, Mignon, additional, Erlendsdottir, Helga, additional, Fry, Norman K, additional, Fuursted, Kurt, additional, Gray, Steve J, additional, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, additional, Hale, Thomas, additional, Hilty, Markus, additional, Hoffmann, Steen, additional, Humphreys, Hilary, additional, Ip, Margaret, additional, Jacobsson, Susanne, additional, Johnston, Jillian, additional, Kozakova, Jana, additional, Kristinsson, Karl G, additional, Krizova, Pavla, additional, Kuch, Alicja, additional, Ladhani, Shamez N, additional, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, additional, Lebedova, Vera, additional, Lindholm, Laura, additional, Litt, David, additional, Martin, Irene, additional, Martiny, Delphine, additional, Mattheus, Wesley, additional, McElligott, Martha, additional, Meehan, Mary, additional, Meiring, Susan, additional, Mölling, Paula, additional, Morfeldt, Eva, additional, Morgan, Julie, additional, Mulhall, Robert M, additional, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, additional, Murdoch, David R, additional, Murphy, Joy, additional, Musilek, Martin, additional, Mzabi, Alexandre, additional, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, additional, Perrin, Monique, additional, Perry, Malorie, additional, Redin, Alba, additional, Roberts, Richard, additional, Roberts, Maria, additional, Rokney, Assaf, additional, Ron, Merav, additional, Scott, Kevin, additional, Sheppard, Carmen L., additional, Siira, Lotta, additional, Skoczyńska, Anna, additional, Sloan, Monica, additional, Slotved, Hans-Christian, additional, Smith, Andrew J, additional, Song, Joon Young, additional, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, additional, Toropainen, Maija, additional, Tsang, Dominic, additional, Vainio, Anni, additional, van Sorge, Nina M, additional, Varon, Emmanuelle, additional, Vlach, Jiri, additional, Vogel, Ulrich, additional, Vohrnova, Sandra, additional, von Gottberg, Anne, additional, Zanella, Rosemeire C, additional, and Zhou, Fei, additional

Published
2020
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17. The first human report of mobile colistin resistance gene, mcr-1, in Finland

Author

Gröndahl‐Yli‐Hannuksela, Kirsi, Lönnqvist, Emilia, Kallonen, Teemu, Lindholm, Laura, Jalava, Jari, Rantakokko‐Jalava, Kaisu, and Vuopio, Jaana

Subjects
polycyclic compounds, bacteria, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, bacterial infections and mycoses, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists
Abstract

Colistin resistance mediated by mobile mcr‐1 gene has raised concern during the last years. After steep increase in mcr‐1 reports, other mcr‐gene variants (mcr‐2 to mcr‐5) have been revealed as well. In 2016, a clinical study was conducted on asymptomatic stool carriage of extended spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among Finnish adults. All suspected ESBL producing bacterial isolates were first tested by phenotypic ESBL‐confirmation methods, and then further analyzed with whole genome sequencing to identify the resistance genes. We found one study subject carrying a colistin resistant E. coli with a transferrable mcr‐1 gene. This multi‐drug resistant isolate, although initially suspected to be an ESBL producer, did not carry any ESBL genes, but was proven to carry several other resistance genes by using whole genome sequencing. Sequence type was ST93. The mcr‐1 gene was connected to IncX4 plasmid which suggests that the colistin resistance gene locates in the respective plasmid. Here, we report the finding of a mcr‐1 harboring human E. coli isolate from Finland. Clinical antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates are low in Finland, and mobile colistin resistance has not been reported previously. This highlights the importance of AMR surveillance also in populations with low levels of resistance.

Published
2018

18. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidisduring the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa J, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, Désirée E, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert M, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Abstract

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Published
2021
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20. Impact of antimicrobial treatment for acute otitis media on carriage dynamics of penicillin-susceptible and penicillin–non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae: secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Author

Lewnard, Joseph A., primary, Tähtinen, Paula A., additional, Laine, Miia K., additional, Lindholm, Laura, additional, Jalava, Jari, additional, Huovinen, Pentti, additional, Lipsitch, Marc, additional, and Ruohola, Aino, additional

Published
2017
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21. Old enemies in new disguises: emergence ofEnterococcus faeciumas a significant clinical problem at an adult haematology ward

Author

Hämäläinen, Sari, primary, Pentikäinen, Jaana, additional, Reijula, Jori, additional, Mauranen, Ella, additional, Koivula, Irma, additional, Lindholm, Laura, additional, Juutilainen, Auni, additional, Nousiainen, Tapio, additional, Pyörälä, Marja, additional, Vuopio, Jaana, additional, and Jantunen, Esa, additional

Published
2017
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22. Resurssierityislastentarhanopettaja lapsen sosioemotionaalisen kehityksen tukijana

Author

Lindholm, Laura

Subjects
tunne-elämän kehitys, varhaiskasvatus, sosioemotionaalisen kehityksen tuen tarpeet, resurssierityislastentarhanopettaja, erityiskasvatus, varhaiserityiskasvatus, erityislastentarhanopettajat
Abstract

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää resurssierityislastentarhanopettajan työnkuvaa lapsen sosioemotionaalisen kehityksen tukijana. Tästä näkökulmasta tutkimuksessa kartoitettiin relton toimenkuvaa ja työn tavoitteita. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, millaisia sosioemotionaalisia tuen tarpeita lapsilla oli ja miten relto tuki heidän kehitystään päiväkodissa. Lisäksi tutkittiin, miten kolmiportaisen tuen malli näkyi resurssierityislastentarhanopettajan työssä sosioemotionaalista tukea saavan lapsen kanssa ja minkälaista yhteistyötä resurssierityislastentarhanopettaja teki sosioemotionaalista tukea saavan lapsen kanssa toimiessaan. Tutkimus toteutettiin haastattelututkimuksena etelä–suomalaisessa kaupungissa. Aineisto koostui kolmen resurssierityislastentarhanopettajan haastattelusta. Aineisto kerät-tiin teemahaastattelulla ja se analysoitiin käyttäen teoriaohjaavaa sisällönanalyysiä. Tutkimus osoitti, että resurssierityislastentarhanopettaja sai pitkälle itse määritellä oman työaikansa ja vaikuttaa työnkuvaansa. Relton työ koostui lasten, tiimin ja koko talon henkilöstön kanssa tehtävästä työstä. Sosioemotionaalista tukea saavan lapsen kanssa työskennellessä tärkein tavoite oli opettaa lapselle vuorovaikutus- ja tunnetaitoja. Relto pyrki tekemään mahdollisimman paljon työtä lapsiryhmissä ja hänen keskeinen työtapansa oli leikki. Lisäksi relto käytti useita erityisvarhaiskasvatuksen kuntouttavia menetelmiä ja materiaaleja. Yhteistyötä relto teki kiinteästi niin oman työyhteisönsä, lasten vanhempien kuin muiden ammattilaistenkin kanssa.

Published
2015

23. Trends in invasive bacterial diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic: analyses of prospective surveillance data from 30 countries and territories in the IRIS Consortium

Author

Shaw, David, Abad, Raquel, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bautista, Adriana, Bennett, Desiree, Broughton, Karen, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu-Wai, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert, Cuypers, Lize, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Domenech, Mirian, Drew, Richard, du Plessis, Mignon, Duarte, Carolina, Erlendsdóttir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Hale, Thomas, Henares, Desiree, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnson, Christopher, Johnston, Jillian, Jolley, Keith A, Kawabata, Aníbal, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez, Lâm, Thiên-Trí, León, María Eugenia, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David, Maiden, Martin C J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McCarthy, Noel D, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, Mölling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert, Muñoz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Novakova, Ludmila, Oftadeh, Shahin, Perez-Argüello, Amaresh, Pérez-Vázquez, Maria, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Prevost, Benoit, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Sanabria, Olga Marina, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen, Siira, Lotta, Sintchenko, Vitali, Skoczyńska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Steens, Anneke, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tzanakaki, Georgina, Vainio, Anni, van der Linden, Mark P G, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Yuste, Jose, Zanella, Rosemeire, Zhou, Fei, and Brueggemann, Angela B

Abstract

The Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Consortium was established to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus agalactiae. We aimed to analyse the incidence and distribution of these diseases during the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the 2 years preceding the pandemic.

Published
2024
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25. Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections in Children

Author

Tapiainen, Terhi, primary, Launonen, Saana, additional, Renko, Marjo, additional, Saxen, Harri, additional, Salo, Eeva, additional, Korppi, Matti, additional, Kainulainen, Leena, additional, Heiskanen-Kosma, Tarja, additional, Lindholm, Laura, additional, Vuopio, Jaana, additional, Huotari, Tiina, additional, Rusanen, Jarmo, additional, and Uhari, Matti, additional

Published
2016
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26. The first human report of mobile colistin resistance gene, <italic>mcr‐1,</italic> in Finland.

Author

Gröndahl‐Yli‐Hannuksela, Kirsi, Lönnqvist, Emilia, Kallonen, Teemu, Lindholm, Laura, Jalava, Jari, Rantakokko‐Jalava, Kaisu, and Vuopio, Jaana

Subjects
COLISTIN, ANTI-infective agents, DRUG resistance, ESCHERICHIA coli, PLASMIDS, NUCLEOTIDE sequencing
Abstract

Colistin resistance mediated by mobile mcr‐1 gene has raised concern during the last years. After steep increase in mcr‐1 reports, other mcr‐gene variants (mcr‐2 to mcr‐5) have been revealed as well. In 2016, a clinical study was conducted on asymptomatic stool carriage of extended spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among Finnish adults. All suspected ESBL producing bacterial isolates were first tested by phenotypic ESBL‐confirmation methods, and then further analyzed with whole genome sequencing to identify the resistance genes. We found one study subject carrying a colistin resistant E. coli with a transferrable mcr‐1 gene. This multi‐drug resistant isolate, although initially suspected to be an ESBL producer, did not carry any ESBL genes, but was proven to carry several other resistance genes by using whole genome sequencing. Sequence type was ST93. The mcr‐1 gene was connected to IncX4 plasmid which suggests that the colistin resistance gene locates in the respective plasmid. Here, we report the finding of a mcr‐1 harboring human E. coli isolate from Finland. Clinical antimicrobial resistance (AMR) rates are low in Finland, and mobile colistin resistance has not been reported previously. This highlights the importance of AMR surveillance also in populations with low levels of resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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28. Old enemies in new disguises: emergence of Enterococcus faecium as a significant clinical problem at an adult haematology ward.

Author

Hämäläinen, Sari, Pentikäinen, Jaana, Reijula, Jori, Mauranen, Ella, Koivula, Irma, Lindholm, Laura, Juutilainen, Auni, Nousiainen, Tapio, Pyörälä, Marja, Vuopio, Jaana, and Jantunen, Esa

Subjects
EPIDEMICS, HEMATOLOGY, HOSPITAL wards, ENTEROCOCCUS faecium
Abstract

The article reports that since 1991, Enterococcus faecium have been listed as the second leading nosocomial pathogen and are among the five most common causative agents of bloodstream infections.The issue of the emergence of Enterococcus faecium as a significant clinical problem at an adult haematology ward is discussed.

Published
2017
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29. Kohdeyhtiön johdon vastuu yritysvaltaustilanteessa

Author

Kauppakorkeakoulu, School of Economics, Department of Accounting and Finance, Laskentatoimen ja rahoituksen laitos, Lindholm, Laura, Kauppakorkeakoulu, School of Economics, Department of Accounting and Finance, Laskentatoimen ja rahoituksen laitos, and Lindholm, Laura

Abstract

Tutkielmassa tarkastellaan yritysvaltaustilannetta valtauksen kohteena olevan julkisen osakeyhtiön johdon kannalta. Tutkielman tarkoituksena on selvittää, millaisia velvollisuuksia yritysvaltauksen kohteeksi joutuminen aiheuttaa kohdeyhtiön johdolle, ja millaisten periaatteiden mukaisesti johdon vastuuta tulee arvioida. Aiheeseen liittyvä sääntely on verrattain uutta ja perustuu pitkälti Euroopan parlamentin ja neuvoston direktiiviin julkisista ostotarjouksista, joka on implementoitu pääosin arvopaperimarkkinalakiin. Osakeyhtiölaki sisältää kohdeyhtiön johdon toiminnan arvioinnin kannalta keskeiset periaatteet. Yritysvaltaustilanteessa merkittävin rooli kohdeyhtiön johdossa on hallituksella. Toimitusjohtaja on hallituksen päätöksenteossa usein merkittävässä asemassa, mutta tämän ei tule osallistua yritysvaltausta koskevan asian käsittelyyn johtuen olennaisesta sidonnaisuudestaan yhtiöön. Myös hallituksen jäsen voi olla esteellinen osallistumaan yritysvaltausta koskevaan päätöksentekoon. Osakeyhtiölain yleiset periaatteet ovat keskeisiä kohdeyhtiön johdon vastuun arvioinnissa. Yhtiön toiminnan tarkoitus on voiton tuottaminen osakkeenomistajille. Johdon tehtävää kuvaavat johdon huolellisuus- ja lojaliteettivelvollisuus. Osakkeenomistajien yhdenvertaisuusperiaateella on yhteys lojaliteettivelvollisuuteen. Yritysvaltaus toteutetaan yleensä sarjatoimin, ja ensimmäisen vaiheen muodostaa usein arvopaperimarkkinalain mukainen vapaaehtoinen julkinen ostotarjous kohdeyhtiön osakkeista. Valtaaja voi olla myös oikeutettu tai velvoitettu arvopaperimarkkinalain mukaiseen julkiseen ostotarjoukseen, osakeyhtiölain mukaiseen vähemmistöosakkeiden lunastukseen tai yhtiöjärjestykseen perustuvaan lunastukseen. Yritysvaltaustilanne edellyttää kohdeyhtiön johdolta aktiivisia toimenpiteitä, kuten tarjouksen arviointia ja vaihtoehtojen kartoittamista. Johdolle voi syntyä velvollisuus myötävaikuttaa yritysvaltaukseen yhdistymissopimuksen allekirjoittamisella, neuvottelukieltoon sitoutumisell

Published
2009

31. Bacterial and viral interactions within the nasopharynx contribute to the risk of acute otitis media

Author

Ruohola, Aino, primary, Pettigrew, Melinda M., additional, Lindholm, Laura, additional, Jalava, Jari, additional, Risnen, Kati S., additional, Vainionp, Raija, additional, Waris, Matti, additional, Thtinen, Paula A., additional, Laine, Miia K., additional, Lahti, Elina, additional, Ruuskanen, Olli, additional, and Huovinen, Pentti, additional

Published
2013
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36. Occurrence and characterization of methicillinresistant staphylococci from bovine mastitis milk samples in Finland.

Author

Gindonis, Veera, Taponen, Suvi, Myllyniemi, Anna-Liisa, Pyörälä, Satu, Nykäsenoja, Suvi, Salmenlinna, Saara, Lindholm, Laura, and Rantala, Merja

Subjects
METHICILLIN-resistant staphylococcus aureus, BOVINE mastitis, COAGULASE, BETA-lactamase inhibitors
Abstract

Background: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) are increasingly being isolated in bovine mastitis. The aim of our study was to evaluate the occurrence of MRS in Finnish mastitis milk samples and characterize the MRS isolates using molecular methods. Results: Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was a rare finding in bovine mastitis in Finland. Only two out of 135 (1.5%) S. aureus isolates were positive for mec genes. One of these carried mecA and was of spa type t172, SCCmec type IV and ST375, and the other harboured mecC, being spa type t3256, and ST130. MRSA ST375 is common among human MRSA isolates in Finland, but this is the first report in the country of bovine mecC MRSA. In coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) originating from bovine mastitis, methicillin resistance was more common. In the two CoNS collections studied, 5.2% (17/324) and 1.8% (2/110) of the isolates were mecA positive. Eighteen of these were methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE), which were divided into 6 separate PFGE clusters. One pulsotype was detected in different parts of the country, indicating clonal spread. Most MRSE (13/18) were of SCCmec type IV, one was of type V and four were non-typeable. Comparison with a human staphylococcal database indicated that bovine MRSE strains were not closely related to human MRSE isolates. Conclusions: The occurrence of MRS, especially MRSA, in bovine mastitis in Finland was low. Most methicillinresistant bovine CoNS are MRSE, and we found evidence of a bovine MRSE strain that may spread clonally. This is the first report of a Finnish bovine isolate of MRSAmecC ST130. The study provides a baseline for further MRS monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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37. The Scope of Mortgage Fraud: A Growing International Problem.

Author

Lindholm, Laura Ann

Subjects
FRAUD, MORTGAGES, COMMERCIAL crimes, CRIMINAL law
Abstract

The article discusses mortgage fraud. Fraud for profit and fraud for housing are the two categories of mortgage fraud which are investigated by the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation, while the "American Banking Association Banking Journal" adds fraud for other criminal activities as another category. Property flipping, silent second, and stolen identity are among the common mortgage fraud schemes.

Published
2007

38. Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: a prospective analysis of surveillance data

Author

Brueggemann, Angela B, Jansen van Rensburg, Melissa J, Shaw, David, McCarthy, Noel D, Jolley, Keith A, Maiden, Martin C J, van der Linden, Mark P G, Amin-Chowdhury, Zahin, Bennett, D��sir��e E, Borrow, Ray, Brandileone, Maria-Cristina C, Broughton, Karen, Campbell, Ruth, Cao, Bin, Casanova, Carlo, Choi, Eun Hwa, Chu, Yiu Wai, Clark, Stephen A, Claus, Heike, Coelho, Juliana, Corcoran, Mary, Cottrell, Simon, Cunney, Robert J, Dalby, Tine, Davies, Heather, de Gouveia, Linda, Deghmane, Ala-Eddine, Demczuk, Walter, Desmet, Stefanie, Drew, Richard J, du Plessis, Mignon, Erlendsdottir, Helga, Fry, Norman K, Fuursted, Kurt, Gray, Steve J, Henriques-Normark, Birgitta, Hale, Thomas, Hilty, Markus, Hoffmann, Steen, Humphreys, Hilary, Ip, Margaret, Jacobsson, Susanne, Johnston, Jillian, Kozakova, Jana, Kristinsson, Karl G, Krizova, Pavla, Kuch, Alicja, Ladhani, Shamez N, L��m, Thi��n-Tr��, Lebedova, Vera, Lindholm, Laura, Litt, David J, Martin, Irene, Martiny, Delphine, Mattheus, Wesley, McElligott, Martha, Meehan, Mary, Meiring, Susan, M��lling, Paula, Morfeldt, Eva, Morgan, Julie, Mulhall, Robert M, Mu��oz-Almagro, Carmen, Murdoch, David R, Murphy, Joy, Musilek, Martin, Mzabi, Alexandre, Perez-Arg��ello, Amaresh, Perrin, Monique, Perry, Malorie, Redin, Alba, Roberts, Richard, Roberts, Maria, Rokney, Assaf, Ron, Merav, Scott, Kevin J, Sheppard, Carmen L, Siira, Lotta, Skoczy��ska, Anna, Sloan, Monica, Slotved, Hans-Christian, Smith, Andrew J, Song, Joon Young, Taha, Muhamed-Kheir, Toropainen, Maija, Tsang, Dominic, Vainio, Anni, van Sorge, Nina M, Varon, Emmanuelle, Vlach, Jiri, Vogel, Ulrich, Vohrnova, Sandra, von Gottberg, Anne, Zanella, Rosemeire C, and Zhou, Fei

Subjects
570 Life sciences, biology, 3. Good health
Abstract

Background Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis, which are typically transmitted via respiratory droplets, are leading causes of invasive diseases, including bacteraemic pneumonia and meningitis, and of secondary infections subsequent to post-viral respiratory disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of invasive disease due to these pathogens during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods In this prospective analysis of surveillance data, laboratories in 26 countries and territories across six continents submitted data on cases of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis from Jan 1, 2018, to May, 31, 2020, as part of the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance (IRIS) Initiative. Numbers of weekly cases in 2020 were compared with corresponding data for 2018 and 2019. Data for invasive disease due to Streptococcus agalactiae, a non-respiratory pathogen, were collected from nine laboratories for comparison. The stringency of COVID-19 containment measures was quantified using the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker. Changes in population movements were assessed using Google COVID-19 Community Mobility Reports. Interrupted time-series modelling quantified changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in 2020 relative to when containment measures were imposed. Findings 27 laboratories from 26 countries and territories submitted data to the IRIS Initiative for S pneumoniae (62���434 total cases), 24 laboratories from 24 countries submitted data for H influenzae (7796 total cases), and 21 laboratories from 21 countries submitted data for N meningitidis (5877 total cases). All countries and territories had experienced a significant and sustained reduction in invasive diseases due to S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis in early 2020 (Jan 1 to May 31, 2020), coinciding with the introduction of COVID-19 containment measures in each country. By contrast, no significant changes in the incidence of invasive S agalactiae infections were observed. Similar trends were observed across most countries and territories despite differing stringency in COVID-19 control policies. The incidence of reported S pneumoniae infections decreased by 68% at 4 weeks (incidence rate ratio 0��32 [95% CI 0��27���0��37]) and 82% at 8 weeks (0��18 [0��14���0��23]) following the week in which significant changes in population movements were recorded. Interpretation The introduction of COVID-19 containment policies and public information campaigns likely reduced transmission of S pneumoniae, H influenzae, and N meningitidis, leading to a significant reduction in life-threatening invasive diseases in many countries worldwide.

39. Letters.

Author

Amin, Cesar, Van Dun, Britta, Humphreys, David, Lindholm, Laura, Killian-Dawson, Robert, Maxa, Lubomin P., Carling, M., Scimone, Frank, Solvignon, Anne, Leonard, Chris, Plesl, Jaroslav, Lim, John C. W., Mitsides, Tania, Ingolfsson, Palmi, Kouros, Kyriakos, Cylke, Owen, Hunger, Roland, Marshall, Kerry, Haraing, Laurie, and Stepkowski, Andres T.

Subjects
LETTERS to the editor, EDUCATION, DRUG abuse, SOMALIAN social conditions
Abstract

Features letters from `Newsweek' readers as of November 29, 1999. Liberal position assumed by many European countries on drugs; Quality of the education system in Singapore; Treatment of Turks on the island of Cyprus; Arguments for and against globalization; Separation of northern and southern Somalia; Response to the book `Dutch,' by Edmund Morris.

Published
1999

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