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Lake Ohrid, located on the Balkan Peninsula within the Dinaride- Albanide- Hellenide mountain belt, is a tectonically active graben within the South Balkan Extensional Regime ( SBER). Interpretation of multichannel seismic cross sections and bathymetric data reveals that Lake Ohrid formed during two main phases of deformation: (1) a transtensional phase which opened a pull-apart basin, and (2) an extensional phase which led to the present geometry of Lake Ohrid. After the initial opening, a symmetrical graben formed during the Late Miocene, bounded by major normal faults on each side in a pull-apart type basin. The early-stage geometry of the basin has a typical rhomboidal shape restricted by two sets of major normal faults. Thick undisturbed sediments are present today at the site where the acoustic basement is deepest, illustrating that Lake Ohrid is a potential target for drilling a long and continuous sediment core for studying environmental changes within the Mediterranean region. Neotectonic activity since the Pliocene takes place along the roughly N-S-striking Eastern and Western Major Boundary Normal Faults that are partly exposed at the present lake floor. The tectono-sedimentary structure of the basin is divided into three main seismic units overlying the acoustic basement associated with fluvial deposits and lacustrine sediments. A seismic facies analysis reveals a prominent cyclic pattern of high- and low-amplitude reflectors. We correlate this facies cyclicity with vegetation changes within the surrounding area that are associated with glacial/interglacial cycles. A clear correlation is possible back to ca. 450 kyrs. Extrapolation of average sedimentation rates for the above mentioned period results in age estimate of ca. 2 Myrs for the oldest sediments in Lake Ohrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lake Ohrid shared by the Republics of Albania and Macedonia is formed by a tectonically active graben within the South Balkan and suggested to be the oldest lake in Europe. Several studies have shown that the lake provides a valuable record of climatic and environmental changes and a distal tephrostratigraphic record of volcanic eruptions from Italy. Fault structures identified in seismic data demonstrate that sediments have also the potential to record tectonic activity in the region. Here, we provide an example of linking tephrostratigraphic information and environmental changes with tectonic activity and anthropogenic impact. Historical documents indicate that a major earthquake destroyed the city of Ohrid in the early 6th century AD. This earthquake is documented in multichannel seismic profiles, in parametric sediment echosounder profiles, and in a ca. 10m long sediment record from the western part of the lake. The sediment record exhibits a ca. 2m thick mass wasting deposit, which is chronologically well constrained by the underlying 472 AD/512AD tephra and cross correlation with 15 other sediment sequences with similar geochemical characteristics of the Holocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The number of long term cancer survivors during childhood or adolescence is increasing steadily. Survivors often suffer from physical or psychosocial long term effects. There is currently little data on the arrangement of long term aftercare in the field of psychosocial care., Methods: In November 2017 a questionnaire was sent to 1900 cancer survivors aged between 18 and 35 years whose diagnosis dated at least five years prior. The obtained data serve as a condition and needs assessment, how the (psychosocial) long-term aftercare is perceived by the survivors and what else is desired. The analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics as well as the calculation of bivariate correlations., Results: The response rate was 54.9% (n=1.043). The median interval from the first diagnosis was 20 years. In total 666 survivors (63.9%) stated that they suffered from at least one long term effect. Within this, especially neurocognitive themes played a role. 87.2% of the respondents had the feeling that they had overcome the illness/therapy well., Conclusion: Through a stronger patient-focussed orientation concerning the current care and advisory services, the situation of long term survivors could be improved. This especially includes access to relevant information that focuses on the available psychosocial and welfare services, as well as to advisory and care services. Additionally, the development and expansion of care structures in the areas of neurocognition and psychotherapy is important to ensure long term participation attendance., Hintergrund: Die Zahl der Langzeitüberlebenden nach einer Krebserkrankung im Kindes- oder Jugendalter (Survivor) steigt stetig. Survivor leiden nicht selten unter körperlichen oder psychosozialen Spätfolgen. Für die Gestaltung der Langzeitnachsorge im Bereich der psychosozialen Versorgung liegen bislang kaum Daten vor., Methode: 11/2017 wurde deutschlandweit ein Fragebogen an 1.900 Survivor im Alter von 18 bis 35 Jahren versandt, deren Erstdiagnose zum Befragungszeitpunkt mindestens fünf Jahre zurücklag. Die erhobenen Daten dienen als Zustands- und Bedarfserhebung, wie die (psychosozialen) Langzeitnachsorge von den Survivorn wahrgenommen und was darüber hinaus gewünscht wird. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels deskriptiver Statistik sowie der Berechnung bivariater Korrelationen., Ergebnisse: Der Rücklauf betrug 54,9% (n=1.043). Der mediane Abstand zur Erst-Diagnose betrug 20 Jahre. Insgesamt gaben 666 Survivor (63,9%) an, mindestens eines der abgefragten Items/Symptome bei sich zu beobachten. Hierbei spielen besonders neurokognitive Themen eine Rolle. Viele Angebote der Langzeitnachsorge sind den Survivorn nicht bekannt. 87,2% der Befragten haben das Gefühl, die Erkrankung/Therapie gut gemeistert zu haben., Schlussfolgerung: Eine stärkere patientenorientierte Ausrichtung der derzeitigen Versorgungs- und Beratungsangebote könnte die Situation von Langzeitüberlebenden noch verbessern. Zentral sind hierbei der Zugang zu gezielten Informationen, eine psychosoziale und sozialrechtliche Betreuung sowie der Zugang zu Beratungs- und Versorgungsangeboten. Auch der Auf- und Ausbau von Versorgungsstrukturen im Bereich der Neurokognition und Psychotherapie ist für die langfristige Sicherstellung von Partizipation wünschenswert., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflcit of interest., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

The scarcity of high-resolution empirical data directly tracking diversity over time limits our understanding of speciation and extinction dynamics and the drivers of rate changes. Here, we analyze a continuous species-level fossil record of endemic diatoms from ancient Lake Ohrid, along with environmental and climate indicator time series since lake formation 1.36 million years (Ma) ago. We show that speciation and extinction rates nearly simultaneously decreased in the environmentally dynamic phase after ecosystem formation and stabilized after deep-water conditions established in Lake Ohrid. As the lake deepens, we also see a switch in the macroevolutionary trade-off, resulting in a transition from a volatile assemblage of short-lived endemic species to a stable community of long-lived species. Our results emphasize the importance of the interplay between environmental/climate change, ecosystem stability, and environmental limits to diversity for diversification processes. The study also provides a new understanding of evolutionary dynamics in long-lived ecosystems., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).)

Mediterranean climates are characterized by strong seasonal contrasts between dry summers and wet winters. Changes in winter rainfall are critical for regional socioeconomic development, but are difficult to simulate accurately 1 and reconstruct on Quaternary timescales. This is partly because regional hydroclimate records that cover multiple glacial-interglacial cycles 2,3 with different orbital geometries, global ice volume and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are scarce. Moreover, the underlying mechanisms of change and their persistence remain unexplored. Here we show that, over the past 1.36 million years, wet winters in the northcentral Mediterranean tend to occur with high contrasts in local, seasonal insolation and a vigorous African summer monsoon. Our proxy time series from Lake Ohrid on the Balkan Peninsula, together with a 784,000-year transient climate model hindcast, suggest that increased sea surface temperatures amplify local cyclone development and refuel North Atlantic low-pressure systems that enter the Mediterranean during phases of low continental ice volume and high concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases. A comparison with modern reanalysis data shows that current drivers of the amount of rainfall in the Mediterranean share some similarities to those that drive the reconstructed increases in precipitation. Our data cover multiple insolation maxima and are therefore an important benchmark for testing climate model performance.

Submarine gravity flows are responsible for the largest sediment accumulations on the planet, but are notoriously difficult to measure in action. Giant flows transport 100s of km 3 of sediment with run-out distances over 2000 km. Sediment concentration is a first order control on flow dynamics and deposit character. It has never been measured directly nor convincingly estimated in large submarine flows. Here we reconstruct the sediment concentration of a historic giant submarine flow, the 1929 "Grand Banks" event, using two independent approaches, each validated by estimates of flow speed from cable breaks. The calculated average bulk sediment concentration of the flow was 2.7-5.4% by volume. This is orders of magnitude higher than directly-measured smaller-volume flows in river deltas and submarine canyons. The new concentration estimate provides a test case for scaled experiments and numerical simulations, and a major step towards a quantitative understanding of these prodigious flows.

The impact of past global climate change on local terrestrial ecosystems and their vegetation and soil organic matter (OM) pools is often non-linear and poorly constrained. To address this, we investigated the response of a temperate habitat influenced by global climate change in a key glacial refuge, Lake Ohrid (Albania, Macedonia). We applied independent geochemical and palynological proxies to a sedimentary archive from the lake over the penultimate glacial-interglacial transition (MIS 6-5) and the following interglacial (MIS 5e-c), targeting lake surface temperature as an indicator of regional climatic development and the supply of pollen and biomarkers from the vegetation and soil OM pools to determine local habitat response. Climate fluctuations strongly influenced the ecosystem, however, lake level controls the extent of terrace surfaces between the shoreline and mountain slopes and hence local vegetation, soil development and OM export to the lake sediments. There were two phases of transgressional soil erosion from terrace surfaces during lake-level rise in the MIS 6-5 transition that led to habitat loss for the locally dominant pine vegetation as the terraces drowned. Our observations confirm that catchment morphology plays a key role in providing refuges with low groundwater depth and stable soils during variable climate.

In this study, the proteome structures following the pathway in somatic embryogenesis of Cyclamen persicum were analysed via high-resolution 2D-SDS-PAGE with two objectives: (1) to identify the significant physiological processes during somatic embryogenesis in Cyclamen and (2) to improve the maturation of somatic embryos. Therefore, the effects of maturation-promoting plant growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) and high sucrose levels on torpedo-shaped embryos were investigated. In total, 108 proteins of differential abundance were identified using a combination of tandem mass spectrometry and a digital proteome reference map. In callus, enzymes related to energy supply were especially distinct, most likely due to energy demand caused by fast growth and cell division. The switch from callus to globular embryo as well as from globular to torpedo-shaped embryo was associated with controlled proteolysis via the ubiquitin-26S proteasome pathway. Storage compound accumulation was first detected 21 days after transfer to plant growth regulator (PGR)-free medium in early torpedo-shaped embryos. Increase in abundance of auxin-amidohydrolase during embryogenesis suggests a possible increase in auxin release in the late embryo stages of Cyclamen. A development-specific isoelectric point switch of catalases has been reported for the first time for somatic embryogenesis. Several proteins were identified to represent markers for the different developmental stages analysed. High sucrose levels and ABA treatment promoted the accumulation of storage compounds in torpedo-shaped embryos. Additionally, proteins of the primary metabolic pathways were decreased in the proteomes of ABA-treated embryos. Thus, ABA and high sucrose concentration in the culture medium improved maturation and consequently the quality of somatic embryos in C. persicum.

Purpose: Consumer workshops in rural and remote locations were evaluated for their efficacy in changing participants' self-perceived attitudes and behaviours related to nutrition labelling., Methods: Project-trained community health educators used pilot-tested workshop resources to facilitate 18 workshops across the country. Participants completed pre-workshop questionnaires to permit the identification of demographic characteristics and attitudes and behaviours related to nutrition labelling at point-of-purchase., Results: The majority of the 259 consumers who submitted questionnaires were women (81%), and aged 35 to 54 (35%); 51% reported more than a high school education and 34% had less than $25,000 as a yearly family income. Self-perceived attitudes and behaviours related to nutrition labelling differed only slightly by family income before the workshop. Workshops were rated positively (mode=4 [range 2 to 5]). Thirty-five consumers were surveyed three months after the workshop; the majority were women (89%), were aged 35 to 54 (43%), and had completed high school (51%). Self-perceived attitudes and behaviours for all respondents (n=35) had improved. Use of acquired knowledge and skills at point-of-purchase was high for all respondents (mode=4 [range 2 to 5]; five-point Likert scale)., Conclusions: Providing in-person consumer workshops with pilot-tested materials in rural and remote locations had positive impacts on attitudes and behaviours related to the use of nutrition labelling.