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In this paper, an optimal longitudinal slip ratio system for real-time identification of electric vehicle (EV) with motored wheels is proposed based on the adhesion between tire and road surface. First and foremost, the optimal longitudinal slip rate torque control can be identified in real time by calculating the derivative and slip rate of the adhesion coefficient. Secondly, the vehicle speed estimation method is also brought. Thirdly, an ideal vehicle simulation model is proposed to verify the algorithm with simulation, and we find that the slip ratio corresponds to the detection of the adhesion limit in real time. Finally, the proposed strategy is applied to traction control system (TCS). The results showed that the method can effectively identify the state of wheel and calculate the optimal slip ratio without wheel speed sensor; in the meantime, it can improve the accelerated stability of electric vehicle with traction control system (TCS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beetles demonstrate excellent flight performance, and their various flight skills predominantly depend on the ingenious structure of the wing membrane. The wings of insects have been optimized in structure, function and material through millions of years of evolution. The hindwings of most beetles are thin and fragile; when at rest, they are held over the back of the beetle. From drawings, it is clear that the biological wing structure of beetles could be exploited for the efficient flight of Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs). This paper strives to reveal the hydraulic mechanism at work during the hindwing unfolding process through the use of the finite element method in FLUENT. The inlet pressure was set to be similar to the folded point pressure, and the flow pattern was treated as similar to a one-way flow. We anticipate that our work will serve as the basis of further sophisticated research on the folding/unfolding mechanisms of beetle hindwings, which may provide design insights for portable MAVs with morphing wings and guide the development of bioinspired deployable systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]