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Rare earth vanadates are promising for solar‐to‐fuel conversions, yet their photocatalytic efficiency is limited by the substantial recombination of photo‐generated carriers. Constructing heterojunctions is recognized as an effective approach to improving charge carrier separation in vanadates. Nonetheless, inefficient charge transfer often results from the poor quality of interfaces and non‐directional charge transfer within these heterojunctions. Herein, an S‐scheme AgInS2/CeVO4@Biocharx (AIS/CV@Cx) heterojunction photocatalyst is designed and synthesized through a straightforward freeze‐drying and calcination three‐step process, aimed at photocatalytic co‐production of xylonic acid and carbon monoxide (CO) from xylose. The AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction achieves an optimal yield of 67.74% for xylonic acid and a CO release of 29.76 µmol from xylose. The enhanced photocatalytic performance of the AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction is attributed to three key factors: I) the high‐quality interface and intimate contact within the AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction significantly reduce undesirable carriers recombination, II) the staggered band structures and directed carriers transfer in the AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction notably improve spatial carriers separation/migration, and III) the incorporation of biochar boosts the conductivity of the AIS/CV@C2 heterojunction. This work presents a straightforward yet effective method for fabricating vanadate heterojunctions, highlighting the importance of quality interfacial contact and directed charge transfer in amplifying photocatalytic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simultaneous application of CO 2 reduction and biomass selective oxidation within a shared photocatalytic redox system by an MoS 2 @GCN S-scheme heterojunction with rich sulfur vacancies. [Display omitted] • An Sv-rich MoS 2 @GCN S-scheme heterojunction was successfully fabricated. • CO 2 reduction and biomass refining were applied in a shared photocatalytic system. • The synergism of the Sv and S-scheme heterojunction accelerated charge transfer. • Xylonic acid and CO can be produced from liquid and gas simultaneously. Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and biomass selective oxidation have considerable practical implications in addressing environmental challenges. However, developing efficient photocatalyst is the key to realize the mass-market applications. Herein, an MoS 2 @GCN S-scheme heterojunction, rich in sulfur vacancies (Sv), was fabricated by a dicyandiamide-blowing and calcination strategy using NH 4 Cl as the gas template. With the synergistic effects of Sv and the S-scheme charge migration mechanism, the 30%-Sv-MoS 2 @GCN demonstrated exceptional performance, showcasing a CO evolution rate of 68.3 μmol g−1 h−1 and a xylonic acid yield of 64.2%, without using any sacrificial agents. The formation of Sv was confirmed through electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis. The S-scheme charge transfer mechanism of the Sv-MoS 2 @GCN heterojunction was verified by in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra, EPR analysis, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This study establishes a framework for enhancing photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and biomass selective oxidation by regulating charge transfer through sensible structural design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An efficient and accurate method for polyamine detection was established. • This method can be used to detect polyamines in poultry tissues. • Uncovering the distribution pattern of polyamines in poultry tissues. • To study the effect of exogenous spermine on polyamine deposition in geese. Polyamines are widely present in animal cells and perform important physiological and biochemical functions. Moderate intake of polyamines contributes to good health. Poultry is one of the common sources of polyamines in daily life. However, different tissues from poultry contain different amounts of polyamine. In this study, an efficient and accurate method for the determination of polyamines was developed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with precolumn benzoyl chloride derivatization. The linearity of the polyamines was good between 10–400 nmol/mL, with the limit of detection (LOD, S/N = 3) and limits of quantification (LOQ, S/N = 10) were 0.37 and 1.23 nmol/mL. The recoveries of the method ranged from 94.73 % to 106.58 % with high accuracy (RSD < 7 %) and no significant matrix effects or interferences. The RSD of intra-day, inter-day and inter-batch repeatability in the range of 0.07–1.57 %, 0.08–1.03 % and 1.46–4.57 %. The method was successfully used to detect polyamines in poultry tissue, with putrescine, spermidine and spermine levels ranging from 3.24 to 29.85 mg/kg, 0.46 to 164.11 mg/kg and 63.39 to 489.57 mg/kg, respectively. Polyamine levels were higher in the spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius and lower in the heart and muscle. Furthermore, the method was employed to study the effect of exogenous spermine on polyamine deposition in different tissues of geese. In summary, the method is suitable for the detection of polyamine in animal tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Carbon nitride nanosheets ring inserted on the surface of PY53 was designed. • Lactic acid and CO can be produced from liquid and gas simultaneously. • CNs@PY53-x has good applicability for different biomass-derived feedstocks. • Lactic acid yield and CO evolution achieved 86.7% and 371.56 μmol g−1h−1. Synchronously producing gas–liquid products from biomass conversion is an effective solution for addressing global energy depletion and environmental pollution. Here, we designed an efficient photocatalyst (CNs@PY53-x) to co-produce CO and lactic acid from biomass-derived sugars. Carbon nitride nanosheets were incorporated onto the surface of PY53 using an ultrasonic-assisted self-assembly coupled with evaporation-drying strategy. The CNs@PY53-x exhibited broader visible light absorption, stronger photocurrent density, and faster separation rate of photogenerated carriers as compared with CNs or PY53. The photocatalytic performance of CNs@PY53-x correlated well with its photoelectric characterization, achieving an CO evolution rate of 371.56 μmol g−1h−1 and a lactic acid yield of 86.9% in the xylose-alkaline system. Furthermore, CNs@PY53-2 demonstrated favorable applicability with various biomass-based sugars. Poisoning experiments, coupled with electron spin resonance (ESR) characterization, revealed that the superoxide radical (O 2 −) was the primary oxidation active species during this process. This work presents a new strategy for synchronously producing gas–liquid products during biomass conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermidine, a natural polyamine, has been proven antioxidant function, but its pathway and mechanism of action remain unclear. Based on the oxidative stress model by 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA), the study explored the pathways by spermidine to rescue oxidative stress via autophagic process in goose granulosa cells by RNA-seq and RNA interference. In transcriptional regulation, in addition to KEGG pathways related to cell proliferation and differentiation, lots of KEGG pathways associated with inflammation, metabolism, and signaling were also significantly enriched in 3-NPA vs. 3-NPA + spermidine treatments. Six key genes (JUN , CD44 , KITLG , RND2 , BMP4 and KALRN) involved in spermidine-mediated anti-oxidative stress were screened. Furthermore, the experimental results showed that spermidine (80 μmol/L) significantly increased autophagic gene expression in goose granulosa cells, while EP300 -siRNA or MAP1S -siRNA also significantly increased autophagic process. The autophagic gene expressions were no difference between EP300 -siRNA and EP300 -siRNA + spermidine treatments, although spermidine significantly increased autophagic process of granulosa cells compared to MAP1S -siRNA alone. In addition, inhibition of mTOR pathway significantly increased autophagic gene expression, which was further enhanced by spermidine in combined with mTOR inhibitor. These results suggest that spermidine can alleviate oxidative stress by inducing autophagy regulated by EP300, MAP1S and mTOR as well as regulating other independent gene expressions in goose granulosa cells. • Spermidine improves oxidative stress in goose GCs by regulating autophagy and other independent gene expressions. • Transcriptomic techniques confirmed the target genes related to spermidine anti-oxidative stress by spermidine. • The autophagy pathway involved in anti-oxidative stress by spermidine was validated by gene interference analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azobenzene (Azo) units were successfully introduced into perylene bisimide (PBI) structures in order to realize the photocontrolling of the morphology of the supramolecular assembly of PBI by a photoisomerization process. A total of three Azo-functionalized perylene bisimide derivatives (PBI1, PBI2, and PBI3) with different alkyl chain lengths were designed and synthesized by imidization of 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride with the corresponding amines. The structures of these compounds were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The photoisomerization behaviors of Azo units in PBIs were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) absorption spectroscopy, which were obviously effected by solvents and the alkyl chain length. Furthermore, the photoisomerization of Azo units has the obviously regulatory effect on the morphology of supramolecular assembly of PBIs, especially for the medium-length alkyl chain-linked Azo-functionalized PBI derivative (PBI2). This research realized the photocontrolling of the morphology of the supramolecular assembly of PBI derivatives by photoisomerization of Azo units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the relationship between polyamine metabolism and reproductive hormones in ovarian follicles of Sichuan white geese, follicle polyamine content and reproductive hormone levels and gene expressions related to polyamine metabolism, steroidogenesis and steroid hormone receptors were detected by HPLC, ELISA and RT-qPCR. The results showed that the overall trend of spermidine and spermine levels increased first and then decreased as increasing follicle size, with the highest level in F3 and F5 follicles (P < 0.05). Putrescine and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels in hierarchical follicles were significantly lower than those in prehierarchical follicles (P < 0.05). Progesterone (P4) first increased and then decreased, with the highest level in the F5 follicle (P < 0.05). The expression levels of estrogen receptor 1 (ER1) showed an overall increase as increasing follicle size (except in F3 follicles), while estrogen receptor 2 (ER2) in hierarchical follicles was significantly lower than that in the prehierarchical follicles (P < 0.05). In addition, the overall expression level of progesterone receptor (PR) decreased, with no significant differences among F1, F2 and F3 follicles (P > 0.05). Yolk putrescine contents were positively correlated with yolk E2 concentrations and PR expression levels (P < 0.05), A significant positive correlation of spermidine levels with yolk P4 concentrations and PR expressions was also observed, as well as the spermine levels with yolk P4 concentrations (P < 0.05). In summary, polyamines were involved in the regulation of follicular development in geese, and this regulation played a role in affecting steroidogenesis and the expression of genes related to hormone receptors. • Polyamine affects the steroidogenesis. • Polyamine contents show a specific change during goose follicular development. • Polyamine affects the expression of genes related to reproductive hormones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ovarian aging and disease-related decline in fertility are challenging medical and economic issues with an increasing prevalence. Polyamines are a class of polycationic alkylamines widely distributed in mammals. They are small molecules essential for cell growth and development. Polyamines alleviate ovarian aging through various biological processes, including reproductive hormone synthesis, cell metabolism, programmed cell death, etc. However, an abnormal increase in polyamine levels can lead to ovarian damage and promote the development of ovarian disease. Therefore, polyamines have long been considered potential therapeutic targets for aging and disease, but their regulatory roles in the ovary deserve further investigation. This review discusses the mechanisms by which polyamines ameliorate human ovarian aging and disease through different biological processes, such as autophagy and oxidative stress, to develop safe and effective polyamine targeted therapy strategies for ovarian aging and the diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine compound that has many biological functions, such as inducing autophagy and anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects. Spermidine can affect follicular development and thus protect ovarian function. In this study, ICR mice were fed exogenous spermidine drinking water for three months to explore the regulation of ovarian function by spermidine. The results showed that the number of atretic follicles in the ovaries of spermidine-treated mice was significantly lower than that in the control group. Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, T-AOC) significantly increased, and MDA levels significantly decreased. The expression of autophagy protein (Beclin 1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 LC3 II/I) significantly increased, and the expression of the polyubiquitin-binding protein p62/SQSTM 1 significantly decreased. Moreover, we found 424 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were upregulated, and 257 were downregulated using proteomic sequencing. Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses showed that these DEPs were mainly involved in lipid metabolism, oxidative metabolism and hormone production pathways. In conclusion, spermidine protects ovarian function by reducing the number of atresia follicles and regulating the level of autophagy protein, antioxidant enzyme activity, and polyamine metabolism in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is considered to be one of the culprits of ovarian dysfunction. Spermidine (SPD) is a natural aliphatic polyamine that is widely present in living organisms and has been shown to exert preventive effects on various ageing-related diseases. This study seeks to investigate the potential preventive and protective effects of SPD on ovarian oxidative damage. Ovarian oxidative stress model in C57BL/6 mice was established by 3-nitropropionic acid. Female mice were administrated 10 mg/kg or 15 mg/kg SPD. The estrous cycle, serum hormone levels and mating test were measured to evaluate ovarian function. Follicle counts and AMH levels to assess ovarian reserve. Masson's trichrome to assess ovarian fibrosis. TUNEL analysis to evaluate follicular granulosa cells (GCs) apoptosis. Oxidative stress and autophagy indicators (Nrf2, HO-1, GPX4, LC3B, P62) were measured in vivo and in vitro. RNA-sequencing was performed on SPD-treated GC to study the effects of SPD on Akt and FHC/ACSL4 signaling. SPD supplementation improved ovarian endocrine function and reproductive capacity in oxidative stress mice. SPD regularized the estrous cycle and alleviated oxidative stress. Furthermore, SPD increased the ovarian reserve, reducing GC apoptosis by activating the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 pathway. RNA-sequencing showed that SPD induced 230 genes changes in porcine GC, which were mainly involved in oocyte meiosis, arginine biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism pathways. SPD attenuated H 2 O 2 -induced ferroptosis by regulating Akt/FHC/ACSL4 signaling. SPD alleviates oxidative stress and ferroptosis by regulating the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 and Akt/FHC/ACSL4 pathway, which may be a novel potential strategy to protect ovarian oxidative damage. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spermidine have been reported a role in antioxidative, antiaging, and antiinflammatory. Oxidative stress causes granulosa cell (GC) apoptosis, follicular atresia, and impairs poultry reproductive functions. Studies have found that autophagy is the protective mechanism against antioxidant stress and apoptosis in cells. However, the relationship between spermidine-induced autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in goose GCs remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the autophagy mechanism to mediate spermidine effects on the alleviation of oxidative stress and apoptosis in goose GCs. Follicular GCs were treated with spermidine combination with 3-Nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA), rapamycin (RAPA), and chloroquine (CQ) or with hydrogen peroxide, RAPA, and CQ. Spermidine upregulated the ratio of LC3-II/I, inhibited the accumulation of p62 protein, and induced autophagy. 3-NPA treatment significantly increased ROS production, MDA content, SOD activity, cleaved CASPASE-3 protein expression, and decreased BCL-2 protein expression in follicular GCs. Spermidine inhibited oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by 3-NPA. In addition, hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress was inhibited by spermidine. However, the inhibitory effect of spermidine was eliminated under chloroquine. Our results demonstrated that spermidine relieved oxidative stress and apoptosis of GCs by inducing autophagy, indicating that spermidine has a great potential to maintain proteostasis and sustain granulosa cell viability in geese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress is the major culprits responsible for ovarian dysfunction by damaging granulosa cells (GCs). Ferritin heavy chain (FHC) may participate in the regulation of ovarian function by mediating GCs apoptosis. However, the specific regulatory function of FHC in follicular GCs remains unclear. Here, 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA) was utilized to establish an oxidative stress model of follicular GCs of Sichuan white geese. To explore the regulatory effects of FHC on oxidative stress and apoptosis of primary GCs in geese by interfering or overexpressing FHC gene. After transfection of siRNA- FHC to GCs for 60 h, the expressions of FHC gene and protein decreased significantly (P < 0.05). After FHC overexpression for 72 h, the expressions of FHC mRNA and protein upregulated considerably (P < 0.05). The activity of GCs was impaired after interfering with FHC and 3-NPA coincubated (P < 0.05). When overexpression of FHC combined with 3-NPA treatment, the activity of GCs was remarkably enhanced (P < 0.05). After interference FHC and 3-NPA treatment, NF-κB and NRF2 gene expression decreased (P < 0.05), the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level increased greatly (P < 0.05), BCL-2 expression reduced, BAX/BCL-2 ratio intensified (P < 0.05), the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased notably (P < 0.05), and the apoptosis rate of GCs aggravated (P < 0.05). While overexpression of FHC combined with 3-NPA treatment could promote BCL-2 protein expression and reduce BAX/BCL-2 ratio, indicating that FHC regulated the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis of GCs by mediating the expression of BCL-2. Taken together, our research manifested that FHC alleviated the inhibitory effect of 3-NPA on the activity of GCs. FHC knockdown could suppress the expression of NRF2 and NF-κB genes, reduce BCL-2 expression and augment BAX/BCL-2 ratio, contributing to the accumulation of ROS and jeopardizing mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as exacerbating GCs apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]