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Summary: Continuous color polymorphisms can serve as a tractable model for the genetic and developmental architecture of traits. Here we investigated continuous color variation in Colias eurytheme and Colias philodice, two species of sulphur butterflies that hybridize in sympatry. Using quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and high-throughput color quantification, we found two interacting large-effect loci affecting orange-to-yellow chromaticity. Knockouts of red Malpighian tubules (red), likely involved in endosomal maturation, result in depigmented wing scales. Additionally, the transcription factor bric-a-brac can act as a modulator of orange pigmentation. We also describe the QTL architecture of other continuously varying traits, together supporting a large-X effect model where the genetic control of species-defining traits is enriched on sex chromosomes. This study sheds light on the range of possible genetic architectures that can underpin a continuously varying trait and illustrates the power of using automated measurement to score phenotypes that are not always conspicuous to the human eye.

Liang Zhang,1,* Zhentao Yang,1,* Shiyu Zhang,1 Ke Zhou,1 Wu Zhang,2 Sunbin Ling,1 Ruiqi Sun,1 Hong Tang,1 Xue Wen,3 Xiaowen Feng,1 Penghong Song,1 Xiao Xu,1 Haiyang Xie,1 Shusen Zheng1,2 1Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Organ Transplantation, Research Unit of Collaborative Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU019), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shulan (Hangzhou) Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310004, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Haiyang Xie; Shusen ZhengSchool of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79# Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 571 87236570; +86 571 87236466Email xiehy@zju.edu.cn; shusenzheng@zju.edu.cnPurpose: Patients receiving liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are at high risk of tumor recurrence. Polyploidy is a fascinating characteristic of the liver and correlates with HCC development and progression. This study aims to investigate the association between hepatocyte polyploidy spectrum and HCC recurrence after LT.Patients and Methods: Thirty-two paired HCC, peritumoral, cirrhotic, and normal liver specimens were employed to examine the hepatocyte polyploidization pattern during liver tumorigenesis. Clinicopathological implications of polyploidy spectrum for LT recipients with HCC were investigated in 205 patients from two transplant centers. Immunofluorescence staining was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue sections to determine the ploidy profiles in situ. Expression levels of CD4, CD8, forkhead box protein 3 (Foxp3) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) were measured using immunohistochemistry. An array-based multiplex ELISA system was used for the quantitative measurement of 40 unique inflammatory cytokines.Results: The fraction of mononuclear polyploidy increased, whereas that of binuclear polyploidy reduced during hepatocarcinogenesis. Recipients with highly mononuclear polyploid HCC (HMP–HCC) had inferior recurrence-free survival and HCC-specific survival than poorly mononuclear polyploid HCC recipients. These two groups differed in abundance of infiltrative CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and FoxP3+ Treg cells, and PD-L1 expression, as well as circulating granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-γ and interleukin-10 levels. HMP–HCC constituted an independent recurrence predictor and could improve the discriminative efficacy of clinical prediction models (Milan criteria, AFP model, and Metroticket 2.0 criteria). A scoring system incorporating the ploidy signature was developed and validated, allowing for an improved risk prediction relative to the RETREAT score and post-MORAL score.Conclusion: Polyploid spectra are associated with tumor immunophenotype and provide supplementary prognostic information in LT for HCC.Keywords: polyploidy, immunosurveillance, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, cytokines, tumor recurrence

Background & aim: Bibliometric analysis is used to explore the historical development in a particular field. The aim is to identify and analyse most cited papers in benign anorectal disease in the last 7 decades (1950–2018). Method: Thomson Reuters Web of Science database was used to find the top 100 cited articles in benign anorectal conditions. Papers were independently extracted by two investigators. The top 100 cited articles were identified and ranked according to number of citations. The articles were then sorted by author, journal, institution, country and publication date. The study subject was divided into 5 groups. Results: The most frequently cited article received 1307 citations whereas the least cited received 154 citations. The earliest recorded article was published in 1960 and the most recent was from 2010. More than half of the articles addressed faecal incontinence and sphincter related literature (n = 54). The articles were published in 29 different journals. A majority (69%) of manuscripts originated from the USA (n = 35; 9221 citations) and UK (n = 34; 7796 citations). The origin of these top 100 classic papers was from 53 different institutions. St. Mark's Hospital in the UK had the highest number of articles (n = 21), followed by Cleveland clinic (n = 5) and University of Minnesota (n = 5). Conclusion: The most highly cited manuscripts in benign anorectal disease cover a wide range of topics. Faecal incontinence and sphincter related articles had the highest number of citations. This review serves as a reference for researchers to find the influential papers in this field. Resumo: Justificativa e objetivo: A análise bibliométrica é usada para explorar o desenvolvimento histórico em um campo específico. O objetivo é identificar e analisar os artigos mais citados em doença anorretal benigna nas últimas 7 décadas (1950–2018). Método: A base de dados Thomson Reuters Web of Science foi usada para encontrar os 100 artigos mais citados em doenças anorretais benignas. Os artigos foram extraídos de forma independente por dois pesquisadores. Os 100 artigos mais citados foram identificados e classificados de acordo com o número de citações. Os artigos foram classificados por autor, revista médica, instituição, país e data de publicação. Os sujeitos do estudo foram divididos em cinco grupos. Resultados: O artigo mais citado recebeu 1.307 citações, enquanto o menos citado recebeu 154 citações. O artigo mais antigo foi publicado em 1960 e o mais recente a partir de 2010. Mais da metade dos artigos abordou a incontinência fecal e a literatura relacionada ao esfíncter (n = 54). Os artigos foram publicados em 29 revistas diferentes. A maioria (69%) dos manuscritos é originária dos EUA (n = 35; 9.221 citações) e do Reino Unido (n = 34; 7.796 citações). Os 100 artigos clássicos mais citados são originários de 53 instituições diferentes. O St. Mark’s Hospital, no Reino Unido, teve o maior número de artigos (n = 21), seguido pela Clínica de Cleveland (n = 5) e pela Universidade de Minnesota (n = 5). Conclusão: Os manuscritos mais citados em doença anorretal benigna abrangem uma grande variedade de tópicos. Os artigos relacionados à incontinência fecal e ao esfíncter tiveram o maior número de citações. Esta revisão serve de referência para os pesquisadores encontrarem os artigos influentes nesse campo.

This article resulted from an American Education Research Association (AERA) conference presentation that consisted of a dialogue between three scholar-siblings of color who use methodological pathways that intentionally center relationality, mutuality, and care in educational research. The authors do this work understanding that familial ways of knowing and being are resources that contribute to the survival and thriving of BIPOC communities in the face of white supremacist structures. The authors' conversation discusses how they disrupt the white western gaze by relying on the critical mass of Black, Indigenous, and other scholars of color who refuse exploitive methods and, instead, charted new methodological pathways that (re)center cultural, familial, and tribal ways of knowing. Given the authors' positionalities, the communities and families that collectively raised them, and the extended scholarly family who have nurtured and supported them in their efforts to push against extractive research practices, the authors attend to the ways knowledge is shaped at the intersections of race and gender. This dialogue contends that there are sophisticated knowledges, ways of knowing, and ways of being rooted in the experience of marginalized families caring for one another and fighting for each other's rights.

Evolutionary variation in the wing pigmentation of butterflies and moths offers striking examples of adaptation by crypsis and mimicry. The cortex locus has been independently mapped as the locus controlling color polymorphisms in 15 lepidopteran species, suggesting that it acts as a genomic hotspot for the diversification of wing patterns, but functional validation through protein-coding knockouts has proven difficult to obtain. Our study unveils the role of a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) which we name ivory, transcribed from the cortex locus, in modulating color patterning in butterflies. Strikingly, ivory expression prefigures most melanic patterns during pupal development, suggesting an early developmental role in specifying scale identity. To test this, we generated CRISPR mosaic knock-outs in five nymphalid butterfly species and show that ivory mutagenesis yields transformations of dark pigmented scales into white or light-colored scales. Genotyping of Vanessa cardui germline mutants associates these phenotypes to small on-target deletions at the conserved first exon of ivory. In contrast, cortex germline mutant butterflies with confirmed null alleles lack any wing phenotype and exclude a color patterning role for this adjacent gene. Overall, these results show that a lncRNA gene acts as a master switch of color pattern specification and played key roles in the adaptive diversification of wing patterns in butterflies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because the electron transport mechanism in graphene is heavily impacted by the strain and the ferromagnetic metal stripe as well as several other avenues, in this paper we investigate the effects of the strained barrier induced by the strain and the magnetic field generated by the ferromagnetic metal stripe on the valley polarization through numerical calculation. When the strength and the width of the strained barrier as well as the magnitude of the magnetic field are changed, the rapid variation of the valley polarization is observed. This study will be helpful for devising and manufacturing new-style valleytronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NiFe-based nanomaterials have emerged as highly promising catalysts to replace platinum, ruthenium and iridium for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), in “green hydrogen” production process through water splitting. Using iron (2+) sulfate and nickel acetate as the raw materials, with the molar ratio of Ni acetate to iron (2+) sulfate controlled at 8:5, the concentration of metal-ion was 0.6 mol/L, and precursor fibers rich in Ni2+, Fe2+, and SO4 2− were prepared using electrospinning technology, with polyvinyl alcohol acting as the colloid. Subsequently, composite nanorods rich in the elements of Ni, Fe, S, and C were successfully obtained at a heat treatment temperature of 1000°C in an Ar gas atmosphere. The results demonstrate that the nanorod samples possessed a surface diameter of ~200 nm, and the main phases of the nanorods after heat treatment at 1000°C included FeNi3 alloy, (Fe,Ni)9S8, Ni4S3, and amorphous C. Electrochemical performance tests conducted in a 1.0 mol/L KOH solution exhibited excellent oxygen evolution reaction properties of the catalysts prepared using FeNi3/(Fe,Ni)9S8/Ni4S3/C nanorods as the materials. The overpotential was about 258.6 mV of the catalyst material at 10 mA.cm0−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare head and neck malignancy without molecular biomarkers that can be used to predict the chemotherapeutic response or prognosis of ACC. The regulation of gene expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor

Huntington's disease (HD), a progressive neurodegenerative disease, is caused by an expanded CAG triplet repeat producing a mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) with a polyglutamine-repeat expansion. Onset of symptoms in mutant huntingtin gene-carrying individuals remains unpredictable. We report that synthetic polyglutamine oligomers and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from BACHD transgenic rats and from human HD subjects can seed mutant huntingtin aggregation in a cell model and its cell lysate. Our studies demonstrate that seeding requires the mutant huntingtin template and may reflect an underlying prion-like protein propagation mechanism. Light and cryo-electron microscopy show that synthetic seeds nucleate and enhance mutant huntingtin aggregation. This seeding assay distinguishes HD subjects from healthy and non-HD dementia controls without overlap (blinded samples). Ultimately, this seeding property in HD patient CSF may form the basis of a molecular biomarker assay to monitor HD and evaluate therapies that target mHTT.

To achieving high-quality white light emitting diodes (LED), a series of novel red-emitting phosphors NaMg3In1-zYz(Mo1-yWyO4-xFx)5: 0.10Eu3+ (x = 0–0.20, y = 0–0.05, z = 0–0.20) have been obtained via solid-state reaction process. The luminescent properties of NaMg3In(MoO4)5: 0.10Eu3+, and the effect of partial substituting Y3+/W6+/F− ions on the structure and properties of this phosphor were investigated on detailed. The crystal structure of these phosphors was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microcopy, energy-dispersive spectra, and Raman spectra. The luminescence properties and decay properties of those samples were also studied. The luminescent intensity and internal quantum efficiency of NaMg3In(MoO4)5: 0.10Eu3+ phosphor partially substituted by Y3+/W6+/F− ions was 1.59 and 2.76 times than that of the sample without partial substitution, due to the distort of local crystal field surrounding the Eu3+ ions. By employed the as-synthesized NaMg3In0.85Y0.05 (Mo0.96W0.04O3.84F0.16)5: 0.10Eu3+ phosphor as red component, a high-performance white LED with a low 4543 K correlated color temperature and high color-rendering index Ra = 90.0 has been fabricated with a 395 nm near-UV chip, commercial green and blue phosphors. These results implied that NaMg3In(MoO4)5: 0.10Eu3+ phosphor partially substituted by Y3+/W6+/F− ions could be used as a potential red-emitting candidate for white light-emitting-diodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how Black and Latinx youth organizers navigate intersectionality and positionality as they campaigned for community and educational justice. Studies have shown the value of youth organizing for Black and Latinx populations but there is limited knowledge of how members navigate their differences to deepen solidarity efforts. The research questions are (1) how do youth organizers negotiate their positionality in terms of privileges and vulnerabilities? and (2) how do youth organizers show up for each other when addressing issues that do not affect everyone the same? We draw on a longitudinal, mixed-methods study that follows multiple cohorts of youth organizers, which revealed that young people in youth organizing spaces had a sophisticated understanding of their own identities and positionality in relation to their campaigns and other youth who did not share the same identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why are perennially entrenched institutions so hard to reform? This article proposes a theory of institutional rebound based on China's reforms to break the three "iron-institutions" in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). I argue that reforms triggered the rise of informal institutions, which impeded further reforms and made old rules rebound. When SOE cadres had denser political connections, they actively manipulated the rules to maintain privileges. When managers and workers had fewer political resources, they used performative resistance to delay reforms and penalize reform advocates. The pressure to complete reforms drove cadres to first target the powerless, replacing them with cronies, before having to move to the more powerful. The article combines in-depth interviews, secondary sources, and topical modeling of newspaper and journal articles across three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]