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Abstract Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths every year. Immune checkpoint blockade approaches have changed the therapeutic landscape for many tumor types. However, current immune checkpoint inhibitors PD-1 or CTLA-4 are far from satisfactory, due to high immune-related adverse event incident (up to 60%) and the inefficiency in cases of “cold” tumor microenvironment. TNFR2, a novel hopeful tumor immune target, was initially proposed in 2017. It not only promotes tumor cell proliferation, but also correlates with the suppressive function of Treg cells, implicating in the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In preclinical studies, TNFR2 antibody therapy has demonstrated efficacy alone or a potential synergistic effect when combined with classical PD-1/ CTLA-4 antibodies. The focus of this review is on the characteristics, functions, and recent advancements in TNFR2 therapy, providing a new direction for the next generation of anti-tumor alternative therapy.

Immune-related adverse events, particularly colitis (irAE-colitis), are significant impediments to the advancement of immune checkpoint therapy. To address this, blocking TNF-α and modulating gut microbiota are effective strategies. However, their precise roles in irAE-colitis pathogenesis and potential reciprocal relationship remain unclear. An irAE-colitis model was established to evaluate the toxicity of DICB and the efficacy of Infliximab, validated through a tumor irAE-colitis mice model. Co-administration of Infliximab with DICB mitigates colitis and enhances efficacy. Analysis of fecal samples from mice reveals altered gut microbiota composition and function induced by irAE-colitis, restored by Infliximab. Notably, Bacteriodes abundance is significantly higher in irAE-colitis. Disruption of arachidonic acid and tyrosine metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis is evident. Mechanistically, a regenerative feedback loop involving DICB, TNF-α and gut microbiota underlies irAE-colitis pathogenesis. In conclusion, Infliximab shows therapeutic effects against DICB toxicity, highlighting the unforeseen roles of gut microbiota and TNF-α in irAE-colitis.

In the context of China’s sustainable development and dual carbon goals, research on thermodynamic architecture theory and vernacular architecture increasingly aligns with international trends, developing distinct characteristics. This research addresses the challenge of rapid changes in the built environment by focusing on climate adaptability and passive technologies. However, the development of thermodynamic theory in vernacular architecture faced technical limitations in the early 21st century and was later overshadowed by the industry’s reliance on active technologies to meet green building standards, resulting in a reduced role for architects in the green building field. This article traces the origins of passive architecture, rooted in vernacular architecture, and applies thermodynamic theory to explore architectural prototypes. It examines the theoretical feasibility of architectural design in achieving low-carbon and sustainable goals, aiming to fill a gap in thermodynamic theory within the broader context of sustainable architectural development. After demonstrating the various passive prototypes inherent in vernacular architecture, this paper proposes a courtyard prototype focused on residential comfort for design translation and analysis. The research methods employed include bioclimatic charting, balance point temperature analysis in time series, and extensive computer simulations. Through the process of prototype extraction, performance analysis, validation, and optimization, the paper systematically discusses sustainable design methods within the framework of thermodynamic architecture theory. It also provides practical demonstrations of these methods across four distinct climate regions in China. By translating vernacular architectural designs, this research systematically organizes the theoretical framework for architects’ early involvement in low-carbon and green building design, offering a theoretical foundation for initiating the design process through prototype translation while guiding the generation of green ecological buildings.

This paper mainly focuses on the architectural design method of integrating energy simulation into the early design stage. This is a topic of great importance since there exist a series of deficiencies in current workflow, which is often referred to as the “retrospective checking calculation”. The paper first examines the characteristics of the early stage of design, which incorporates phasing feature, iterative nature, decisive impact, and uncertainties in the literature review. The significance of the integration is discussed in the following section that expresses the purpose and objective of the study. Then, this paper goes on to talk about the methodology and workflow of the integrative design method. Finally, the early design process of the Student Recreation Center of Tongji University in Jiading Campus in Shanghai is provided with a simulation tool EPC (Energy Performance Calculator) and its derivative features in order to show how the integrative method is applied.

Background and objective Lung adenocarcinoma with miliary metastasis in both lungs is easily misdiagnosed. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical features of lung adenocarcinoma with miliary metastases in both lungs and to improve the clinician's understanding of the disease. Methods The clinical manifestation, radiology and pathology were analyzed in one patient with miliary intrapulmonary carcinomatosis in Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University. A review of literature was performed with “miliary intrapulmonary carcinomatosis”, “lung cancer miliary”, “pulmonary nodule, lung cancer” and “EGFR miliary” as key words in PubMed, Wangfang datebase and CNKI. Results The patient was a 52 year-old woman with a history of productive cough for 2 months, which aggraveted with shortness of breath for 1 month. Her computed tomography of chest showed diffuse military nodules distributed at bilateral lungs. Computed tomography (CT)-guided needle biopsy of the left lung revealed lung adenocarcinoma and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 21 L858R mutation. The patient was treated with gefitinib 250 mg per day. The chest CT was reviewed several times during this period, which shows the double lung nodules were reduced. The patient is generally in good condition and her symptoms have improved. By literature review, we found relevant 7 Chinese articles and 56 English articles, a total of 16 cases have been reported. 17 patients were lung adenocarcinoma, 2 patients did not describe whether to detect EGFR gene mutations, 1 patient did not have EGFR gene mutation; 10 patients were EGFR exon 19 deletion, 1 patient was ALK positive, 1 patient was EGFR exon 21L858R mutation, 2 patients were EGFR exon 20 insertion. Conclusion Lung adenocarcinoma with miliary metastasis in both lungs is a rare phenomenon. We should pay attention to the performance to avoid misdiagnosis. Most of the adenocarcinoma subtypes have EGFR mutations, and EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are the preferred treatment choice for this type of patients.

Life cycle building carbon assessment can promote the development of carbon emission reduction. The main difficulties in the process of assessment are the boundary selection and inventory collection, especially when carbon emission assessment is needed in the early stage of design and construction, or when the calculation relates to disposal and refurbishment. It is significant to make full and rational use of design documents, standard documents, and related software. This paper focuses on the life cycle carbon emission assessment of building refurbishment. It explores the carbon emission assessment methodologies and procedures in every phase of the building life cycle, taking a zero-carbon pavilion refurbishment project as a case study. This case study is located in the Shanghai Yangpu Riverside Park, refurbished from an existing hydrologic monitoring building. The carbon emission reduction potential of renovation and the solar photovoltaic system applied in the building are analyzed. The data was collected referring to architectural design documents and related standards. The energy consumption during the operational phase is simulated using DesignBuilder. The life-cycle carbon emission per floor area of the existing building renovation scenario is 2.39 t, and the new building scenario is 2.69 t, which are both at a low level among other cases. The refurbished existing building saves nearly one-third of the carbon dioxide emissions during the construction phase compared to new construction. The application of a photovoltaic system also saves one-third of energy consumption and carbon emissions during the operational phase.

The iron oxychloride/pillared montmorillonite (FeOCl/MMT) catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method and solid melting method. Various characterization techniques were used to analyze the microscopic morphology and structure of a series of catalysts. Moreover, the catalysts were used to treat magenta-simulated dye wastewater through catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) degradation. The magenta removal rate and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rate of the magenta-simulated dye wastewater were used to evaluate the catalytic performance of the catalyst, and the optimal catalyst preparation conditions were selected. The results showed that the solid melting method was more favorable to the preparation of the catalyst, and the COD removal rate of wastewater can reach 70.8% when the FeOCl load was 3%. Moreover, 96.2% of the magenta in the solution was removed. The COD removal rate of the magenta wastewater decreased by only 12.4% after the catalyst was repeatedly used six times, indicating that the catalyst has good activity and stability. The Fermi equation can simulate the reaction process of the catalyst treating magenta wastewater at high temperature. HIGHLIGHTS Loading FeOCl on montmorillonite with Al-pillar support to treat magenta-simulated wastewater.; Determining the optimal preparation conditions of the catalyst and finding that only a small amount of Fe ions leached in repeat experiments.; The mechanism of the CWPO reaction was explored, and the free radical groups that play an important role in the reaction was found.;