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Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory is an effective methodology to handle unknown and imprecise information,due it can assign the probability into power of set. However, the process of information obtained is a complex procedure, which can consider the rational, conscious, objective evaluation of utility with behavioral effects. Besides, in most cases, information can be obtained form the different angles at the same time. Quantum of mass function (QM) used amplitude and phase angle to easily express the those properties of information, which can extend D-S evidence theory to the unit circle in complex plane. Moreover, everything in nature will have its opposite, which is a kind of universality. The Bayes theorem is essentially the process of negation. However, in most cases, the decisions can be made only fully considering the known information without considering the other side of the information. Hence, considering the negation of information is a question to be investigated deeply, which can analyze information from the another point. The paper proposed negation of QM by using the subtraction of vectors in the unit circle, which can degenerate into negation proposed by Yager in standard probability theory and negation proposed by Yin.et al in D-S evidence theory. Negation can provide us the more information to consider problem from both positive and negative aspects. In this paper, negation can be understood information which is not belong the event A, that is to say, negation can be regarded as the non-membership by using the fuzzy terms. Based above discussion, the paper proposed quantum Pythagorean fuzzy evidence theory (QPFET), which is the novel work to consider QPFET from the point of negation. Besides, there are some numerical examples to explain the proposed method. In order to explore the application of QPFET, the paper discussed the possibility of the VIKOR method under QPFET to handle multi-criteria decision making that enables us to capture two-dimensional data, which considers not only amplitude but also phase angle.

Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) is an extension of the Intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS). It has a more wider space of membership degrees. Thus, it is more capable of expressing and handling the fuzzy information in engineering practice and scientific research. However, Pythagorean fuzzy sets lack a mathematical tool to express stochastic or probability information, rendering it unsuitable for application in many scenarios. In this paper, an ordered number pair is used to describe fuzzy information and stochastic information under uncertain environments, namely constrained Pythagorean fuzzy set (CPFS). The CPFS has two components, CPFS=(A,P), A is the classical Pythagorean fuzzy set, while P is a measurement of reliable for A. For PFS, CPFS is the first unified description of fuzzy information and probabilistic information, which is a more flexible way to describe knowledge or thinking. Furthermore, the similarity measure of constrained Pythagorean fuzzy sets (CPFSs) is presented, which meets the similarity measure theorems and can better indicate the flexibility of CPFSs. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate that the CPFSs similarity measure is reasonable and effective. The method of similarity measure can be degenerated to the similarity measure of PFSs under specific case, and can avoid generating counter-intuitive results. In addition, similarity measure of CPFSs is applied to medical diagnosis and target classification of Iris. These experimental results prove the practicability and effectiveness of our model.

The SureID® PathFinder Plus is a new 6-dye, 41-plex Y-STR system that includes the 17 loci from the Yfiler® kit (DYS19, DYS385a/b, DYS389I/II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, DYS439, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635, and Y-GATA-H4) plus 14 rapidly mutating Y-STR loci (DYS449, DYS481, DYS518, DYS527a/b, DYS533, DYS549, DYS570, DYS576, DYS627, DYF387S1a/b, and DYF404S1), and 10 low-medium mutation loci (DYS388, DYS444, DYS447, DYS460, DYS522, DYS557, DYS593, DYS596, DYS643, and DYS645). The inclusion of the 14 rapidly mutating Y-STR loci improves the discrimination of related individuals. Conversely, the 10 low-medium mutation loci are suitable not only for familial searching but also for providing a higher refinement in the construction of Y chromosome phylogenetic relationships among lineages. The 41-plex Y-STR system is designed for direct amplification of reference samples, such as blood samples on an FTA® Card, gauze, tissue, or cotton substrates as well as hair root or buccal samples on swabs. We performed developmental validation work including accuracy, stability, stutter precision, species specificity, sensitivity, PCR inhibitors, reproducibility, parallel testing of the system, and suitability for use on DNA mixtures. In addition, mutations of the loci were analyzed by 754 DNA-confirmed father-son pairs. The results demonstrate that this kit, developed in-house, is time-efficient, accurate, reliable, and highly informative for forensic database, familial searching, and distinguishing related males.

As a kind of reactive oxygen species, peroxynitrite is related to various diseases closely such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Constructing probes with highly specific ability and a wide linear detection range for peroxynitrite detection is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of related diseases and optimizing treatments. In this work, we developed a novel luminescent ratiometric fluorescence nanoprobe (PC-CDs) based on carbon dots and phycocyanin. PC-CDs are constructed by amidation reaction between carbon dots and phycocyanin. The nanoprobe we obtained has a good ability of distinguishing peroxynitrite from other reactive oxygen species and interfering substances. Moreover, the linear range of the nanoprobe is 0.5-100 μM and the limit of detection is 0.5 μM when detecting peroxynitrite. In the spiked recovery experiments under phosphate buffered saline (PBS) environment, our nanoprobe has a good recovery performance and the recovery is 99% - 104%, which will be beneficial to the further development of peroxynitrite testing and the research progress of related diseases. Finally, we discuss the quenching mechanism of peroxynitrite for nanoprobe, and found that there is the combination of dynamic and static quenching in the quenching process.

Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFS) can better express and handle the uncertainty information and has the more lager representation space. Hence, the reasonable and effective method to measure the uncertainty of PFS can better analyze information. From the view of Dempster-Shafer evidence theory, hesitancy degree can include the two focal elements (member-ship, non-membership). Hence, considering the number of focal elements for hesitancy degree to measure uncertainty is important. In addition, the difference between membership and non-membership degree plays an essential role in uncertainty measure. From the above views, the paper proposed the new uncertainty measure. Based on the new uncertainty measure, cross entropy and divergence of PFS can be presented. In addition, some numerical examples are used to explain the proposed methods by comparing other methods. Finally, the proposed divergence can be used in pattern recognition to verify its effectiveness., Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, 340, ISSN:0922-6389, ISSN:1879-8314, ISBN:978-1-64368-214-3, ISBN:978-1-64368-215-0

A compact evanescent wave detection platform (EWDP) is developed for the detection of fluorescence gold nanoclusters. The EWDP employs a simple optical system and a Si-based photodetector SOP-1000 assembly to improve the optical efficiency and detection sensitivity. A microfluidic sample cell is also used to decrease the amount of analyte to 200 μL (The volume of sample cell is really about 30 μL). On this basis, we design a strategy for detecting dopamine (DA) based on the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) quenching mechanism. By introduction of tyrosinase (TYR) during the detection, the testing time is shortened to 1 min. The fluorescence emission signal decreased dramatically and the quenching ratio (F0–F)/F0 is linearly related to the concentration of DA in the range of 0.03–60 μM with a detection limit of 0.03 μM. Additionally, this detection platform has potential applications for DA fast detection in the microsamples.

Protecting the environment is now a major aspect of corporate social responsibility. However, voluntary carbon disclosure includes private information on future sustainability that external stakeholders cannot easily verify. Drawing on information asymmetry theory, we predict that companies with higher carbon information asymmetry between insiders and outsiders have a greater incentive to voluntarily engage an external party for the independent assurance of their greenhouse gas statements. Using data from the CDP, we test this hypothesis and find that our proxies for carbon information asymmetry (e.g., greenhouse gas emissions, energy structure) are significantly associated with the adoption of carbon assurance. Further analyses suggest that the probability of carbon assurance is enhanced when carbon disclosure is inadequate to diminish information asymmetry. Finally, our sample companies adopted carbon assurance in addition to financial auditing. This highlights the key point that resolving carbon information asymmetry requires carbon assurance, which cannot be substituted for by financial auditing.

The detection of soil moisture is one of the most important researches in the development of precision agriculture. At present, the detection of soil dielectric constant is the most effective and convenient method to measure soil moisture content. Most of the dielectric type soil moisture sensors reduce the influence of soil salinity, texture and other factors on the measurement by detecting at high frequency. However, this will increase the production cost of the measurement circuit and fail to meet the requirements for large-scale deployment of sensors in agricultural production. The method of low-frequency capacitance detection has a price advantage but a low measurement accuracy, thus the application is very limited. This paper intends to improve the measurement accuracy and application range of low-frequency capacitance moisture sensors by correcting the relationship between low-frequency capacitance and moisture through the detection of soil conductivity. Three modified models (logistic, exponential and polynomial) to estimate the moisture content was verified by comparing with the oven-drying method calibration value. The results indicated that the MAME and MAE of the logistic model was less than 3.55% and 2.50%, respectively, which can satisfy most agricultural production requirements for soil moisture detection. Therefore, the study provided an effective detection method for low-cost soil moisture detection in low salinity and low organic matter soils.

Seventeen Y-STRs (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS385a, DYS385b, DYS438, DYS439, DYS437, DYS448, DYS456, DYS458, DYS635 and YGATAH4) were analyzed for 4451 Chinese Han unrelated males from Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, with the AmpFlSTR Yfiler™ PCR Amplification kit. A total of 3389 different haplotypes was identified, of which 2877 were unique and 512 repeatedly found among different individuals. The overall haplotype diversity (HD) and discrimination capacity (DC) were 0.999696 and 0.761402, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) tests demonstrated that genetic distance between Zhejiang Han and most Chinese Han populations is closer than that between Zhejiang Han and non-Han populations. This study provides information for the application of Y-chromosomal STRs to forensic identification, indicating that the extended genotyping of Y-STRs is needed for forensic practice.

The approach of simulation plays an essential role in the research of PET/CT imaging technology. In this paper, a digital phantom simulation study of the GE ST PET/CT acquisition implemented by GATE (Geant4 Application Tomography Emission) software packages and NCAT(dynamic NURBS-based cardiac-torso phantom)was presented. GATE provides abundant of functions to simulate both SPECT/PET imaging procedure and phantom generation. The simulation experiment based on three different kinds of digital phantoms were designed and implemented. The simulation output of GATE was converted to the data format that the STIR (Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction) requires to reconstruct image by the OSEM (ordered subsets expectation-maximization) algorithm and the result of image reconstruction could be present in a 3-D space. The initial simulation result base on digital phantoms shows that GATE and STIR can be used to simulate PET/CT imaging.

This paper proposes an image segmentation method based on the combination of the wavelet multi-scale edge detection and the entropy iterative threshold selection. Image for segmentation is divided in to two parts by high and low frequency. In the high-frequency part the wavelet multi-scale is used for the edge detection, and the low-frequency part conducts on segmentation using the entropy iterative threshold selection method. Through the consideration of the image edge and region, a CT image of the thorax is chosen to test the proposed method for the segmentation of the lungs. Experimental results show that the method is efficient to segment the interesting region of an image compared with conventional methods.

The system matrix calculation plays an important role in the improvement of the speed and the quality of image reconstruction in PET (Positron Emission Tomography) imaging. It involves the calculation of a certain sequence of projection coefficient, which is generated through classifying different situations of the intercepted photon rays with the grid. In this study, a fast and simple algorithm for computing the projection coefficient is proposed. Compared with those tradition- al methods, the grid index of the proposed approach is determined by rows an d columns in the two-dimensional coordinate , respectively. Experimental results based on GAT E (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) simulating PET imaging show that the proposed algorithm is efficient to build up a system matrix.

Image reconstruction plays an important role in medical imaging technology, the quality of reconstructed image will directly affect the results of clinical diagnosis. How to assess the quality of the image is an attractive research topic. In this paper, a comparative study of quality assessment for medical image with seven common algorithms was presented, the images were reconstructed from the result of the GATE (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) simulation of PET/CT imaging, then the algorithms are used to assess the reconstructed image. The results of comparative experiment show that the algorithms have their individual characteristics to assess image quality, appropriate method or a comprehensive method should be selected for the assessment of reconstructed medical image depending on clinical practice.

The approach of simulation plays an essential role in the research of PET/CT imaging technology. In this paper, a simulation study of the GE ST PET/CT acquisition implemented by GATE (Geant4 Application Tomography Emission) software packages was presented. GATE provides abundant of functions to simulate both SPECT/PET imaging procedure and phantom generation. The simulation experiment based on the geometry phantom was designed and implemented. The simulation output of GATE was converted to the data format that the STIR (Software for Tomographic Image Reconstruction) requires to reconstruct image by the OSEM (ordered subsets expectation-maximization) algorithm and the result of image reconstruction could be present in a 3-D space. The initial simulation result shows that GATE and STIR can be used to simulate PET/CT imaging.