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Neonicotinoid resistance is increasingly prevalent in the agricultural pest Myzus persicae. Lipids play a critical role in insect defense systems, but their contribution to insect neonicotinoid resistance is disregarded. We conducted metabolomics and transcriptomics studies on M. persicae thiacloprid-resistant (THG-R) and -susceptible (FFJ-S) populations. A total of 149 lipid metabolites were identified, with 90 upregulated and 59 downregulated in THG-R compared to in FFJ-S. Metabolites in the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway substantially varied between THG-R and FFJ-S. For example, arachidonic acid, (±)11-HETE, and prostaglandin B1 were significantly upregulated, while prostaglandin A1, tetranor-PGDM, 8,15-diHETE, and (±)11(12)-EET were significantly decreased in THG-R. Transcriptomics profiles and qPCR indicated that lipid metabolic enzymes, including fatty acid synthase (FAS), the elongase of very-long-chain fatty acids (ELO), fatty acid desaturase (FAD), and phospholipase (PL) genes, were not overexpressed in THG-R. Among the twelve thioesterase genes, only MpTHEM6a was significantly upregulated in THG-R. Knocking down the expression of MpTHEM6a in THG-R significantly increased the toxicity of the three neonicotinoids, reduced the lifespan of adults, and decreased the number of nonviable nymphs produced by female adults. The metabolites AA, (±)11-HETE, and prostaglandin B1 are potential biomarkers in neonicotinoid-resistant M. persicae. MpTHEM6a may become a potential target for combating neonicotinoid-resistant M. persicae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Caveolae are 50–80 nm sized plasma membrane invaginations found in adipocytes, endothelial cells or fibroblasts. They are involved in endocytosis, lipid uptake and the regulation of the cellular lipid metabolism as well as sensing and adapting to changes in plasma membrane tension. Caveolae are characterized by their unique lipid composition and their specific protein coat consisting of caveolin and cavin proteins. Recently, detailed structural information was obtained for the major caveolae protein caveolin1 showing the formation of a disc-like 11-mer protein complex. Furthermore, the importance of the cavin disordered regions in the generation of cavin trimers and caveolae at the plasma membrane were revealed. Thus, finally, structural insights about the assembly of the caveolar coat can be elucidated. Here, we review recent developments in caveolae structural biology with regard to caveolae coat formation and caveolae curvature generation. Secondly, we discuss the importance of specific lipid species necessary for caveolae curvature and formation. In the last years, it was shown that specifically sphingolipids, cholesterol and fatty acids can accumulate in caveolae invaginations and may drive caveolae endocytosis. Throughout, we summarize recent studies in the field and highlight future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk University Journal of Science Faculty / Selçuk Üniversitesi fen Fakültesi fen Dergisi is the property of Selcuk University Journal of Science Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The deregulation of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids (MUFAs, PUFAs, SFAs) from de novo synthesis and hypoxia are central metabolic features of breast tumour. Early response markers for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) are critical for stratified treatment for patients with breast cancer, and restoration of lipid metabolism and normoxia might precede observable structural change. In this study, we hypothesised that peri-tumoural lipid composition and hypoxia might be predictive and early response markers in patients with breast cancer undergoing NACT. Female patients with breast cancer were scanned on a 3T clinical MRI scanner at baseline and Cycle1, with acquisition of lipid composition maps of MUFAs, PUFAs, and SFAs, and hypoxia maps of effective transverse relaxation rate R2*. The percentage change in lipid composition and hypoxia at Cycle1 was calculated with reference to baseline. Tumour-associated macrophages were analysed based on immunostaining of CD163 from biopsy and resection, with the percentage change in the resected tumour calculated across the entire NACT. We found no significant difference in lipid composition and R2* between good and poor responders at baseline and Cycle1; however, the correlation between the percentage change in MUFAs and PUFAs against CD163 suggested the modulation in lipids with altered immune response might support the development of targeted therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pomegranate seeds were dried to different moisture contents with pomegranate seeds as raw materials. Mechanical methods such as grinding and crushing were used to break the shells, and pomegranate seed oil was extracted using solvent shaking method. This study investigated the effect of moisture content on the breaking strength and basic physicochemical quality of pomegranate seed oil. The results indicate that the breaking strength of pomegranate seed oil increases with the decrease of water content, while the acid value and peroxide value decreases with the decrease of water content. When the content is below 5 wt%, the acid value is 1.35 mg KOH/g, and the peroxide value is 0. 23 mmol/kg. An analysis of the glyceride composition and lipid concomitants of pomegranate seed oil was conducted. It is found that the glycerides in pomegranate seed oil are mainly triglycerides, accounting for 97% to 98%. The tocopherols in the lipid concomitants are mainly y-tocopherol. Phenol is 1 738. 23 mg/kg, and squalene content is 880, 39 mg/kg. Pomegranate seed oil is mainly composed of 11 types of TAG molecules, of which PiPiPi has the highest content, accounting for 62. 30%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein aggregation plays a crucial role in the development of several neurodegenerative diseases. It is important to understand the aggregation process for the detection of the onset of these diseases. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases caused by the aggregation of Aβ-40 and Aβ-42 peptides. The smaller oligomers lead to the formation of protein plaque at the neural membranes leading to memory loss and other disorders. Interestingly, aggregation takes place at the neural membranes, therefore the membrane composition seems to play an important role in the aggregation process. Despite a large number of literatures on the effect of lipid composition on protein aggregation, there are very few concise reviews that highlight the role of membrane composition in protein aggregation. In this review, we have discussed the implication of membrane composition on the aggregation of amyloid beta peptide with a special emphasis on cholesterol. We have further discussed the role of the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids and the participation of apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) in the onset of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver plays a central role in metabolic homeostasis, as exemplified by a variety of clinical disorders with hepatic and systemic metabolic disarrays. Of particular interest are the complex interactions between lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in highly prevalent conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Limited accessibility and the need for invasive procedures challenge direct investigations in humans. Hence, noninvasive dynamic evaluations of glycolytic flux and steady‐state assessments of lipid levels and composition are crucial for basic understanding and may open new avenues toward novel therapeutic targets. Here, three different MR spectroscopy (MRS) techniques that have been combined in a single interleaved examination in a 7T MR scanner are evaluated. 1H‐MRS and 13C‐MRS probe endogenous metabolites, while deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) relies on administration of deuterated tracers, currently 2H‐labelled glucose, to map the spatial and temporal evolution of their metabolic fate. All three techniques have been optimized for a robust single‐session clinical investigation and applied in a preliminary study of healthy subjects. The use of a triple‐channel 1H/2H/13C RF coil enables interleaved examinations with no need for repositioning. Short‐echo‐time STEAM spectroscopy provides well resolved spectra to quantify lipid content and composition. The relative benefits of using water saturation versus metabolite cycling and types of respiratory synchronization were evaluated. 2H‐MR spectroscopic imaging allowed for registration of time‐ and space‐resolved glucose levels following oral ingestion of 2H‐glucose, while natural abundance 13C‐MRS of glycogen provides a dynamic measure of hepatic glucose storage. For DMI and 13C‐MRS, the measurement precision of the method was estimated to be about 0.2 and about 16 mM, respectively, for 5 min scanning periods. Excellent results were shown for the determination of dynamic uptake of glucose with DMI and lipid profiles with 1H‐MRS, while the determination of changes in glycogen levels by 13C‐MRS is also feasible but somewhat more limited by signal‐to‐noise ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In intensive dairy goat farms, artificial lactation is used for kids, often with only the colostrum from the first milking being used, discarding the milk from the second milking, or transition milk. On the other hand, in modern pig breeds, the number of piglets born with low birth weight is increasing, mainly due to the growth in litter sizes. These piglets are less likely to survive in the first hours of life due to their low energy reserves, among other factors. The aim of this study was to improve the current knowledge of goat colostrum for its use as an alternative energy supplement for newborn piglets. In order to assess the similarity of sow and goat colostrum, the fatty acid (FA) composition of both was examined in detail. The major FAs (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids) were the same in both species, although they were found in different proportions. Goat colostrum is mainly characterized by a high proportion of short- and medium-chain FAs (4:0, 6:0, 8:0, and 10:0), which are absent in sow colostrum. This group of FAs may play an important role in colostrum, as they are a readily available source of energy and have also been attributed to strong antibacterial activity. Therefore, the surplus of goat colostrum and milk from the second milking not used for feeding kids could be a promising energy supplement for newborn piglets, especially for the weakest and smallest of the litter, which are the most in need. Currently, the utilization of hyperprolific sows has stimulated the search for supplements aimed at enhancing piglet survival, as these sows yield more offspring than they can adequately feed with their colostrum production. In contrast, intensive goat farming often yields surplus colostrum, thus necessitating its removal, since kids are exclusively fed colostrum through lactation solely within the initial day of birth. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the fatty acid (FA) profiles of colostrum from sows and goats, together with possible influencing factors such as sow parity and the postpartum day of the goat, for possible use as an energy supplement for neonatal piglets. Swine colostrum was collected from sows with a 0–5 parity. In addition, samples of goat colostrum were collected on their first (D1) and second (D2) days of postpartum milking. The FA profiles of the colostrum were analyzed via gas chromatography. The parity value of the sows did not affect (p > 0.05) the FA colostrum composition. High proportions of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found in both types of colostrum. Levels of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were significantly higher in D1 goat colostrum, whereas saturated FAs of less than 14 carbons (4:0, 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, and 12:0) were found in higher proportions in D2. These FAs play an important role in colostrum as they are a readily available source of energy and have also been attributed strong antibacterial activity. Therefore, goat colostrum, especially D2, could be used as an alternative energy supplement for newborn piglets, in particular for the weakest and smallest of the litter, which are the most in need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centaurea thracica (Janka) Hayek is a plant common in southern Bulgaria. The inflorescences were collected during June and September 2021, while their seeds were obtained in September 2021. The chemical and lipid composition of the inflorescences during the vegetation process of the plant were established. A significant decrease in total proteins (from 8.7 to 7.4%), glyceride oils (2.0–1.7%), and ash (4.5–4.2%) content was observed, while the amount of carbohydrates (72.3–77.2%) and fibers (28.7–35.8%) increased. During the vegetation of the plant, the content of oleic and linoleic acids increased up to 2–3 times, while the level of palmitic acid decreased. The lipids from the seeds were rich in oleic (53.0%) and palmitic (36.2%) acids. The tocopherol content in the oils of the inflorescences during vegetation increased from 58 to 110 mg/kg, and the content in the oil from the seeds was 260 mg/kg. The phospholipid content decreased during vegetation, and differences were observed in the composition between the inflorescences and the seeds. The high content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, tocopherols, and phospholipids determine the nutritional and biological value of the oils isolated from Centaurea thracica, and contribute to their potential use in various directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of various processing methods on the lipid composition of ultra-processed foods (UPFs), specifically focusing on high-temperature frying, hydrogenation, freezing, and thawing. The research revealed that these processing methods significantly alter lipid profiles, with high-temperature techniques such as frying and hydrogenation leading to increased lipid oxidation and trans fat formation. These alterations have notable implications for the nutritional quality and health impacts of UPFs. The study found that the changes in lipid composition due to these processing methods significantly affect the nutritional value of UPFs and are linked to adverse health outcomes, including an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic conditions. In contrast, methods like freezing and thawing produced different effects on lipid profiles. The findings emphasize the critical role of processing methods in determining lipid composition and highlight the potential health risks associated with consuming processed foods high in harmful fats. Incorporating healthier fats, such as unsaturated fats, into the diet could mitigate some of these risks. This study enhances the understanding of how food processing impacts lipid composition and health outcomes.

Among nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and celecoxib have been frequently used in multimodal analgesia. Recent studies challenge the conventional theory that they exhibit activity and toxicity by acting on cyclooxygenase selectively. We compared their membrane interactions that may be associated with analgesic and gastrointestinal toxic effects. Biomimetic membranes suspended in buffers of different pH were prepared with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol to mimic neuronal membranes and with 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine to mimic gastrointestinal mucosae. The membrane interactivity was determined by measuring fluorescence polarization. At pH 7.4, the drugs interacted with neuro-mimetic membranes to decrease membrane fluidity at pharmacokinetically-relevant 0.5–100 μM. Celecoxib was most potent, followed by ibuprofen and diclofenac. At pH 4.0 and 2.5, however, the drugs increased the fluidity of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes at 0.1–1 mM, corresponding to gastroduodenal lumen concentrations after administration. Their membrane fluidization was greater at gastric pH 2.5 than at duodenal pH 4.0. Low-micromolar ibuprofen, diclofenac, and celecoxib structure specifically decrease neuronal membrane fluidity, which hypothetically could affect signal transmission of nociceptive sensory neurons. Under gastroduodenal acidic conditions, high-micromolar ibuprofen, diclofenac, and celecoxib induce fluidity increases of membranous phosphatidylcholines that are hypothetically associated with gastrointestinal toxic effects, which would enhance acid permeability of protective mucosal membranes.

In order to determine the optimal method for drying Apostichopus japonicus gonads, the effects of four drying methods, namely, hot air drying, cold air drying, microwave drying and vacuum freezing drying, on the lipid composition, lipid stability and fatty acid nutritional value of A. japonicus gonads were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the contents of total lipids, phospholipids, triglycerides and astaxanthin reduced to different degrees after drying treatments. The peroxide value (POV) significantly reduced, and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value significantly increased (P < 0.05). In terms of fatty acid nutritional values, the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices decreased to different degrees after drying treatments, and the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic indices increased significantly (P < 0.05). The results of electronic nose analysis showed significant differences in odor characteristics among dried samples obtained using different drying methods. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS) identified 28 volatile substances from fresh and dried samples, among which, 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine was detected only in microwave-dried samples, while pentanal and ethyl acetate were odor-active substances unique to cold air-dried samples. In conclusion, vacuum freeze drying effectively slowed down the rate of lipid oxidation, but the samples were relatively bland in odor. Hot air, cold air and microwave drying all promoted lipid oxidation, but improved the nutritional value of fatty acids and enriched the odor characteristics of the samples. The results of this study could provide a theoretical basis for the processing and utilization of A. japonicus gonads.

Among nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and celecoxib have been frequently used in multimodal analgesia. Recent studies challenge the conventional theory that they exhibit activity and toxicity by acting on cyclooxygenase selectively. We compared their membrane interactions that may be associated with analgesic and gastrointestinal toxic effects. Biomimetic membranes suspended in buffers of different pH were prepared with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol to mimic neuronal membranes and with 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine to mimic gastrointestinal mucosae. The membrane interactivity was determined by measuring fluorescence polarization. At pH 7.4, the drugs interacted with neuro-mimetic membranes to decrease membrane fluidity at pharmacokinetically-relevant 0.5–100 μM. Celecoxib was most potent, followed by ibuprofen and diclofenac. At pH 4.0 and 2.5, however, the drugs increased the fluidity of 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine membranes at 0.1–1 mM, corresponding to gastroduodenal lumen concentrations after administration. Their membrane fluidization was greater at gastric pH 2.5 than at duodenal pH 4.0. Low-micromolar ibuprofen, diclofenac, and celecoxib structure specifically decrease neuronal membrane fluidity, which hypothetically could affect signal transmission of nociceptive sensory neurons. Under gastroduodenal acidic conditions, high-micromolar ibuprofen, diclofenac, and celecoxib induce fluidity increases of membranous phosphatidylcholines that are hypothetically associated with gastrointestinal toxic effects, which would enhance acid permeability of protective mucosal membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macroalgal wracks can be considered unpleasant for beach users and, consequently, they are usually collected from most touristic beaches and discarded. However, seaweeds are an important source of bioactive lipid compounds, such as phospholipids, glycolipids, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), displaying multiple health-promoting properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study is to characterize the lipid composition of twelve marine seaweed species (two green, six red, and four brown species) from macroalgal wracks of Gran Canaria Island, and to evaluate their potential use for several purposes, including human and animal nutrition. Lipid content, lipid classes, and fatty acid profiles of isolated specimens from the macroalgal wracks were determined. Lipid contents ranged between 0.27 and 3.17% of dry weight, with all species showing high phytosterols proportions and balanced omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratios. In addition, Cymopolia barbata, Asparagopsis sp., and Hypnea spinella seem to be an attractive source of both mono- and di-galactosyl-diacylglycerols, while A. stellata, Jania sp., and Lobophora sp. are relatively rich in n-3 LC−PUFA. Finally, both green algae showed the most favorable values for the nutritional indicators of cardiovascular health promotion. Overall, the macroalgal species analyzed could be considered as interesting sources for human and animal nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and yield. Low phosphate use efficiency makes it important to clarify the molecular mechanism of low P stress. In our previous studies, a P efficiency gene ZmAPRG was identified. Here, we further screened the upstream regulator ZmNF-YC1 of ZmAPRG by yeast one hybrid (Y1H) assay, and found it was a low inorganic phosphorus (Pi)-inducible gene. The results of dual luciferase assays, expression analysis, and ChIP-qPCR assays showed that ZmNF-YC1 is a positive regulator of ZmAPRG. Overexpression of ZmNF-YC1 improved low P tolerance, whereas knockout of ZmNF-YC1 decreased low P tolerance in maize. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), yeast two hybrid (Y2H) assay, and yeast three hybrid (Y3H) assay further showed that ZmNF-YC1 can interact with ZmNF-YB14, and recruit ZmNF-YA4/10 to form NF-Y complexes. Transcriptional activation assay confirmed that the NF-Y complexes can activate the promoters of ZmAPRG. Meanwhile, transcriptome and metabolome analyses indicated that overexpression of ZmAPRG improves low P tolerance by regulating lipid composition and photosynthetic capacity, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters provided evidence in support of this hypothesis. Furthermore, overexpression of ZmAPRG increased grain yield in inbred and hybrid maize under low P conditions. Taken together, our research revealed a low P tolerance mechanism of the ZmNF-YC1–ZmAPRG pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: By‐products of sea bass are a good source of lipids, among which viscera was the best lipid source containing 66% total lipids. Acid value, peroxide value (POV), p‐anisidine value (p‐AV), and conjugated diene value (CDV) were used to monitor oxidation. Visceral oil has a relatively higher level of POV, AV and CDV than head and belly. Radical production detected by ESR spectroscopy was also high in viscera. Fatty acid analysis showed that visceral oil of sea bass has a very high ratio of monounsaturated fatty acid, which includes oleic acid (C18:1n9), and palmitoleic acid (C16:1n9) accounting for 28.45% and 3.25% of total visceral oil and are rich in omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids accounting for 34.78% of total lipids. Volatile compounds in visceral oil were low with flora and spicy oil wax aroma. Low amounts of aldehydes, ketones and alcohols indicated a low level of oxidation in the early stage of storage. ESR results indicated higher free radical level in visceral oil, which might result in the Inside‐Out quality deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of combined short-term (3 days) exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins at both the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 5 mg/kg; FB1: 20 mg/kg) and twice the dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 10 mg/kg, and FB1: 40 mg/kg feed) on the kidneys of laying hens were examined. Our study aimed to investigate how these mycotoxins interacted with membrane lipid fatty acid (FA) composition and lipid peroxidation processes. It was observed that the levels of conjugated dienes and trienes were higher than the control in the low-mix group on day 3, and malondialdehyde concentration was higher on days 2 and 3. The proportion of phospholipid (PL) FAs showed that saturated and monounsaturated FAs increased. Still, both n3 and n6 polyunsaturated FAs decreased significantly on day 2 of exposure in the high-mix group. Among the n3 FAs, the level of docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n3) and among n6 FAs, arachidonic (C20:4 n6) acids decreased mainly on day 2 in the high-mix group. The results suggest that the combined exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins induced lipid peroxidation in the kidneys of laying hens, which resulted in marked changes in the PL FA profile. Histological examination revealed time- and dose-dependent increases as consequences of mycotoxin exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fumonisin B1, T-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol are frequently detected in feed materials. The mycotoxins induce free radical formation and, thereby, lipid peroxidation. The effects of mycotoxin exposure at the EU recommended limit (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.25 mg/kg; DON = 3AcDON/15-AScDON: 5 mg/kg; fumonisin B1: 20 mg/kg) and double dose (T-2/HT-2 toxin: 0.5 mg/kg, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON: 10 mg, and FB1: 40 mg/kg feed) were investigated during short-term (3 days) per os exposure in the liver of laying hens. On day 1 higher while on day 3 lower MDA concentrations were found in the low-dose group compared to the control. Fatty acid composition also changed: the proportion of monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p < 0.05) and the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased by day 3. These alterations resulted in a decrease in the index of unsaturation and average fatty acid chain length. Histopathological alterations suggested that the incidence and severity of liver lesions were higher in the mycotoxin-treated laying hens, and the symptoms correlated with the fatty acid profile of total phospholipids. Overall, the findings revealed that mycotoxin exposure, even at the EU-recommended limits, induced lipid peroxidation in the liver, which led to changes in fatty acid composition, matched with tissue damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Deregulation of lipid composition in adipose tissue adjacent to breast tumour is observed in ex vivo and animal models. Novel non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows rapid lipid mapping of the human whole breast. We set out to elucidate the spatial heterogeneity of peri-tumoural lipid composition in postmenopausal patients with oestrogen receptor positive (ER +) breast cancer. Thirteen participants (mean age, 62 ± [SD] 6 years) with ER + breast cancer and 13 age-matched postmenopausal healthy controls were scanned on MRI. The number of double bonds in triglycerides was computed from MRI images to derive lipid composition maps of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and saturated fatty acids (MUFA, PUFA, SFA). The spatial heterogeneity measures (mean, median, skewness, entropy and kurtosis) of lipid composition in the peri-tumoural region and the whole breast of participants and in the whole breast of controls were computed. The Ki-67 proliferative activity marker and CD163 antibody on tumour-associated macrophages were assessed histologically. Mann Whitney U or Wilcoxon tests and Spearman’s coefficients were used to assess group differences and correlations, respectively. For comparison against the whole breast in participants, peri-tumoural MUFA had a lower mean (median (IQR), 0.40 (0.02), p

This study investigated the changes in sheep milk lipids during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion in response to heat treatment (75°C/15 s and 95°C/5 min) and homogenization (200/50 bar) using lipidomics. Homogenized and pasteurized sheep milk had higher levels of polar lipids in gastric digesta emptied at 20 min than raw sheep milk. Intense heat treatment of homogenized sheep milk resulted in a reduced level of polar lipids compared with homogenized–pasteurized sheep milk. The release rate of free fatty acids during small intestinal digestion for gastric digesta emptied at 20 min followed the order: raw ≤ pasteurized < homogenized–pasteurized ≤ homogenized–heated sheep milk; the rate for gastric digesta emptied at 180 min showed a reverse order. No differences in the lipolysis degree were observed among differently processed sheep milks. These results indicated that processing treatments affect the lipid composition of digesta and the lipolysis rate but not the lipolysis degree during small intestinal digestion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Modern broilers are vulnerable to various stressor agents which may disturb their antioxidant system and lead to poor performance. Supplementation with feed additives which can improve broilers' antioxidant response can be an effective nutritional intervention. This study evaluated the performance, fat, and blood parameters of broilers fed diets supplemented with the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. Hydroxytyrosol supplementation improved meat quality through the reduction of fatty acid content of breast meat and, moreover, improved liver function through the reduction of enzymes related to liver health. Therefore, hydroxytyrosol supplementation can be used as a potent feed additive capable of reducing the oxidative stress caused by the intensive production system. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of hydroxytyrosol (HT) on performance, fat, and blood parameters of broilers. In total, 960 male chicks were distributed into four treatments groups with 12 replicates with 20 birds per pen, with varying HT levels (0, 5, 10, and 50 mg/kg of feed) added to the basal diet from 1 to 42 days old. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. Enzymes related to liver injury were evaluated in blood. Fatty acid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were determined in the breast meat. Dietary supplementation of HT did not improve broilers' performance (p > 0.05). Birds fed 50 mg HT/kg had lower AST, ALT, and GGT concentrations (p ≤ 0.05), whereas broilers fed 5, 10, and 50 mg HT/kg, had lower TBIL concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). Breast meat of broilers fed 50 mg HT/kg had lower lipid content, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acids, MDA concentrations (p ≤ 0.05), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.0001). In summary, supplementation of 5, 10, and 50 mg HT/kg does not improve the performance of broilers, but the dose of 50 mg HT/kg helps the liver against inflammation and improves fat parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The biological activity of an oil not only depends on its fatty acid composition but also the lipid composition and trace components. In this paper, to select the optimal mushroom oil, the component compositions (fatty acids, lipids, polyphenols, flavones, tocopherols, and unsaponifiable matters) and antioxidant activities in vitro of four mushroom oils (Agrocybe cylindracea, two Lentinula edodes, and Volvariella volvacea) were investigated and compared. The results showed that the four tested oils had the same fatty acid composition in different amounts, but the lipid component, minor components, and free radical scavenging activity in the tested oils varied widely depending on the type of mushroom. Overall, Volvariella volvacea oil was considered superior to the other three tested oils, as it had the largest contents of polar lipids, diglycerides, polyunsaturated fatty acids (74.38%), unsaponifiable matter (319.09 mg/kg), total phenols (124.08 mg/100 g), tocopherols (139.86 mg/100 g), as well as the highest ABTS and FRAP values (349.45 and 3801.70 μmol Trolox/100 g). This finding suggests that Volvariella volvacea oil is a promising resource that should be further researched. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the first chemical study on the metabolic profile of three geopropolis samples from Melipona fulva, M. compressipes, and M. paraensis collected in the Amazonian region. The samples were submitted to solvent extractions. The silylated hexane extracts were submitted to GC-MS analysis and tentatively identified mainly the presence of triterpenes, steroids, fatty acids, and alcohols. The chemical profile of M. fulva of and M. compressipes geopropolis are similar. However, cholesterol, triacontanol, and palmitic acid are the main compounds in M. fulva; in M. compressipes, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid are predominant. The chemical profile of the M. paraensis sample is entirely different once more than 60% of the extract comprises lupenone and triacontanol. The CHCl3 soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of the M. paraensis geopropolis was submitted to chromatographic techniques, and it afforded cycloartenol, 24-methylene-cycloartenol, lupeol, α- and β-amirins, and 7-O-methylaromadendrin. The MeOH extract of this sample presents antimicrobial activities against strains of Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, and S. aureus (MIC of 15.6-62.5 µg mL−1 and MBC of 62.5-1000 µg mL−1). The M. fulva and M. compressipes geopropolis were not active in this test.

Abstract Background Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis) is a perennial native forage grass widely distributed in the steppe of Inner Mongolia as the dominant species. Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral element important for plant adaptation to the growth environment. Ca limitation was previously shown to strongly inhibit Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling growth and disrupt plasma membrane stability and selectivity, increasing fluid-phase-based endocytosis and contents of all major membrane lipids. Results In this study, we investigated the significance of Ca for L. chinensis growth and membrane stability relative to Arabidopsis. Our results showed that Ca limitation did not affect L. chinensis seedling growth and endocytosis in roots. Moreover, the plasma membrane maintained high selectivity. The lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC): phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio, an indicator of the membrane stability, was five times higher in L. chinensis than in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, in L. chinensis, Ca limitation did not affect the content of any major lipid types, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, showing an opposite pattern to that in Arabidopsis. L. chinensis roots accumulated higher contents of PC, phosphatidylinositol (PI), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) but less phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerolv (TAG), phosphatidylserine (PS), lysobisphosphatidic acids (LPAs), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), and lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) than Arabidopsis roots. Moreover, we detected 31 and 66 unique lipids in L. chinensis and Arabidopsis, respectively. Conclusions This study revealed that L. chinensis roots have unique membrane lipid composition that was not sensitive to Ca limitation, which might contribute to the wider natural distribution of this species.

Currently, the utilization of hyperprolific sows has stimulated the search for supplements aimed at enhancing piglet survival, as these sows yield more offspring than they can adequately feed with their colostrum production. In contrast, intensive goat farming often yields surplus colostrum, thus necessitating its removal, since kids are exclusively fed colostrum through lactation solely within the initial day of birth. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the fatty acid (FA) profiles of colostrum from sows and goats, together with possible influencing factors such as sow parity and the postpartum day of the goat, for possible use as an energy supplement for neonatal piglets. Swine colostrum was collected from sows with a 0–5 parity. In addition, samples of goat colostrum were collected on their first (D1) and second (D2) days of postpartum milking. The FA profiles of the colostrum were analyzed via gas chromatography. The parity value of the sows did not affect (p > 0.05) the FA colostrum composition. High proportions of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found in both types of colostrum. Levels of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids were significantly higher in D1 goat colostrum, whereas saturated FAs of less than 14 carbons (4:0, 6:0, 8:0, 10:0, and 12:0) were found in higher proportions in D2. These FAs play an important role in colostrum as they are a readily available source of energy and have also been attributed strong antibacterial activity. Therefore, goat colostrum, especially D2, could be used as an alternative energy supplement for newborn piglets, in particular for the weakest and smallest of the litter, which are the most in need.

Centaurea thracica (Janka) Hayek is a plant common in southern Bulgaria. The inflorescences were collected during June and September 2021, while their seeds were obtained in September 2021. The chemical and lipid composition of the inflorescences during the vegetation process of the plant were established. A significant decrease in total proteins (from 8.7 to 7.4%), glyceride oils (2.0–1.7%), and ash (4.5–4.2%) content was observed, while the amount of carbohydrates (72.3–77.2%) and fibers (28.7–35.8%) increased. During the vegetation of the plant, the content of oleic and linoleic acids increased up to 2–3 times, while the level of palmitic acid decreased. The lipids from the seeds were rich in oleic (53.0%) and palmitic (36.2%) acids. The tocopherol content in the oils of the inflorescences during vegetation increased from 58 to 110 mg/kg, and the content in the oil from the seeds was 260 mg/kg. The phospholipid content decreased during vegetation, and differences were observed in the composition between the inflorescences and the seeds. The high content of oleic acid, linoleic acid, tocopherols, and phospholipids determine the nutritional and biological value of the oils isolated from Centaurea thracica, and contribute to their potential use in various directions.

The origin of sedimentary organic matter (SOM) has often been mentioned as a driver of SOM reactivity. This was quantified by statistically relating the isotopic and lipid composition of SOM to benthic nutrient fluxes in 200 intertidal mudflats sampled along the Brittany coast (France). The origin of SOM explained 24% and 31% of the variance of $\text{NH}_4^+$ and $\text{PO}_4^{3-}$ fluxes, respectively. The $\text{NH}_4^+$ fluxes were driven by the uptake by phytoplankton of dissolved anthropogenic N exported from agricultural catchments. Their sedimentation is favoured by low hydrodynamic conditions, enriching the sediments with labile OM. The $\text{PO}_4^{3-}$ fluxes were driven by the sedimentation of particulate P exported through agricultural soil erosion.

Abstract Background Extensive population growth and climate change accelerate the search for alternative ways of plant-based biomass, biofuel and feed production. Here, we focus on hitherto unknow, new promising cold-stimulated function of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (PDAT1) – an enzyme catalyzing the last step of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. Result Overexpression of AtPDAT1 boosted seed yield by 160% in Arabidopsis plants exposed to long-term cold compared to standard conditions. Such seeds increased both their weight and acyl-lipids content. This work also elucidates PDAT1’s role in leaves, which was previously unclear. Aerial parts of AtPDAT1-overexpressing plants were characterized by accelerated growth at early and vegetative stages of development and by biomass weighing three times more than control. Overexpression of PDAT1 increased the expression of SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 (SDP1) TAG lipase and enhanced lipid remodeling, driving lipid turnover and influencing biomass increment. This effect was especially pronounced in cold conditions, where the elevated synergistic expression of PDAT1 and SDP1 resulted in double biomass increase compared to standard conditions. Elevated phospholipid remodeling also enhanced autophagy flux in AtPDAT1-overexpresing lines subjected to cold, despite the overall diminished autophagy intensity in cold conditions. Conclusions Our data suggest that PDAT1 promotes greater vitality in cold-exposed plants, stimulates their longevity and boosts oilseed oil production at low temperature.

Background: Leymus chinensis (L. chinensis) is a perennial native forage grass widely distributed in the steppe of Inner Mongolia as the dominant species. Calcium (Ca) is an essential mineral element important for plant adaptation to the growth environment. Ca limitation was previously shown to strongly inhibit Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedling growth and disrupt plasma membrane stability and selectivity, increasing fluid-phase-based endocytosis and contents of all major membrane lipids. Results: In this study, we investigated the significance of Ca for L. chinensis growth and membrane stability relative to Arabidopsis. Our results showed that Ca limitation did not affect L. chinensis seedling growth and endocytosis in roots. Moreover, the plasma membrane maintained high selectivity. The lipid phosphatidylcholine (PC): phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio, an indicator of the membrane stability, was five times higher in L. chinensis than in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, in L. chinensis, Ca limitation did not affect the content of any major lipid types, decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, showing an opposite pattern to that in Arabidopsis. L. chinensis roots accumulated higher contents of PC, phosphatidylinositol (PI), monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), cardiolipin (CL), digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG), and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) but less phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), diacylglycerol (DAG), triacylglycerolv (TAG), phosphatidylserine (PS), lysobisphosphatidic acids (LPAs), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE), and lysophosphatidylserine (LPS) than Arabidopsis roots. Moreover, we detected 31 and 66 unique lipids in L. chinensis and Arabidopsis, respectively. Conclusions: This study revealed that L. chinensis roots have unique membrane lipid composition that was not sensitive to Ca limitation, which might contribute to the wider natural distribution of this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diseases vary among and within species but the causes of this variation can be unclear. Immune responses are an important driver of disease variation, but mechanisms on how the body resists pathogen establishment before activation of immune responses are understudied. Skin surfaces of mammals are the first line of defense against abiotic stressors and pathogens, and skin attributes such as pH, microbiomes, and lipids influence disease outcomes. Sebaceous glands produce sebum composed of multiple types of lipids with species-specific compositions. Sebum affects skin barrier function by contributing to minimizing water loss, supporting thermoregulation, protecting against pathogens, and preventing UV-induced damage. Sebum also affects skin microbiome composition both via its antimicrobial properties, and by providing potential nutrient sources. Intra- and interspecific variation in sebum composition influences skin disease outcomes in humans and domestic mammal species but is not well-characterized in wildlife. We synthesized knowledge on sebum function in mammals in relation to skin diseases and the skin microbiome. We found that sebum composition was described for only 29 live, wild mammalian species. Sebum is important in dermatophilosis, various forms of dermatitis, demodicosis, and potentially white-nose syndrome. Sebum composition likely affects disease susceptibility, as lipid components can have antimicrobial functions against specific pathogens. It is unclear why sebum composition is species-specific, but both phylogeny and environmental effects may drive differences. Our review illustrates the role of mammal sebum function and influence on skin microbes in the context of skin diseases, providing a baseline for future studies to elucidate mechanisms of disease resistance beyond immune responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Measuring lipid composition provides more information than just total lipid content. Hence, the non‐invasive measurement of unsaturated lipid protons with both high efficiency and precision is of pressing need. This study was to optimize echo time (TE) for the best resolving of J‐difference editing of unsaturated lipid resonances. Methods: The TE dependence of J‐difference‐edited (JDE) MRS was verified in the density‐matrix simulation, soybean oil phantom, in‐vivo experiments of white adipose tissue (WAT), and skeletal muscles using single‐voxel MEGA‐PRESS sequence at 3T. The peak SNRs and Cramér‐Rao lower bounds (CRLBs) acquired at the proposed TE of 45 ms and previously published TE of 70 ms were compared (eight pairs) in WAT, extramyocelluar lipids (EMCLs), and intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs). The lipid composition in skeletal muscles was compared between healthy males (n = 7) and females (n = 7). Results: The optimal TE was suggested as 45 ms. Compared to 70 ms, the mean signal gains at TE of 45 ms were 151% in WAT, 168% in EMCL, 204% in IMCL for allylic resonance, and 52% in EMCL for diallylic resonance. CRLBs were significantly reduced at TE of 45 ms in WAT, EMCL, IMCL for allylic resonance and in EMCL for diallylic resonance. With TE of 45 ms, significant gender differences were found in the lipid composition in EMCL pools, while no difference in IMCL pools. Conclusion: The JDE‐MRS protocol with TE of 45 ms allows improved quantification of unsaturated lipid resonances in vivo and future lipid metabolism investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to develop stable emulsion gels enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, formulated with a mixture of olive (75%) and linseed (25%) oils, by incorporating two different stabilizers—pea and soy protein isolates—and three different cold gelling agents—chitosan, pectin and xanthan—to be used as pork backfat replacers in beef burgers. The color, pH, stability and textural properties of the emulsion gels were analyzed as affected by cold storage (4 °C, 7 days). Proximate composition, fatty acid content, technological and sensory properties were determined after burger processing. Meanwhile, color, pH, textural parameters and lipid oxidation were monitored in burgers at 0, 5 and 10 days of storage at 4 °C. A reduction of the fat content between 21.49% and 39.26% was achieved in the reformulated burgers as compared with the control, while the n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio decreased from 5.11 to 0.62. The highest moisture and fat retention were found in reformulated burgers made with xanthan, both with pea and soy proteins; however, their textural properties were negatively affected. The reformulated burgers made with chitosan were rated highest for sensory attributes and overall acceptability, not significantly different from the controls. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a novel non-lethal sampling method for assessing fatty acid (FA) composition in juvenile European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using subcutaneous white muscle biopsies. This research aimed to evaluate the suitability of the biopsy for FA analysis using two lipid extraction protocols and comparing them to a lethal routine method. The results showed that a mass of fresh tissue as low as 1.4 mg provided good quality FA chromatograms for both reserve and membrane lipids. Although the biopsy method displayed high variability in terms of FA quantity among intra-individual replicates, it showed good FA profile repeatability in both reserve and membrane lipids. The study highlights the potential of this non-lethal approach for studying FA dynamics in fish, with its application being particularly promising for ecological and experimental studies. However, careful biopsy implementation is recommended to account for potential lipid droplet and lipid distribution variability within the tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With rapid growth and high lipid contents, microalgae have become promising environmentally friendly candidates for renewable biodiesel and health supplements in our era of global warming and energy depletion. Various pathways have been explored to enhance algal lipid production, especially gene editing. Previously, we found that the functional loss of PhoD-type alkaline phosphatase (AP), a phosphorus-stress indicator in phytoplankton, could lead to increased lipid contents in the model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, but how the AP mutation may change lipid composition remains unexplored. This study addresses the gap in the research and investigates the effects of PhoD-type AP mutation on the lipid composition and metabolic regulation in P. tricornutum using transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses. We observed significantly modified lipid composition and elevated production of fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, ceramide, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate, and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol after PhoD_45757 mutation. Meanwhile, genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis were upregulated in mutant cells. Moreover, the mutant exhibited increased contents of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA)-bound phospholipids, indicating that PhoD_45757 mutation could improve the potential bioavailability of PUFAs. Our findings indicate that AP mutation could influence cellular lipid synthesis and probably redirect carbon toward lipid production and further demonstrate that AP mutation is a promising approach for the development of high-value microalgal strains for biomedical and other applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic feed industry is one of the main factors in the development of aquaculture industry, providing strong support to meet the growing demand for aquatic products. As an important raw material in aquatic feed, lipid (especially fish oil) is easily oxidized due to its rich unsaturated fatty acids, and produces various hydroperoxides, secondary oxidation products (including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, etc.). In addition, the oxidation process also leads to changes the oil chemical characteristics. In feed in‐ dustry and aquaculture, lipid oxidation could impair growth and health of fish. This paper summarizes the research on oil oxidation by scholars at home and abroad, discusses the effect and mechanism of oil oxidation on various kinds of fish and the application effect of common antioxidants, so as to accumulate basic data for further research on the effect of oxidized oil on aquatic animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have emerged as a revolutionary technology for vaccine delivery. LNPs serve as an integral component of mRNA vaccines by protecting and transporting the mRNA payload into host cells. Despite their prominence in mRNA vaccines, there remains a notable gap in our understanding of the potential application of LNPs for the delivery of DNA vaccines. In this study, we sought to investigate the suitability of leading LNP formulations for the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA). In addition, we aimed to explore key differences in the properties of popular LNP formulations when delivering either mRNA or DNA. To address these questions, we compared three leading LNP formulations encapsulating mRNA- or pDNA-encoding firefly luciferase based on potency, expression kinetics, biodistribution, and immunogenicity. Following intramuscular injection in mice, we determined that RNA-LNPs formulated with either SM-102 or ALC-0315 lipids were the most potent (all p-values < 0.01) and immunogenic (all p-values < 0.05), while DNA-LNPs formulated with SM-102 or ALC-0315 demonstrated the longest duration of signal. Additionally, all LNP formulations were found to induce expression in the liver that was proportional to the signal at the injection site (SM102: r = 0.8787, p < 0.0001; ALC0315: r = 0.9012, p < 0.0001; KC2: r = 0.9343, p < 0.0001). Overall, this study provides important insights into the differences between leading LNP formulations and their applicability to DNA- and RNA-based vaccinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Macroalgal wracks can be considered unpleasant for beach users and, consequently, they are usually collected from most touristic beaches and discarded. However, seaweeds are an important source of bioactive lipid compounds, such as phospholipids, glycolipids, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), displaying multiple health-promoting properties, including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study is to characterize the lipid composition of twelve marine seaweed species (two green, six red, and four brown species) from macroalgal wracks of Gran Canaria Island, and to evaluate their potential use for several purposes, including human and animal nutrition. Lipid content, lipid classes, and fatty acid profiles of isolated specimens from the macroalgal wracks were determined. Lipid contents ranged between 0.27 and 3.17% of dry weight, with all species showing high phytosterols proportions and balanced omega-6/omega-3 (n-6/n-3) ratios. In addition, Cymopolia barbata, Asparagopsis sp., and Hypnea spinella seem to be an attractive source of both mono- and di-galactosyl-diacylglycerols, while A. stellata, Jania sp., and Lobophora sp. are relatively rich in n-3 LC−PUFA. Finally, both green algae showed the most favorable values for the nutritional indicators of cardiovascular health promotion. Overall, the macroalgal species analyzed could be considered as interesting sources for human and animal nutrition.

Tibetan chickens (Gallus gallus; TBCs) are a good model for studying hypoxia-related challenges. However, lipid composition in TBC embryonic brains has not been elucidated. In this study, we characterized brain lipid profiles of embryonic day 18 TBCs and dwarf laying chickens (DLCs) during hypoxia (13% O 2 , HTBC18, and HDLC18) and normoxia (21% O 2 , NTBC18, and NDLC18) by using lipidomics. A total of 50 lipid classes, including 3540 lipid molecular species, were identified and grouped into glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, glycerolipids, sterols, prenols, and fatty acyls. Of these lipids, 67 and 97 were expressed at different levels in the NTBC18 and NDLC18, and HTBC18 and HDLC18 samples, respectively. Several lipid species, including phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), hexosylceramides, phosphatidylcholines (PCs), and phospha-tidylserines (PSs), were highly expressed in HTBC18. These results suggest that TBCs adapt bet-ter to hypoxia than DLCs and may have distinct cell membrane composition and nervous system development, at least partly owing to differential expression of several lipid species. One tri-glyceride, one PC, one PS, and three PE lipids were identified as potential markers that discrim-inated between lipid profiles of the HTBC18 and HDLC18 samples. The present study provides valuable information about the dynamic composition of lipids in TBCs that may explain the adaptation of this species to hypoxia. • Lipid profile characterization of TBCs embryonic brain has been little examined. • Hypoxia leads to an altered lipid profile between TBCs and lowland chicken. • TBCs have better nervous system development regulated by different lipids. • We provides basic data for exploring hypoxia-induced problems associated with lipid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellular functions, such as differentiation and migration, are regulated by the extracellular microenvironment, including the extracellular matrix (ECM). Cells adhere to ECM through focal adhesions (FAs) and sense the surrounding microenvironments. Although FA proteins have been actively investigated, little is known about the lipids in the plasma membrane at FAs. In this study, we examine the lipid composition at FAs with imaging and biochemical approaches. Using the cholesterol-specific probe D4 with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy and super-resolution microscopy, we show an enrichment of cholesterol at FAs simultaneously with FA assembly. Furthermore, we establish a method to isolate the lipid from FA-rich fractions, and biochemical quantification of the lipids reveals that there is a higher content of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine with saturated fatty acid chains in the lipids of the FA-rich fraction than in either the plasma membrane fraction or the whole-cell membrane. These results demonstrate that plasma membrane at FAs has a locally distinct lipid composition compared to the bulk plasma membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: As a growth-promoting additive, taurine has various physiological functions in aquatic animals. However, few studies have explored the effects of taurine intake on gastropod species' growth performance and other physiological metabolism. The present study evaluates the effects of different taurine supplementation levels (0.0% as control, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0%) on the growth performance, lipid composition, and antioxidant ability of juvenile ivory shells Babylonia areolata and obtains the optimum concentration of taurine for ivory shell culture. The results showed that (1) moderate taurine supplementation in an artificial diet (about 1.5–2.0%) could significantly improve the growth performance and antioxidant ability of ivory shells; (2) taurine supplementation could change the lipid composition of juvenile ivory shells; and (3) taurine supplementation could increase the expression of orexin and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and inhibit the expression of leptin and cholecyatoklnin. In this study, an eight-week feeding trial was performed to investigate the effects of different taurine supplementation levels (0.0% as control, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5%, and 3.0%) on the growth performance, lipid composition, and antioxidant ability in juvenile ivory shells Babylonia areolata. The results showed that taurine supplementation significantly improved the specific growth rates (SGRs) and survival rates of ivory shell (except the survival rate in the 3.0% taurine diet group) (p < 0.05). The SGRs showed an increasing and then decreasing tendency with increasing dietary taurine supplementation, and the highest value was observed in the 2.0% taurine diet (2.60%/d). The taurine content in the muscle of ivory shells fed taurine-supplemented diets significantly increased when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The profiles of C22:2n6 in the muscle of ivory shells fed taurine-supplemented diets were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.05), and the highest values were observed in the 2.0% taurine supplementation group. The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) content in the hepatopancreas showed an increasing and then decreasing tendency with increasing dietary taurine supplementation, while the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentration showed a decreasing tendency. Furthermore, the activities of pepsin and lipase in both the intestine and hepatopancreas significantly increased at moderate taurine supplementation levels compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Accordingly, obvious increases in the histological parameters in the intestine of ivory shells fed taurine-supplemented diets were also found. As for the antioxidant ability, the activities of the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed an increasing and then decreasing tendency with increasing dietary taurine supplementation, and the highest values were observed in the 1.0% and 1.0–2.0% taurine supplementation groups, respectively; the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents significantly decreased with increasing dietary taurine supplementation (p < 0.05). The taurine intake affected the expression of four appetite-related genes in the hepatopancreas, in which orexin and NPY showed an increasing and then decreasing tendency, while leptin and cholecyatoklnin decreased with increasing dietary taurine supplementation. In conclusion, moderate taurine supplementation in an artificial diet (about 1.5–2.0%) could improve the growth performance and antioxidant ability and change the lipid composition of juvenile ivory shells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, whole grains are usually obtained by adding bran and middlings to refined flours, and this recombination leads to certain variations in the ratio of endosperm, bran and germ, resulting in flours with very different compositional characteristics and rheological properties. Therefore, this study focuses on the identification of specific lipid markers in different debranning fractions of Italian and Canadian durum wheat blends. The by-products obtained from five different debranning levels (3, 6, 9, 12 and 15%) had a high content of monounsaturated fatty acids and a higher concentration of tocopherols and sterols than the corresponding debranned grains. The Italian and Canadian durum wheat samples did not show significant differences in the content of these bioactive lipid compounds. In particular, palmitic acid, oleic acid, tocopherol isomers and total sterols could be useful biomarkers for evaluating the grain-to-tissue ratio in recombined flours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extensive population growth and climate change accelerate the search for alternative ways of plant-based biomass, biofuel and feed production. Here, we focus on hitherto unknow, new promising cold-stimulated function of phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (PDAT1) – an enzyme catalyzing the last step of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis. Result: Overexpression of AtPDAT1 boosted seed yield by 160% in Arabidopsis plants exposed to long-term cold compared to standard conditions. Such seeds increased both their weight and acyl-lipids content. This work also elucidates PDAT1's role in leaves, which was previously unclear. Aerial parts of AtPDAT1-overexpressing plants were characterized by accelerated growth at early and vegetative stages of development and by biomass weighing three times more than control. Overexpression of PDAT1 increased the expression of SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 (SDP1) TAG lipase and enhanced lipid remodeling, driving lipid turnover and influencing biomass increment. This effect was especially pronounced in cold conditions, where the elevated synergistic expression of PDAT1 and SDP1 resulted in double biomass increase compared to standard conditions. Elevated phospholipid remodeling also enhanced autophagy flux in AtPDAT1-overexpresing lines subjected to cold, despite the overall diminished autophagy intensity in cold conditions. Conclusions: Our data suggest that PDAT1 promotes greater vitality in cold-exposed plants, stimulates their longevity and boosts oilseed oil production at low temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipids constitute a significant group of biological metabolites and the building blocks of all cell membranes. The abundance and stoichiometries of different lipid species are known to vary across the lifespan and metabolic state, yet the functional effects of these changes have been challenging to understand. Here we review the potentially powerful intersection of lipid metabolism, which determines membrane composition, and aging. We first introduce several key lipid classes that are associated with aging and aging-related disease, where they are found in organisms, and how they act on membrane structure and function. Instead of neutral lipids, which have primary roles in energy storage and homeostasis, we review known functions for polar lipids that control the physicochemical properties of cell membranes. We then focus on aging processes in the central nervous system (CNS), which is enriched in lipids and is highly dependent on membrane structure for function. Recent studies show how lipids act not just as biomarkers of aging and associated changes in the CNS, but as direct mediators of these processes. As a model system, we explore how fatty acid composition in the retina impact aging and aging-related disease. We propose that the biophysical effects of membrane structure on fundamental eukaryotic processes - mitochondrial respiration and autophagy - provide avenues by which lipid dysregulation can accelerate aging processes. Finally, we lay out ways in which an increased understanding of lipid membrane biology can be applied to studies of aging and lifespan.

旨在为南极磷虾渔业捕捞以及陆基精准加工利用提供科学指导，研究了不同体长南极磷虾的脂质组成差异。以脂质含量、甘油酯含量、磷脂含量、胆固醇含量、游离脂肪酸含量、磷脂组成和脂肪酸组成为评价指标，结合多元统计分析技术比较不同体长（＜30 mm、30～40 mm、40～50 mm、＞50 mm）南极磷虾脂质组成的差异。结果显示：不同体长南极磷虾脂质含量占干基的（17.57±2.43）%～（24.35±0.31）%；甘油酯和磷脂是主要的脂质组分，分别占脂质的（41.40±1.22）%～（43.54±2.02）%和（39.70±0.70）%～（41.89±2.69）%；磷脂主要由磷脂酰胆碱（PC）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）和溶血磷脂酰胆碱（LPC）组成，分别占总磷脂的（8004±0.73）%～（85.94±0.58）%、（13.13±0.59）%～（19.17±0.75）%、（0.79±0.05）%～（116±0.03）%；脂质中主要脂肪酸为C14∶ 0、C16∶ 0、C18∶ 1、C20∶ 5（EPA）、C22∶ 6（DHA），分别占总脂肪酸含量的（12.00±0.37）%~(12.85±0.15)%、（24.64±0.15）%～（27.11±0.16）%、（13.21±0.35）%～（15.09±0.14）%、（18.41±0.18）%～（18.86±0.56）%、（10.17±0.18）%～（12.84±0.16）%；不同体长南极磷虾的脂质含量、磷脂中PC和PE比例、脂肪酸中C16∶ 0、C18∶ 1和DHA比例等总体差异显著（p＜0.05）。结合聚类分析和主成分分析，根据体长可将南极磷虾样品明显区分为＜30 mm、30～40 mm、＞40 mm 3大类。研究结果表明南极磷虾的脂质组成与其体长关系显著。旨在为南极磷虾渔业捕捞以及陆基精准加工利用提供科学指导，研究了不同体长南极磷虾的脂质组成差异。以脂质含量、甘油酯含量、磷脂含量、胆固醇含量、游离脂肪酸含量、磷脂组成和脂肪酸组成为评价指标，结合多元统计分析技术比较不同体长（＜30 mm、30～40 mm、40～50 mm、＞50 mm）南极磷虾脂质组成的差异。结果显示：不同体长南极磷虾脂质含量占干基的（17.57±2.43）%～（24.35±0.31）%；甘油酯和磷脂是主要的脂质组分，分别占脂质的（41.40±1.22）%～（43.54±2.02）%和（39.70±0.70）%～（41.89±2.69）%；磷脂主要由磷脂酰胆碱（PC）、磷脂酰乙醇胺（PE）和溶血磷脂酰胆碱（LPC）组成，分别占总磷脂的（8004±0.73）%～（85.94±0.58）%、（13.13±0.59）%～（19.17±0.75）%、（0.79±0.05）%～（116±0.03）%；脂质中主要脂肪酸为C14∶ 0、C16∶ 0、C18∶ 1、C20∶ 5（EPA）、C22∶ 6（DHA），分别占总脂肪酸含量的（12.00±0.37）%~(12.85±0.15)%、（24.64±0.15）%～（27.11±0.16）%、（13.21±0.35）%～（15.09±0.14）%、（18.41±0.18）%～（18.86±0.56）%、（10.17±0.18）%～（12.84±0.16）%；不同体长南极磷虾的脂质含量、磷脂中PC和PE比例、脂肪酸中C16∶ 0、C18∶ 1和DHA比例等总体差异显著（p＜0.05）。结合聚类分析和主成分分析，根据体长可将南极磷虾样品明显区分为＜30 mm、30～40 mm、＞40 mm 3大类。研究结果表明南极磷虾的脂质组成与其体长关系显著。 The lipid compositions of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) with different body lengths were comparatively studied to provide scientific guidance for the fishery harvesting and land-based accurate utilization of the Antarctic krill. Antarctic krill samples were divided into four groups according to the body lengths (＜30 mm, 30-40 mm, 40-50 mm, ＞50 mm), and the lipid content, glyceride content, phospholipid content, cholesterol content, free fatty acid content, phospholipid composition as well as fatty acid composition of the samples were used as evalution indicators, the differences of the lipid compositions of the four group samples were compared combined with multivariate statistical analysis technology. The results showed that the lipid contents of the Antarctic krill with different body lengths were (17.57±2.43)% -(24.35±0.31)% of dry basis. Glyceride and phospholipid were the main lipid components, accounting for (41.40±1.22)%-(43.54±2.02)% and (39.70±0.70)%-(41.89±2.69)% of the lipid, respectively. Phospholipid was mainly composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and lysophosphatidylcholine(LPC), accounting for (80.04±0.73)%-(85.94±0.58)%, (13.13±0.59)%-(19.17±0.75)%, and (0.79±005)%-(1.16±0.03)% of the total phospholipid, respectively. The fatty acids of the lipid were mainly C14∶ 0, C16∶ 0, C18∶ 1, C20∶ 5 (EPA) and C22∶ 6 (DHA), accounting for (12.00±0.34)%-(12.85±0.15)%, (24.64±0.15)%-(27.11±0.16)%, (13.21±0.35)%-(15.09±0.14)%, (18.41±0.18)%-(18.86±0.56)%, (10.17±0.18)%-(12.84±0.16)% of the total fatty acids, respectively. There were overall significant differences in the lipid contents, the ratios of PC and PE in phospholipid, the ratios of C16∶ 0, C18∶ 1 and DHA in total fatty acids of the Antarctic krill with different body lengths (p＜0.05). Antarctic krill samples could be obviously divided into three categories ＜30 mm,30-40 mm,＞40 mm by the cluster analysis and principal component analysis according to body length. In conclusion, the lipid composition of Antarctic krill is significantly related to the body length.

Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) seed oil is of high nutritional and pharmaceutical quality as it is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive components, which are greatly affected by oil extraction methods. To date, comparative studies on the effect of solvent, cold press, and supercritical fluid extraction (SEF) on the quality attributes of black cumin seed oil are scarce. In addition, little information is available in the literature about black cumin seed oils extracted with SFE. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare some physicochemical characteristics, fatty acids composition, triacylglycerol, tocopherol, phytosterol, polyphenols, antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds, volatile compounds, antimicrobial activity, functional groups and melting points of oil extracted from black cumin seed by different methods (SFE, cold press, and solvent extraction). In this study, extracted-black seed oils contain high amounts of C18:2 (60.01–58.75%), OLL (37.45–38.87%), γ-tocopherol (243.26–276.46 mg/100 g oil), and polyphenols (314.08–400.02 mg GAE/kg oil). Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) obtained the highest oil yields (37%). In addition, the oil obtained by SFE has relatively higher unsaturated fatty acids, total tocopherols, phytosterols, and polyphenols than that obtained using cold press and solvent extraction methods. Moreover, SFE-oil had stronger DPPH (1.43 mg/mL) and ABTS (2.69 mg/mL) scavenging activity than solvent-extracted oils. The SFE-oil showed high antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Penicillium roqueforti and contained some characteristics of volatile compounds than that extracted with other extraction methods. Overall, the results suggest that SFE-oil from black seeds is an excellent source of bioactive compounds, antioxidants, and antibacterial and has promising applications in the industry. A comparative study of black cumin seed (Nigella sativa L.) oils extracted with supercritical fluids and conventional extraction methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]