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Objective Animals Studied Procedure Results Conclusion The aim of this study was to document ophthalmic examination findings and provide reference values for ocular examinations and diagnostics in clinically normal Western tiger salamanders (Ambystoma mavortium) and to evaluate the mydriatic effect of a topical rocuronium bromide and identify any adverse effects.Sixteen Western tiger salamanders.A complete ophthalmic examination, including intraocular pressure via rebound tonometry [iCare® TonoVet (dog‐setting) or iCare® TonoVet Plus (dog‐setting)], and fluorescein and Rose Bengal stains, was performed. Ocular surface flora culture swabs were collected for microbiology in four salamanders. Rocuronium bromide (50 μL; 0.01 mg) was administered into each eye in three salamanders. Pupil size and constriction ability were evaluated up to 60 min following administration of rocuronium bromide. Distant visual examination and Doppler heart rate were used to monitor for potential adverse effects of rocuronium bromide.Observed ocular abnormalities included lipid keratopathy/keratitis (19%; 3/16), parasitic ophthalmitis (19%; 3/16), and cataracts (6.3%; 1/16). A significant difference was found between tonometry with iCare® TonoVet (11.5 ± 2.7 mmHg) versus TonoVet Plus (15.4 ± 3.7 mmHg) (p = .025). Fluorescein and Rose Bengal stains were negative in all salamanders. Ocular surface microbiology revealed a high incidence of contamination from environmental flora, with the most common isolate being unidentified as Gram‐negative nonfermenters (75%; 3/4). No significant change in pupil size or constriction ability was observed with rocuronium bromide.This is the first study to document ocular examination findings and diagnostics in captive and wild urodeles and may serve as a reference for clinical assessment and future studies of the Western tiger salamander. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundImaging features obtained with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) for corneal stromal disorders have been sparsely reported in dogs. This case report is a compilation of imaging features for three cases of different stromal disorders of the canine cornea which have not yet been reported elsewhere.Case presentationLipid deposition in case 1 appeared as needle-shaped hyperreflective lines along the collagen lamellae, which correlated histologically with lipid clefts. In case 2, glycosaminoglycan accumulation by mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 caused diffuse stromal hyperreflectivity and depletion of keratocytes on IVCM and was associated with secondary corneal degeneration presumed to be calcium deposition. In case 3, posterior corneal stromal opacities in the absence of ocular inflammation were identified. Hyperreflective particles were scattered in the middle and posterior corneal stroma on FD-OCT. With IVCM, hyperreflective deposits were identified within keratocytes and the number of enlarged keratocytes containing hyperreflective deposits increased towards the posterior stroma. The bilateral, non-inflammatory nature and unique appearance with IVCM is most consistent with a posterior stromal dystrophy reminiscent of pre-Descemet corneal dystrophy described in humans.ConclusionsIn vivo multimodal corneal imaging facilitated instantaneous microstructural analysis and may be valuable in the differential diagnosis of corneal stromal disorders in veterinary clinical practice. The non-specific nature of imaging findings occurs in some conditions such as mucopolysaccharidosis, thus in vivo corneal imaging should be complemented with other gold standard methods of definitive diagnosis.

Objective: To report a case of idiopathic lipid keratopathy in a normolipemic cat. Animal Studied: A 10‐year‐old neutered female European domestic cat. Results: A cat was evaluated for bilateral white corneal deposits. Slit‐lamp examination revealed multiple, well‐defined, round, stromal, cream‐colored deposits of different sizes associated with generalized superficial corneal vascularization. Blood lipids were normal, and no history of travel to tropical locations or ocular trauma was present. Topical betamethasone/gentamicin 0.1% suspension q 12 hours did not result in any improvement of clinical appearance after one week. Tomography following the initial therapy revealed dense, hyperreflective deposits with posterior shadowing in the anterior and mid stroma of both corneas. A four‐week course of itraconazole 0.01% ophthalmic cream was prescribed q 12 hours with no improvement. Four months after the initial examination, a diagnostic superficial keratectomy and amniotic membrane implantation were performed. Histopathological analysis showed membrane bound vacuoles with infiltration of foamy macrophages suggesting a diagnosis of primary lipidosis. The post‐surgical period was unremarkable, and ten days later, the patient was re‐examined. Opacification from a corneal leukoma was observed in the excision site with mild fibrotic tissue. Two months post‐keratectomy, no further changes were detected in the cornea, and the patient was managed only with topical lubricant. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first report of idiopathic corneal lipidosis in a cat and may be considered as a differential diagnosis of corneal disease in felines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Imaging features obtained with Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) for corneal stromal disorders have been sparsely reported in dogs. This case report is a compilation of imaging features for three cases of different stromal disorders of the canine cornea which have not yet been reported elsewhere. Case presentation Lipid deposition in case 1 appeared as needle-shaped hyperreflective lines along the collagen lamellae, which correlated histologically with lipid clefts. In case 2, glycosaminoglycan accumulation by mucopolysaccharidosis type 1 caused diffuse stromal hyperreflectivity and depletion of keratocytes on IVCM and was associated with secondary corneal degeneration presumed to be calcium deposition. In case 3, posterior corneal stromal opacities in the absence of ocular inflammation were identified. Hyperreflective particles were scattered in the middle and posterior corneal stroma on FD-OCT. With IVCM, hyperreflective deposits were identified within keratocytes and the number of enlarged keratocytes containing hyperreflective deposits increased towards the posterior stroma. The bilateral, non-inflammatory nature and unique appearance with IVCM is most consistent with a posterior stromal dystrophy reminiscent of pre-Descemet corneal dystrophy described in humans. Conclusions In vivo multimodal corneal imaging facilitated instantaneous microstructural analysis and may be valuable in the differential diagnosis of corneal stromal disorders in veterinary clinical practice. The non-specific nature of imaging findings occurs in some conditions such as mucopolysaccharidosis, thus in vivo corneal imaging should be complemented with other gold standard methods of definitive diagnosis.

Purpose: To report an unusual case of interstitial keratitis and lipid keratopathy in a pregnant woman with unknown etiology and atypical clinical course. Observations: A 15 weeks pregnant 32-year-old female daily soft contact lens wearer presented with 1 month of right eye redness and intermittent blurry vision. Slit lamp examination revealed sectoral interstitial keratitis with stromal neovascularization and opacification. No underlying ocular or systemic etiology was identified. The corneal changes were unresponsive to treatment with topical steroids and progressed over the ensuing months of her pregnancy. On continued follow up, the cornea demonstrated spontaneous partial regression of the opacification in the post-partum period. Conclusions and importance: This case illustrates a possible rare manifestation of pregnancy physiology in the cornea. It also emphasizes the utility of close follow-up and conservative management in pregnant patients with idiopathic interstitial keratitis not only to avoid intervention during pregnancy but also because of the possibility of spontaneous improvement or resolution of the corneal changes.

Purpose: To report on the preliminary outcomes of mitomycin C (MMC) intravascular chemoembolization (MICE) for corneal neovascularization (NV). Methods: This is a retrospective case series of three consecutive eyes that underwent MICE for progressive corneal NV with sight threatening lipid keratopathy. A 1.0 cc syringe was partially filled with MMC (0.4 mg/mL) and attached to a 33-gauge needle used to cannulate the vessels. The MMC (0.01–0.05 ml) was injected with enough retrograde hydrostatic force to fill efferent and afferent vessels. Follow-up ranged from 4 months to 1 year. Results: Three eyes of three patients aged 59, 73 and 33 years were included. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications associated with the MICE procedure. Patient 1 presented with progressive corneal NV and lipid keratopathy secondary to herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO) and a best-corrected spectacle visual acuity (BSCVA) of 20/100 Snellen. At one-year post-MICE, there was no recurrence (BSCVA was 20/20 Snellen). Patient 2 presented with idiopathic lipid keratopathy (BSCVA 20/50 Snellen). At four months post-MICE, there were no signs of recurrence (BSCVA 20/20 Snellen). Patient 3 presented with corneal NV and lipid keratopathy secondary to HZO (BSCVA 20/30 Snellen). At four months following two MICE treatments, resolution of the lipid keratopathy was noted (BSCVA 20/20 Snellen). Conclusions: Preliminary findings suggest that MICE may be an additional modality for treating progressive corneal NV with lipid keratopathy. Larger comparative studies with longer follow-up are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid keratopathy (LK) is a rare ophthalmological condition characterized by a progressive reduction in visual acuity caused by corneal opacification due to central lipid accumulation. LK is characterized by lipid deposits, cholesterol clefts, and neovascularization (NV) leading to disruption in corneal optical quality. LK classification includes a primary and secondary form which depend on pre-existing corneal or systemic disorders and the evidence of NV. Secondary LK is typically associated with a prior occurrence of herpetic infection, such as herpes zoster keratitis. Patients with LK usually present with progressive vision loss and dense cream-colored corneal opacification. Treatment modalities include conservative and surgical approaches focused on corneal NV elimination. When evaluating corneal lipidosis, it is crucial to consider a range of differential diagnoses, including corneal arcus, Schnyder corneal dystrophy, and other corneal deposit conditions. We report a case of a 62-year-old male with herpes zoster keratitis complicated with LK. He presented with painless progressive vision loss and corneal scarring, which raised suspicion about LK diagnosis. This paper emphasizes the importance of correlating clinical and histological findings for accurate LK diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We report a case of lipid keratopathy in a radial keratotomy incision that was successfully managed with radiofrequency diathermy of the neovascular pedicle responsible for the lipid deposition. Observations: No perioperative or postoperative complications were noted. Following the procedure, the lesion showed significant decrease in lipid deposits and opacification along with disappearance of the neovascular pedicle. Conclusions and importance: Radiofrequency diathermy of neovascular pedicle may represent an effective and safe alternative treatment option for treating lipid keratopathy. This is a first ever report of lipid keratopathy inside a radial keratotomy incision that was successfully managed by radiofrequency diathermy.

Lipid keratopathy (LK) is a rare ophthalmological condition characterized by a progressive reduction in visual acuity caused by corneal opacification due to central lipid accumulation. LK is characterized by lipid deposits, cholesterol clefts, and neovascularization (NV) leading to disruption in corneal optical quality. LK classification includes a primary and secondary form which depend on pre-existing corneal or systemic disorders and the evidence of NV. Secondary LK is typically associated with a prior occurrence of herpetic infection, such as herpes zoster keratitis. Patients with LK usually present with progressive vision loss and dense cream-colored corneal opacification. Treatment modalities include conservative and surgical approaches focused on corneal NV elimination. When evaluating corneal lipidosis, it is crucial to consider a range of differential diagnoses, including corneal arcus, Schnyder corneal dystrophy, and other corneal deposit conditions. We report a case of a 62-year-old male with herpes zoster keratitis complicated with LK. He presented with painless progressive vision loss and corneal scarring, which raised suspicion about LK diagnosis. This paper emphasizes the importance of correlating clinical and histological findings for accurate LK diagnosis.

Abstract Lipid keratopathy is a disease in which fat deposits accumulate in the cornea, leading to opacification and decrease of visual acuity. This condition can be idiopathic without signs of previous corneal disease or secondary to ocular or systemic diseases. Lipid keratopathy is usually associated with abnormal vascularization of the cornea, and the lipid classically deposits adjacent to these vessels. Treatment of this condition usually aims to eliminate or prevent abnormal vessel formation, and several modalities have been described. In this review we summarize the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of lipid keratopathy and describe current and emerging treatment regimens.

Lipid keratopathy refers to corneal lipid infiltrations. We report a 54-year-old female without any systemic disorder presented with a slowly progressive yellow-white infiltrate in the inferotemporal part of the left cornea for six years. Due to a visual axis involvement leading to decreased visual acuity, the patient underwent penetrating keratoplasty on the left eye. The excised corneal button specimen was sent for pathological evaluation. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and confocal scanning microscopy showed an intra-stromal hyper-reflective material consistent with lipid crystalline keratopathy diagnosis. Histopathology revealed an excessive amount of fat droplets in corneal stroma presented as clear areas in hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining in keeping with Oil Red O staining. Idiopathic lipid crystalline keratopathy is a diagnosis of exclusion. For such a diagnosis, the serum lipid profile should be checked to rule out fat metabolic disorders and ocular diseases causing chronic inflammation leading to secondary corneal lipid depositions.

Lipid keratopathy refers to corneal lipid infiltrations. We report a 54-year-old female without any systemic disorder presented with a slowly progressive yellow-white infiltrate in the inferotemporal part of the left cornea for six years. Due to a visual axis involvement leading to decreased visual acuity, the patient underwent penetrating keratoplasty on the left eye. The excised corneal button specimen was sent for pathological evaluation. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) and confocal scanning microscopy showed an intra-stromal hyper-reflective material consistent with lipid crystalline keratopathy diagnosis. Histopathology revealed an excessive amount of fat droplets in corneal stroma presented as clear areas in hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) staining in keeping with Oil Red O staining. Idiopathic lipid crystalline keratopathy is a diagnosis of exclusion. For such a diagnosis, the serum lipid profile should be checked to rule out fat metabolic disorders and ocular diseases causing chronic inflammation leading to secondary corneal lipid depositions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipid keratopathy is a disease in which fat deposits accumulate in the cornea, leading to opacification and decrease of visual acuity. This condition can be idiopathic without signs of previous corneal disease or secondary to ocular or systemic diseases. Lipid keratopathy is usually associated with abnormal vascularization of the cornea, and the lipid classically deposits adjacent to these vessels. Treatment of this condition usually aims to eliminate or prevent abnormal vessel formation, and several modalities have been described. In this review we summarize the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of lipid keratopathy and describe current and emerging treatment regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complete ophthalmic exam, including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, is key to diagnosing ocular diseases such as uveitis and glaucoma in frogs. We performed complete ophthalmic anterior segment examinations and IOP rebound tonometry measurements using two different settings (other "p" and canine "d") for six anuran species. The objectives were to describe common ocular abnormalities found in these species, to compare IOP values between different tonometer settings, and to compare IOPs between species. Examinations revealed abnormalities including cataracts (11/98 total eyes), lenticular sclerosis (10/98) and lipid keratopathy (9/98). IOP was measured with the TonoVet® and the ranges (oculus uterque, OU mm Hg other "p" setting, canine "d" setting) were giant waxy monkey tree frogs (Phyllomedusa bicolor) (3.5–7.6; 6.5–11.7; n = 5), mission golden-eyed tree frogs (Trachycephalus resinifictrix) (7.0–9.7, 13.2–15.7; n = 6), boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas) (0.8–5.5, 5.7–10.5; n = 13), Mexican giant tree frogs (Pachymedusa dacnicolor) (3.8–5.0, 8.3–11.8; n = 3), Lake Titicaca frogs (Telmatobius culeus) (8.8–10.5, 14.0–17.2; n = 8), and mossy tree frogs (Theloderma corticale) (9.7–11.0, 15.7–17.0; n = 5). The TonoVet canine "d" setting IOP measurements were statistically higher (P = 0.01) than the other "p" setting measurements for all species except the giant waxy monkey tree frogs. IOP was significantly lower for giant waxy monkey tree frog eyes with cataracts (P < 0.05) with the other "p" setting. IOP did not statistically differ in eyes with lenticular sclerosis. IOP can be measured by rebound tonometer in anurans, but more research is needed for species-specific references using consistent settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the demographics and clinical profile of Secondary Lipid Keratopathy in patients presenting to a multi-tier ophthalmology hospital network in India. This cross-sectional hospital-based study included 3,082,727 new patients presenting between August 2010 and December 2021. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of Secondary Lipid Keratopathy in at least one eye were included as cases. The data were collected using an electronic medical record system. Overall, 389 (0.01%) patients were diagnosed with Secondary Lipid Keratopathy. Majority were males (53.5%) and had a unilateral affliction (82.8%). The most common age group at presentation was during the sixth decade of life with 76 (19.5%) patients. The overall prevalence was higher in patients from a lower socio-economic status (0.02%) presenting from the rural geography (0.01%) and in individuals related to agriculture work/ manual labor (0.02%). Of the 456 eyes, mild or no visual impairment (<20/70) was noted in 194 (42.5%) eyes followed by moderate visual impairment (>20/70 to 20/200) in 81 (17.8%) eyes. At presentation, the mean visual acuity was 0.96 ± 1.07 log MAR units. The most associated corneal condition was non-HSV corneal scar (36.8%), followed by spheroidal degeneration (19.7%) and HSV keratitis in (18.6%). Secondary lipid keratopathy more commonly affected males presenting during the sixth decade of life. Most (42.5%) of the eyes had mild or no visual impairment. Corneal scar (non-HSV) was the most associated corneal condition in both unilateral and bilateral cases. HSV keratitis was the commonest corneal condition in those between 20 and 40 years, followed by those above 40 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report two unusual cases of lipid keratopathy in siblings with rheumatic fever and positive anti-phospholipid antibodies., Methods: Clinical and histopathological examination along with complete systemic work-up was done after taking appropriate consent from the patients. A serum lipid profile showed elevated cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins. Systemic history revealed both the siblings were on treatment for rheumatic fever. A complete blood profile showed positive anti-phospholipid antibodies in one of them., Results: Penetrating keratoplasty was performed in both cases one year apart. Histopathological examination showed lipid filled macrophages distributed throughout the corneal stroma. No episode of recurrence was noted in the follow-up period of three years., Conclusion: These two cases highlight the importance of a thorough family history and a full systemic work-up in a patient with bilateral symmetrical lipid keratopathy. The co-existence of rheumatic fever and anti-phospholipid syndrome has been studied in literature but, their presence along with lipid keratopathy has not been previously described. It requires further research whether they have an association or it was just an incidental finding.

Traditionally, photodynamic therapy ( PDT) has been used to treat choroidal neovascularisation. More recently, its use in corneal neovascularisation has provided promising clinical results. The major advantage of PDT is that it is minimally invasive, resulting in closure of the neovascular network without damaging the surrounding healthy tissue. This report describes the positive results of PDT, clinically and microstructurally, as imaged by in vivo confocal microscopy, for treating corneal neovascularisation with lipid keratopathy, secondary to herpes zoster infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular lipid deposition and its surgical management and possible association with systemic hyperlipidaemia in captive moray eels are described. Ophthalmologic examinations, haematology and plasma biochemistry analyses were performed on an initial population of captive moray eels ( n = 10): green moray, Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani; spotted moray, Gymnothorax morninga (Cuvier) and reticulated moray, Muraena retifera Goode and Bean. Recently captured green moray eels comprised the control group ( n = 9). Clinical signs compatible with ocular lipid deposition were identified in six of ten captive eels (60%) vs. none of the controls. Green moray eels in the initial captive population ( n = 5) had significantly higher total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol and aspartate amino transferase values than the control eels. Dietary management was attempted in all captive eels, and surgical intervention was performed in three eels, including two from a separate population, with improved ocular clarity within 1 month post-operatively. Histopathological evaluation of surgical specimens and two eyes from an additional affected eel that died suggested ocular lipid deposition. Eels in captivity have an apparent predisposition for hyperlipidaemia and ocular lipid deposition. Although limited in this study and complicated by exhibit restraints, dietary management was minimally effective, while surgery improved ocular clarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study over the establishment of plasma biochemistry parameters for healthy wild-caught purple mouth moray eels to be used as a baseline for improving medical care in aquariums, zoologic settings, and for wild health assessments. Noted is that thirty-one purple mouth moral eels of unknown age and sex have been anesthetized for 50 days after capture and collected with blood through the ventral coccygeal vein. Concluded is that liver isoenzyme was the majority of the plasma alkaline phosphate found in the blood based on alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme results. Moreover, the generated baseline values also provided the same use for cholesterol and triglycerides in wild-caught moray eels.

Hyperlipidemic ocular lesions are described for Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits. Male WHHL rabbits 8 months old exhibited serum hyperlipidemia and ophthalmoscopically yellowish-white lesions along the corneoscleral junction and in the iris. Histopathologically, foamy macrophages aggregated in the stroma of the cornea, iris, and ciliary body were observed. These findings have been interpreted as lipid keratopathy. In addition, multiple clusters of a large number of foamy macrophages occurred throughout the choroid and sclera in association with the blood vessels. The lesions in the choroid and sclera could not be detected ophthalmoscopy, yet were much more prominent than those in the cornea, iris, and ciliary body, suggesting greater involvement and earlier onset of lipidosis at these sites associated with hyperlipidemia in WHHL rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents a letter to the editor about the unusual idiopathic lipid keratopathy.

A 6-year-old, female terrier dog was presented with a history of excessive lacrimation, photophobia, decreased appetite, weight gain, hair loss, lethargy, and mental dullness. Clinical examinations revealed comedones, seborrhea, thickening, and hyperpigmentation of the skin. Conjunctival congestion, hyperemia, and a white central corneal deposit on both eyes were observed during eye examination. Hematological investigations showed hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The Hormone profile revealed low serum levels of total and free thyroxin and an increased serum level of TSH. The appearance of ocular lesion as well as increased levels of blood cholesterol and triglyceride confirmed our diagnosis of corneal lipidosis, and considering the hormonal changes and symptoms, hypothyroidism was considered as the cause of corneal lipidosis. The dog was treated with levothyroxine and atorvastatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the result of photodynamic therapy with verteporfin (Visudyne®, Novartis Ophthalmics AG, Hettingen, Switzerland) on bilateral corneal neovascularization (CN) and lipid keratopathy. Methods: A 36-year-old man with bilateral CN and visually significant lipid keratopathy presented to the King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital with decreased visual acuity in both eyes; bilateral refractive surgery had been done several years before. He was wearing hard contact lenses and had a history of repeated keratitis in both eyes. Eyes were treated with nonthermal laser light at 689 nm delivered 15 minutes after an intravenous infusion of verteporfin, 6 mg/m2 of body surface area, which was repeated 2 months after his first session. He was followed up regularly for 4 years with ophthalmic examinations and photographic documentation. Results: Successful occlusion of the CN was observed by the third month, and a dramatic resorption of lipid keratopathy was noticed by the end of the first year in both eyes. Best-corrected visual acuities improved from 20/80 in the right eye and 20/100 in the left eye to 20/30 with each eye. During the 4-year follow-up period, neither recurrence nor complications of the treatment was observed. Conclusions: Laser therapy with verteporfin can be added to the armamentarium of treatments for CN as a safe and effective option. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A complete ophthalmic exam, including intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement, is key to diagnosing ocular diseases such as uveitis and glaucoma in frogs. We performed complete ophthalmic anterior segment examinations and IOP rebound tonometry measurements using two different settings (other "p" and canine "d") for six anuran species. The objectives were to describe common ocular abnormalities found in these species, to compare IOP values between different tonometer settings, and to compare IOPs between species. Examinations revealed abnormalities including cataracts (11/98 total eyes), lenticular sclerosis (10/98) and lipid keratopathy (9/98). IOP was measured with the TonoVet ® and the ranges (oculus uterque, OU mm Hg other "p" setting, canine "d" setting) were giant waxy monkey tree frogs ( Phyllomedusa bicolor ) (3.5-7.6; 6.5-11.7; n = 5), mission golden-eyed tree frogs ( Trachycephalus resinifictrix ) (7.0-9.7, 13.2-15.7; n = 6), boreal toads ( Bufo boreas boreas ) (0.8-5.5, 5.7-10.5; n = 13), Mexican giant tree frogs ( Pachymedusa dacnicolor ) (3.8-5.0, 8.3-11.8; n = 3), Lake Titicaca frogs ( Telmatobius culeus ) (8.8-10.5, 14.0-17.2; n = 8), and mossy tree frogs ( Theloderma corticale ) (9.7-11.0, 15.7-17.0; n = 5). The TonoVet canine "d" setting IOP measurements were statistically higher ( P = 0.01) than the other "p" setting measurements for all species except the giant waxy monkey tree frogs. IOP was significantly lower for giant waxy monkey tree frog eyes with cataracts ( P < 0.05) with the other "p" setting. IOP did not statistically differ in eyes with lenticular sclerosis. IOP can be measured by rebound tonometer in anurans, but more research is needed for species-specific references using consistent settings.