Search

Our combined data show that GDF15 does not increase in response to a liquid meal. Moreover, we show for the first time that ingestion of sucrose, isomaltose, glucose, fat, or protein also does not increase plasma GDF15 concentrations, questioning the role of GDF15 in regulation of food source preference. Finally, we find that neither fasting nor postprandial plasma GDF15 concentrations are increased in individuals with previous bariatric surgery compared with unoperated body mass index (BMI)-matched controls.

Small bowel transit scintigraphy (SBTS) evaluates the accumulation of a radiolabeled meal in the terminal ileal reservoir (TIR) 6 hours after meal ingestion. The TIR may be difficult to determine as anatomic information is limited; for equivocal studies, the patient is asked to return the next day to help determine the TIR location by potential transit into the colon. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a liquid nutrient meal (LNM) at 6 hours can promote movement of the radiolabeled meal to aid in the interpretation of SBTS. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 117 SBTS from 2/2017 to 9/2019. Patients were fed a standardized mixed radiolabeled solid- liquid meal for gastric emptying with SBTS according to SNMMI Practice Guidelines. Additional LNM was given at 6 hr, and post-LNM images were obtained at least 20 minutes after the LNM. Two board-certified nuclear medicine physicians independently evaluated all images at 6 hours as equivocal or diagnostic. Results: Of the 117 patients (71.8% female, median age 42.0) undergoing SBTS, 37 were equivocal cases at 6 hours pre-LNM (31.6%, 95% CI=23.3%-40.9%) compared to 12 equivocal cases post-LNM (10.3%, 95% CI=5.4%-17.2%). Of the equivocal cases, 25 (69.4%, 95% CI=51.9%-83.7%) had a definitive result after LNM administration while 11 (30.6%, 95% CI=16.4%-48.1%) remained equivocal, and 1 showed rapid transit. In patients with gastroparesis, only 13/23 (57%) responded to LMN, while 0/3 IBS patients responded. Conclusion: The number of equivocal SBTS cases decreased after administration of a LNM at 6 hours, converting to a definitive result. This suggests that with use of a LNM a majority of patients can complete SBTS in one day without the need for repeat imaging at 24 hours. Administering a LNM appears to be less effective for patients with gastric disorders. However, the clinical significance remains to be explored and it is unclear if these patients have both a gastric and small bowel disorder, hence reducing any motility-promoting effect of the LNM.

Purpose of Review: Sports nutrition guidelines typically state that athletes desiring weight gain follow a regimen that includes increasing energy intake by ~ 300–500 kcal/day with an emphasis on adequate protein and carbohydrate and judicious inclusion of energy-dense foods, in combination with rigorous resistance training. This regimen is thought to promote weekly gains of ~ 0.45 kg (1 lb), mostly as lean body mass (LBM). This review summarizes the evidence supporting these intentional weight gain regimens in athletes. Recent Findings: Although some research has been conducted in the past 5 years, research on intentional weight gain is lacking. Summary: Currently, available data suggests that weekly weight gain of 0.45 kg (1 lb), primarily as LBM, may be difficult for some athletes to achieve. Available evidence, however, suggests that commonly recommended strategies to promote calorie surplus, including consuming larger portions, incorporating energy-dense foods, and prioritizing liquid over solid foods, may prove helpful. Accepted version

Background: Lifestyle interventions, including very low-calorie diets and liquid meal replacements, have been shown to achieve blood glucose improvements or remission. However, intensive lifestyle intervention using solid foods without calorie restriction has not been studied. Objective: The objective of this study is to describe changes in blood glucose, medication use and diabetes status among 50 patients who were prescribed intensive lifestyle changes to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: Physicians were recruited by the American College of Lifestyle Medicine to submit case histories of patients who achieved blood glucose improvements and/or remission in QuestionPro, an online survey platform. Results: A total of 12 physicians reported on 50 patients, including 1 physician who reported on 37 patients. Mean (SD) age of patients was 66.4 (12.8) years (range 20-84), and 64% of patients were male. Primary lifestyle interventions included a whole food, plant-based diet (n=43), coaching program (n=3), ADA diet (n=2), whole food diet (n=1) and calorie restricted diet Conclusion: Patients can improve blood glucose and may achieve remission of T2D using a whole food, plant-based dietary pattern, without liquid meal replacements. Disclosure M. Karlsen: None. G. Panigrahi: None. J. Kelly: None.

Gastric emptying and gastric accommodation play a role in generation of upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Although both functions have been measured simultaneously using MRI or (99m)Tc SPECT methodology, the correlation of these two functions has not been evaluated simultaneously using a solid and liquid meal. To study relationships of whole or proximal stomach volumes to emptying, we concurrently measured postprandial gastric accommodation and emptying (over 4 h) of a (111)In-labeled mixed solid and liquid meal. A semiautomated method allowing selection of a segmentation threshold based on a grayscale image was used to measure volume of the proximal half of the stomach, defined as the top half of axial slices along the vertical length of the stomach. A correction factor derived from phantom studies was applied for upscatter from the (99m)Tc to the (111)In window. Relationships of time to emptying 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the meal to fasting and postprandial gastric volumes were evaluated using Spearman correlation. Whole stomach fed and accommodation volumes were significantly correlated with all gastric emptying times (10%, 25%, and 50%). Proximal stomach fed volumes were similarly associated with 50% and 75% proximal gastric emptying. Fed proximal gastric volume was associated with 50% and 75% whole gastric emptying. Fed proximal accommodation volume was associated with 50% gastric emptying. Fasting gastric volumes were not significant determinants of emptying rates. In conclusion, postprandial gastric accommodation is significantly associated with the rate of gastric emptying, with higher gastric volumes associated with prolongation of emptying. Novel methods to measure proximal gastric accommodation and correct for radioisotope upscatter are described. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In vivo human studies evaluated concurrently the volume of the stomach during fasting and after a solid and liquid meal using a new SPECT-based method. Although fasting gastric volumes did not impact the rates of gastric emptying, both postprandial and accommodation volumes of the whole and proximal stomach were significantly correlated with gastric emptying. Larger stomach volumes were associated with slower gastric emptying.

Oral electrolyte solutions (OES) are an important supplemental therapy to reestablish hydration and electrolyte balance in scouring calves. The osmolality and the type of alkalinizing agent in OES must be considered when evaluating commercial products and developing treatment protocols. Management constraints may restrict OES administration to occur shortly following milk replacer (MR) feeding. Consumption of volumetrically large, nutrient-dense fluid meals may result in prolonged elevations in gastric pH and delayed abomasal emptying rates. Alterations to the functionality and environment of the abomasum may elicit growth of potentially pathogenic bacterial populations, ultimately resulting in clinical abomasal disease (e.g. abomasitis, bloat). The objectives were to determine the effects of OES composition and liquid meal type on the abomasal environment in healthy Holstein calves., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 2020

Objectives Although gastric emptying rate (GER) influences incretin response and nutrient absorption, both defective in people with cystic fibrosis (CF), there are few studies in this group, and the circadian rhythm is unknown. We employed an ultrasonographic technique to assess GER in people with CF following liquid and mixed meals and also evaluated the circadian rhythm, compared to normal controls. Methods Thirteen pancreatic-insufficient adults with CF and 10 healthy controls underwent a fasting oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; liquid meal) and on a second visit underwent a fasting mixed meal test (MMT) thrice on the same day. GER was measured during the OGTT and each MMT using a 3.5-MHz abdominal transducer probe at baseline and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Results Controls had normal GER for both OGTT and MMT. Compared to controls, people with CF had delayed GER60 for OGTT (mean 46%), which increased with time (P = .001), and also delayed GER90 for MMT in the morning (mean 56%), afternoon (58%), and evening (59%). The GER in the control group was better at all time points throughout the day compared to patients with CF. Conclusions This is the first study to use ultrasonography, an inexpensive bedside technique, to assess GER in adults with CF. For the first time, we have shown that adults with CF have delayed GER for both liquid and mixed meals, and this delay continues throughout the day.

Manipulations to the microbiota may serve as a potential treatment for obesity. Oligofructose (OFS), a nondigestible carbohydrate, beneficially alters the distal gut microbiome and results in decreased food intake and bodyweight, although the exact mechanisms remain unknown. Despite the importance of small intestinal (SI) gut-brain nutrient feedback mechanisms in regulating food intake and energy homeostasis, no studies have directly examined whether OFS can improve SI gut-brain signaling, potentially via changes in the SI microbiota. Given recent evidence highlighting the importance of SI microbiota on regulating metabolic homeostasis, we tested the hypothesis that OFS specifically improves SI lipid-sensing mechanisms controlling food intake, via manipulation of SI microbiota. Before any significant changes in body weight are observed, acute (3d) treatment with OFS in high fat (HF)-fed rats results in a significant suppression of 2hr food intake following an intralipid or liquid meal SI infusion (6kcal) compared to HF alone, likely due to a restored gut to brain signal. OFS treatment also increased jejunal CD36 gene and protein expression, which is known to mediate lipid-induced release of GLP-1. As such, OFS-treated rats exhibited significantly increased portal GLP-1 levels and c-fos, a marker neuronal activation, in the NTS of the hindbrain following intralipid SI infusion, compared to HF-fed rats. Importantly, transplant of SI microbiota from 3d OFS HF-fed donors into HF-fed rats recapitulated these results, demonstrating the importance of OFS-induced SI microbiota changes in restoring nutrient-induced gut brain signaling. These results highlight the importance of the small intestinal microbiota in energy regulation and identify a potential role of the small intestine and small intestinal nutrient sensing in the beneficial effects of OFS. Disclosure S.N. Weninger: None. E. Beauchemin: None. A.I.L. Lane: None. R. Meyer: None. F. Duca: None. Funding Arizona Biomedical Research Commission (NIA17-7401)

Microstructural analysis of ingestion provides valuable insight into the roles of chemosensory signals, nutritional content, postingestive events, and physiological state. Our aim was to develop a novel drinkometer for humans to measure detailed aspects of ingestion of an entire liquid meal or drinking session. The drinkometer records, in high definition (1 kHz), the weight of a fluid reservoir from which participants drink via a tube. An ultrasonic sensor measures the height of the fluid to derive density. Drinking speed over time can be displayed as a waveform. The smallest units of ingestion are sucks, which are organized in bursts. By applying probability density functions (PDF) on loge-transformed inter-suck intervals (ISI), an optimal burst-pause criterion (PC) can be identified. Information on ingestive volumes, rates, and durations can be then computed for the entire session, as well as for sucks and bursts. We performed a validation study on 12 healthy adults in overnight-fasted and in non-fasted states in 16 drinking sessions with 8 concentrations of sucrose (0–280 mM) presented in a blinded and random fashion. PDF determined PC = 2.9 s as optimal. Two-way RM-ANOVA revealed that total caloric intake during a drinking session depended on sucrose concentration (P

Background: Acid changes in gastroesophageal reflux with vary component in the food have less been studied, especially carbohydrate. We plan to clarify the effect of different carbohydrate density on low esophageal acid and reflux symptoms of patients with gastroesophgeal reflux disease. Methods: Twelve patients (52 ± 12 years old; five female) with gastroesophageal reflux disease were recruited for the prospective crossover study. Each patient was invited for panendoscope, manometry and 24 h pH monitor. The two formulated liquid meal, test meal A: 500 ml liquid meal (containing 84.8 g carbohydrate) and B: same volume liquid meal (but 178.8 g carbohydrate) were randomized supplied as lunch or dinner. Reflux symptoms were recorded. Results: There are significant statistic differences in more Johnson-DeMeester score (p = 0.019), total reflux time (%) (p = 0.028), number of reflux periods (p = 0.026) and longest reflux (p = 0.015) after high carbohydrate diet than low carbohydrate. Total reflux time and number of long reflux periods more than 5 min are significant more after high carbohydrate diet. Conclusion: More acid reflux symptoms are found after high carbohydrate diet. High carbohydrate diet could induce more acid reflux in low esophagus and more reflux symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Keywords: Gastroesophgeal reflux disease, Diet, Esophagitis, Ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring, Carbohydrate

In this study, we tested the hypothesis that autonomic control of the stomach is related to craving and is modulated by visual food cues. Twenty-nine healthy human participants were shown pictures of either high- or low-appeal food, as well as non-food pictures, and were asked to rate how much they wanted to eat each item using a 7-point Likert scale. Simultaneously, the electrogastrogram, electrocardiogram, electrodermal activity, respiration rate, and pupil diameter were recorded. After the ingestion of a 500-kcal liquid meal, participants were asked to perform the task a second time. Despite changes in craving ratings, we did not find changes in the amplitude of the gastric rhythm, but we found increases in pupil diameter for the high appeal food pictures. Moreover, craving ratings were mostly related to increases in pupil and tonic electrodermal activity, compatible with an increase in arousal and a heightened motivational response to food.

Children's responsiveness to food cues and satiety may put them at greater risk for obesity; however, little is known about the physiological mechanisms underlying children's responsiveness to food and satiety. The objective of this study was to examine the association between children's post-prandial glucose responses and maternal report of their eating behaviours. A secondary data analysis was conducted using partial correlation analyses adjusted for gender in a sample of children aged 5-10 years and their mothers (N = 28 dyads). Standardized liquid meal tests were administered to children and blood samples were obtained over the following 4 h. Mothers completed the Children's Eating Behaviour Questionnaire. An earlier post-prandial peak glucose concentration was associated with greater food responsiveness (r = -0.39, P = 0.04) but not satiety responsiveness. The percent increase in glucose from fasting to peak also tended to be inversely associated with greater food responsiveness (r = -0.38, P = 0.05). Results suggest that earlier and smaller post-prandial glucose excursions may be related to children's response to food cues. Future research should use objective methods to examine whether the association of post-prandial glucose with food responsiveness prospectively contributes to weight gain.

Background. Prolonged preoperative fasting is one of the concerns of pediatricians and anesthesiologists in pediatric surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of preoperative fasting duration on blood glucose and hemodynamics in children. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 children who were between the ages of 3 and 12 years in Besat Hospital, Hamedan, Iran. The time of the last solid and liquid meal taken by child were recorded based on interview with the parents. The first blood glucose test was obtained in the operation room, and the second test was performed 20 minutes after induction of anesthesia by glucometer. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded before anesthesia induction and in five-minute intervals in the first 20 minutes of surgery. Results. The mean age of the children was 6.63 (SD 1.85) years. Mean blood glucose 20 minutes after surgery was 101.17 (SD 92) mg/dl, which was significantly higher than the baseline values (87.66 (SD 11.84) mg/dl) (P<0.001). The comparison of mean blood glucose level between groups of fasting with different duration for solids (12 hours) and for liquids (6 hours) revealed no significant difference in either groups (P>0.05). No significant correlation was observed between blood glucose level at the induction of anesthesia with weight and age (P>0.05). There was a significantly negative correlation between duration of fasting for liquids and SBP (P>0.05). Conclusion. Prolonged preoperative fasting cannot affect blood glucose in children; however, maybe it has impact on systolic blood pressure.

Fasting lipid profile does not necessarily illustrate the exact lipid dynamic in 24 h as human spends most of their time in postprandial state. Postprandial triglyceride (TG) has been reported to have advantages compared to fasting TG in terms of practicality and ability to predict cardiovascular events. This study aims to assess the determinant of postprandial TG in healthy young adults.This is a quasy-experimental study that involved 200 healthy young adults. This study compared fasting with postprandial TG and analyzed the relationship between postprandial TG with various demographic and metabolic parameters after ingestion of standardized high fat liquid meal.There was an upward trend from fasting TG to 2 h postprandial TG and 4 h postprandial TG. There was strong correlation between fasting TG and 2 h postprandial TG with 4 h postprandial TG (r = 0.731; p 0.0001 dan r = 0.669; p 0.0001, respectively). Whereas body mass index (BMI) and age showed weak correlation with 4 h postprandial TG (r = 0.141; p 0.0001 dan r = 0.0747; p 0.0001), fasting TG was the strongest predictor of 4 h postprandial TG (r = 0.669, B = 1.722 (95% CI 1.552 to 1.892), p 0.0001).Fasting TG was the strongest determinant of 4 h postprandial TG in healthy young adults. We also observed strong correlation between 4 h postprandial TG and fasting TG. Hence, 4 h postprandial TG might potentially replaced fasting TG when measurement of fasting TG is not feasible.

Sensory information from the gastrointestinal system can be transmitted to the brain through the vagus nerve, the intermediate-caudal region of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), and various subnuclei of the parabrachial complex, notably the external lateral subnucleus (LPBe). The objective of the present study was to examine the relevance of this subnucleus in satiation and food reintake after gastrointestinal food removal. LPBe-lesioned animals were subjected to a re-intake task following the partial withdrawal of gastric food contents shortly after satiation. Lesioned and control animals ingested a similar amount of the initial liquid meal. However, after withdrawal of one-third of the food consumed, LPBe-lesioned rats were not able to compensate for the deficit created, and their re-intake of food was significantly lower than the amount withdrawn after the satiating meal. In contrast, the food re-intake of control animals was similar to the amount withdrawn. Hence, the LPBe does not appear to be critical in the satiation process under the present experimental conditions. However, the LPBe may be part of a system that is essential in rapid visceral adjustments related to short-term food intake, as also shown in other gastrointestinal regulatory behaviors that require immediate processing of visceral sensory information.

Smoothies are popular breakfast foods. This study examined the effect of consuming CerealMilk (CM) or a nutritionally-comparable Fruit Smoothie (FS) for breakfast on daily energy intake (EI) in free-living adults and the extent to which individuals compensated for calories ingested in a High Energy Fruit Smoothie (HE). Ten participants (28.4 ± 2.2y; 23.3 ± 1.0 kg·m

Aims: To evaluate the natural history of gastric emptying in type 2 diabetes. Methods: 12 patients with type 2 diabetes (7 female; age 65.6 ± 1.2 years; duration of known diabetes 22.9 ± 1.5 years) were invited to return for repeat measurements of gastric emptying using the same dual-labelled solid and liquid meal, a mean of 14.0 ± 0.5 years after their initial study. Blood glucose levels, glycated haemoglobin, upper gastrointestinal symptoms and autonomic nerve function at baseline and follow up were also compared. Results: Gastric emptying of solids was more rapid at follow up than at baseline (period effect P < 0.05), while emptying of liquids was comparable at baseline and follow up (period effect P = 0.2). Gastric emptying of the solid component was abnormally slow (based on T100min) in 6 subjects at baseline and 1 subject at follow up. Liquid emptying was abnormally slow in 6 subjects at baseline, and 5 subjects at follow up. Two patients were insulin treated at baseline, and 6 at follow up. HbA1c was higher at follow up (P < 0.05); however, fasting blood glucose (P = 0.6), postprandial blood glucose excursions (P = 0.07), autonomic nerve function (P > 0.999), and total upper gastrointestinal symptom score (P = 0.1) did not differ. Conclusions: In patients with long-term type 2 diabetes, gastric emptying of solids and liquids does not usually become more delayed over time, and abnormally slow gastric emptying of solids may improve. usc Refereed/Peer-reviewed

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:36:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-12-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Terrestrial animals often use evaporative cooling to lower body temperature. Evaporation can occur from humid body surfaces or from fluids interfaced to the environment through a number of different mechanisms, such as sweating or panting. In Diptera, some flies move tidally a droplet of fluid out and then back in the buccopharyngeal cavity for a repeated number of cycles before eventually ingesting it. This is referred to as the bubbling behaviour. The droplet fluid consists of a mix of liquids from the ingested food, enzymes from the salivary glands, and antimicrobials, associated to the crop organ system, with evidence pointing to a role in liquid meal dehydration. Herein, we demonstrate that the bubbling behaviour also serves as an effective thermoregulatory mechanism to lower body temperature by means of evaporative cooling. In the blowfly, Chrysomya megacephala, infrared imaging revealed that as the droplet is extruded, evaporation lowers the fluids temperature, which, upon its re-ingestion, lowers the blowfly's body temperature. This effect is most prominent at the cephalic region, less in the thorax, and then in the abdomen. Bubbling frequency increases with ambient temperature, while its cooling efficiency decreases at high air humidities. Heat transfer calculations show that droplet cooling depends on a special heat-exchange dynamic, which result in the exponential activation of the cooling effect. Department of Physics and Interdisciplinary Science São Carlos Institute of Physics (IFSC) University of São Paulo (USP) Departament of Zoology Institute of Biosciences (IB) São Paulo State University (UNESP) Departament of Zoology Institute of Biosciences (IB) São Paulo State University (UNESP) FAPESP: 2007/05080-1 FAPESP: 2013/04190-9 FAPESP: 2013/20627-8 FAPESP: 2017/17722-0 CNPq: 306811/2015-4 CNPq: 308734/2016-5

We have previously developed an original method to evaluate small bowel motor function based on computer vision analysis of endoluminal images obtained by capsule endoscopy. Our aim was to demonstrate intestinal motor abnormalities in patients with functional bowel disorders by endoluminal vision analysis. Patients with functional bowel disorders ( n = 205) and healthy subjects ( n = 136) ingested the endoscopic capsule (Pillcam-SB2, Given-Imaging) after overnight fast and 45 min after gastric exit of the capsule a liquid meal (300 ml, 1 kcal/ml) was administered. Endoluminal image analysis was performed by computer vision and machine learning techniques to define the normal range and to identify clusters of abnormal function. After training the algorithm, we used 196 patients and 48 healthy subjects, completely naive, as test set. In the test set, 51 patients (26%) were detected outside the normal range ( P < 0.001 vs. 3 healthy subjects) and clustered into hypo- and hyperdynamic subgroups compared with healthy subjects. Patients with hypodynamic behavior ( n = 38) exhibited less luminal closure sequences (41 ± 2% of the recording time vs. 61 ± 2%; P < 0.001) and more static sequences (38 ± 3 vs. 20 ± 2%; P < 0.001); in contrast, patients with hyperdynamic behavior ( n = 13) had an increased proportion of luminal closure sequences (73 ± 4 vs. 61 ± 2%; P = 0.029) and more high-motion sequences (3 ± 1 vs. 0.5 ± 0.1%; P < 0.001). Applying an original methodology, we have developed a novel classification of functional gut disorders based on objective, physiological criteria of small bowel function.

Background/Aims: Currently, there is no study evaluating the effect of acotiamide on transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acotiamide on TLESRs using simultaneous high-resolution manometry (HRM) and impedance-pH monitoring. Methods: Ten healthy subjects were enrolled. On day 1, subjects underwent HRM and impedance-pH recordings as a baseline. Subjects ate a 750-kcal liquid meal; recording was continued for 2 h while the subjects were in a sitting position. After the administration of acotiamide 100 mg three times a day for 1 week, subjects underwent HRM and impedance-pH recording under the same protocol. Results: A total of 208 TLESRs were identified at baseline. Acotiamide decreased the total number of TLESRs from 208 to 143 (p < 0.05). The rate of reflux events during TLESRs after acotiamide administration was similar to that at baseline (57% after acotiamide vs. 58% at baseline). Bolus clearance time was significantly reduced by acotiamide. Conclusions: Acotiamide was believed to have the potential for reducing TLESRs and for enhancing esophageal bolus clearance in healthy volunteers. Future research is needed to determine whether the effects of acotiamide that reduce TLESRs and enhance esophageal motility could improve symptoms in patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease.

To corroborate the hypothesis that mastication affects the motivation to get food, we examined the effects of dietary consistency on the development of meal anticipation in locomotor activity of rats subjected to restricted daily feeding (RF), in which food supply was restricted to a fixed time each day. RF of both liquid and solid meals produced anticipatory locomotor activity. However, the strength of the activity in rats subjected to RF of liquid meal was lower than that in rats subjected to RF of solid meal. These results suggest that the feeding-associated circadian oscillation that developed by feeding with liquid meal is less potent than that in the case of feeding with solid meal. Furthermore, mastication for digesting solid meal might be one of the factors that determine the strength of the feeding-associated circadian oscillation.

Background & aim: The thermic effect of food (TEF) refers to the increase of the metabolic rate and body temperature in response to a single meal. To date, most of the studies have focused to determine the TEF in terms of energy expenditure, but little is known about which is the response in terms of skin temperature. The aim of this study was to analyze whether the thermic effect of food (TEF) on the skin temperature with a standardized and individualized liquid meal test is different in young adult men than in young adult women.Methods: A total of 104 young adults (36 men and 68 women, age: 18-25 years old) consumed a standardized and individualized liquid meal (energy intake: 50% of measured basal metabolic rate, 50% carbohydrates, 35% fat, 15% protein). The skin temperature was measured by means of 17 iButtons during 3 h and 20 min. The mean, proximal, distal, and supraclavicular skin temperature, as well as the peripheral gradient, were determined as a proxy of a peripheral vasoconstriction. The participants reported the thermal sensation of the whole body, clavicular, feet, and hands zones. The body composition was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry.Results: The overall, mean, proximal, and supraclavicular skin temperature significantly increased after the meal intake (all P < 0.05 vs. the baseline temperature). There was a postprandial peripheral vasoconstriction right after the meal intake and over the first hour and a peripheral vasodilatation during the second and third hour. Women had a higher increase in all skin temperature parameters in comparison to men (all, P < 0.05), whereas there were no sex differences in the proximal skin temperature (P = 0.279). The pattern of thermal sensation was similar between sexes, but women always felt colder than men. All of the results persisted after adjusting the analyses for body composition or menstrual cycle.Conclusion: A standardized and individualized liquid meal test increases the skin temperature in young adults, being the thermic effect higher in women than in men. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd and European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. All rights reserved.

Clinic-based liquid meal replacement (800kcals/day) programs produce substantial weight loss. Nevertheless, long-term maintenance remains a challenge. A limitation of maintenance programs is that they continue to promote large behavior changes that are initially required to induce weight loss which may be unsustainable long-term. The study aims were to conduct a preliminary assessment of the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of a small changes maintenance intervention (SCM) for 30 patients who completed liquid meal replacement program (LMR). The 20-session SCM delivered over 52 weeks offered no preset goals for maintenance behaviors and all changes in behavior were self-selected. Participants had a median BMI of 40.9 kg/m(2) and weight of 111 kg at the start of LMR. At LMR completion, they lost 18% (21 kg) of body weight. The SCM was completed by 22 patients (73%); 19 completers (86%) attended ≥ 17 of 20 sessions with a median satisfaction rating of 9 (on a scale of 1 to 9). Completers were asked to record self-selected maintenance behaviors daily (median 351 days recorded). The most commonly reported daily behaviors were self-weighing, use of meal replacements and step counting. Median percent regain at week 52 was 14% (2.8 kg) of lost weight (range, -42 to 74%), significantly less than a median of 56% (11 kg) percent regain of lost weight (range, -78 to 110%) in a demographically similar historical control group with no maintenance intervention after LMR completion (P

Gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES) using a solid meal is often recommended for the evaluation of gastroparesis. However, some patients cannot tolerate the standardized egg-white sandwich (EWS) solid meal and an alternative meal is needed.The aim of this study was to compare GES, regional gastric emptying, and gastric contractility using a liquid nutrient meal (LNM; Ensure Plus(®)) to those using EWS.Twenty healthy volunteers underwent GES using EWS and LNM on separate days. Gastric emptying was measured using scintigraphy and with a wireless motility capsule (WMC; SmartPill(®)).The gastric emptying half-time with LNM was similar to that with EWS (1.41 ± 0.11 vs 1.52 ± 0.08 h; P = 0.28) and the two were significantly correlated (r = 0.53; P = 0.017). There were time-related differences in gastric emptying of the LNM compared to EWS: in the first hour, gastric retention of EWS was slightly greater than that of LNM, whereas at 3 and 4 h, gastric retention of EWS was slightly less than that of LNM. Regionally, the percentage retention of the meal in the proximal stomach was greater for EWS than for LNM at 0.5 h. WMC gastric emptying times and gastric contractility for the two meals were not significantly different.Overall gastric emptying of the LNM was similar to that of the EWS meal. The LNM empties without a lag phase and takes slightly longer to empty from the distal stomach, likely due to its higher fat content. These differences are likely due to early accommodation with retention of solids in the proximal stomach and the need for trituration of solids. We conclude that this LNM can serve as an alternative to the conventional solid EWS for GES.