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1. Factors influencing treatment decision‐making for cancer patients in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A scoping review

Author: Marta Salek, Allison Silverstein, Alyssa Tilly, Pascale Yola Gassant, Sanjeeva Gunasekera, Diriba Fufa Hordofa, Donna Hesson, Caitlyn Duffy, Nauman Malik, Michael McNeil, Lisa M. Force, Nickhill Bhakta, Danielle Rodin, and Erica C. Kaye
Subjects: decision‐making, low‐ and middle‐income countries, oncology, pediatric oncology, scoping review, Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract: Abstract Purpose In this scoping review, we evaluated existing literature related to factors influencing treatment decision‐making for patients diagnosed with cancer in low‐ and middle‐income countries, noting factors that influence decisions to pursue treatment with curative versus non‐curative intent. We identified an existing framework for adult cancer developed in a high‐income country (HIC) context and described similar and novel factors relevant to low‐and middle‐income country settings. Methods We used scoping review methodology to identify and synthesize existing literature on factors influencing decision‐making for pediatric and adult cancer in these settings. Articles were identified through an advanced Boolean search across six databases, inclusive of all article types from inception through July 2022. Results Seventy‐nine articles were identified from 22 countries across six regions, primarily reporting the experiences of lower‐middle and upper‐middle‐income countries. Included articles largely represented original research (54%), adult cancer populations (61%), and studied patients as the targeted population (51%). More than a quarter of articles focused exclusively on breast cancer (28%). Approximately 30% described factors that influenced decisions to choose between therapies with curative versus non‐curative intent. Of 56 reported factors, 22 novel factors were identified. Socioeconomic status, reimbursement policies/cost of treatment, and treatment and supportive care were the most commonly described factors. Conclusions This scoping review expanded upon previously described factors that influence cancer treatment decision‐making in HICs, broadening knowledge to include perspectives of low‐ and middle‐income countries. While global commonalities exist, certain variables influence treatment choices differently or uniquely in different settings. Treatment regimens should further be tailored to local environments with consideration of contextual factors and accessible resources that often impact decision‐making.
Published: 2023
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2. National burden of cancer in Italy, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

Author: Cristina Bosetti, Eugenio Traini, Tahiya Alam, Christine A. Allen, Giulia Carreras, Kelly Compton, Christina Fitzmaurice, Lisa M. Force, Silvano Gallus, Giuseppe Gorini, James D. Harvey, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Carlo La Vecchia, Alessandra Lugo, Mohsen Naghavi, Alyssa Pennini, Cristiano Piccinelli, Luca Ronfani, Rixing Xu, and Lorenzo Monasta
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Abstract We monitored the burden of cancer in Italy and its trends over the last three decades, providing estimates of cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), for cancer overall and 30 cancer sites using data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. An overview of mortality trends between 1990 and 2017 was also provided. In 2017, there were 254,336 new cancer cases in men and 214,994 in women, corresponding to an age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 438 and 330/100,000, respectively. Between 1990 and 2017, incident cancer cases, and, to a lesser extent, ASIRs significantly increased overall and for almost all cancer sites, but ASIRs significantly declined for lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms. In 2017, there were 101,659 cancer deaths in men (age-standardized death rate, ASDR, 158.5/100,000) and 78,918 in women (ASDR 93.9/100,000). Cancer deaths significantly increased between 1990 and 2017 (+ 18%), but ASDR significantly decreased (− 28%). Deaths significantly increased for many cancer sites, but decreased for stomach, esophageal, laryngeal, Hodgkin lymphoma, and testicular cancer. ASDRs significantly decreased for most neoplasms, with the main exceptions of cancer of the pancreas and uterus, and multiple myeloma. In 2017, cancer caused 3,204,000 DALYs. Between 1990 and 2017, DALYs and age-standardized DALY rates significantly declined (-3.4% and -33%, respectively). Age-standardized mortality rates in Italy showed favorable patterns over the last few decades. However, the absolute number of cancer cases and, to a lower extent, of cancer deaths increased likely due to the progressive ageing of the population, this calling for a continuous effort in cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment.
Published: 2020
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3. Establishing a Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program in Botswana

Author: Jeremy S. Slone, Amanda K. Slone, Oaitse Wally, Pearl Semetsa, Mpho Raletshegwana, Susan Alisanski, Lisa M. Force, Kamusisi Chinyundo, Judith Margolin, Anurag K. Agrawal, Alan R. Anderson, Michael E. Scheurer, and Parth S. Mehta
Subjects: Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, RC254-282
Abstract: Purpose: Annually, 300,000 children are diagnosed with cancer, and the majority of these children live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Currently, there is incomplete information on pediatric cancer incidence, diagnosis distribution, and treatment outcomes in Africa. Since 2007, a pediatric hematology-oncology program has been operating in Botswana through a partnership between the Botswana government, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children’s Hospital. Methods: To better understand patient characteristics and outcomes at Botswana’s only pediatric cancer program, a hospital-based data base—the Botswana Pediatric Oncology Database—was established in 2014. Children younger than 18 years of age at the time of diagnosis who presented between 2008 and 2015 were included. Data for this study were extracted in February 2016. Results: Of the 240 potential enrollees, 185 (77%) children met eligibility for this study. The median age was 6.4 years, and 50.8% were male. Leukemia was the most common malignancy representing 18.9% of the cohort and 88.1% of the total cohort had a histopathologic diagnosis. HIV seropositivity was confirmed in 13.5%. The 2-year overall survival of all pediatric cancer diagnoses was 52.4%. Abandonment of treatment occurred in 3.8% of patients. Conclusion: In the first 9 years of the program, capacity has been developed through a longstanding partnership between Botswana and Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children’s Hospital that has led to children receiving care for cancer and blood disorders. Although continued improvements are necessary, outcomes to date indicate that children with cancer in Botswana can be successfully diagnosed and treated.
Published: 2018
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4. An Analysis of the Worldwide Utilization of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Author: Molly C. Tokaz, Helen Baldomero, Andrew J. Cowan, Wael Saber, Hildegard Greinix, Mickey B.C. Koh, Nicolaus Kröger, Mohamad Mohty, Sebastian Galeano, Shinichiro Okamoto, Naeem Chaudhri, Amado J. Karduss, Fabio Ciceri, Vergílio Antonio R. Colturato, Selim Corbacioglu, Alaa Elhaddad, Lisa M. Force, Cristóbal Frutos, Andrés Gómez-De León, Nada Hamad, Nelson Hamerschlak, Naya He, Aloysius Ho, Xiao-jun Huang, Ben Jacobs, Hee-Je Kim, Minako Iida, Leslie Lehmann, Regis Peffault de Latour, Mary-Elizabeth M. Percival, Martina Perdomo, Walid Rasheed, Kirk R. Schultz, Adriana Seber, Bor-Sheng Ko, Anderson João Simione, Alok Srivastava, Jeff Szer, William A. Wood, Yoshihisa Kodera, Arnon Nagler, John A. Snowden, Daniel Weisdorf, Jakob Passweg, Marcelo C. Pasquini, Anna Sureda, Yoshiko Atsuta, Mahmoud Aljurf, and Dietger Niederwieser
Subjects: Transplantation, Immunology, Molecular Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Cell Biology, Hematology, Biochemistry
Abstract: Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has an aggressive course and a historically dismal prognosis. For many patients, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) represents the best option for cure, but access, utilization and health inequities on a global scale remain poorly elucidated.To describe patterns of global HSCT use in AML for a better understanding of global access, practices, and unmet needs internationally.Estimates of AML incident cases in 2016 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. HSCT activities were collected from 2009-2016 by the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (WBMT) through its member organizations. The primary endpoint was global and regional use (number of HSCT) and utilization of HSCT (number of HSCT/ number of incident cases) for AML. Secondary outcomes included trends from 2009 to 2016 in donor type, stem cell source and remission status at time of HSCT.Global AML incidence has steadily increased, from 102,000 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 90,200-108,000) in 2009 to 118,000 (104,000-126,000) in 2016 (+16.2%). Over the same period, a +54.9% increase from 9,659 to 14,965 HSCT/year was observed globally, driven by an increase in allogeneic (+64.9%) with a reduction in autologous (-34.9%) HSCT. While the highest numbers of HSCT continue to be performed in high-resource regions, the largest increases were seen in resource-constrained regions [+94.6% in Africa/East Mediterranean Region (AFR/EMR); +34.7% in America-Nord Region (AMR-N)]. HSCT utilization was skewed towards high-resource regions [in 2016: AMR-N 18.4%, Europe (EUR) 17.9%, South-East Asia/Western Pacific Region (SEAR/WPR) 11.7%, America-South Region (AMR-S) 4.5% and AFR/EMR 2.8%]. For patients70 years of age, this difference in utilization was widened; AMR-N had the highest allogeneic utilization rate, increasing from 2009 to 2016 (30.6% to 39.9%) with continued low utilization observed in AFR/EMR (1.7% to 2.9%) and AMR-S (3.5% to 5.4%). Across all regions, total HSCT for AML in 1HSCT remains a central curative treatment modality in AML. Allogeneic HSCT for AML is rising globally but there are marked variations in regional utilization and practices, including types of graft source. Resource-constrained regions have the largest growth in HSCT use, but utilization rates remain low with a predilection for familial related donor sources and are typically offered in CR1. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the reasons, including economic factors, to understand and address these health inequalities and improve discrepancies in use of HSCT as a potentially curative treatment globally.
Published: 2022
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5. Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory tract cancers and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Chi Linh Hoang, Christopher J L Murray, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Feng Sha, Simon I. Hay, Jianrong Zhang, Nikita Otstavnov, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Azeem Majeed, Lorenzo Monasta, Jasvinder A. Singh, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Jalal Arabloo, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Freddy Sitas, Sanjeev Misra, Lisa M. Force, Irina Filip, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Shahabeddin Rezaei, Amir Radfar, Luca Ronfani, Iván Landires, Rovshan Khalilov, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Farhad Pishgar, Mario Šekerija, Priya Rathi, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Michael T. Chung, Ali Bijani, Ritesh G. Menezes, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ken Takahashi, Nobuyuki Horita, Supreet Kaur, Rakhi Dandona, Alan D. Lopez, Alireza Rafiei, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Kelly Compton, Akram Pourshams, G Anil Kumar, Dinh-Toi Chu, Deniz Yuce, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Kazem Zendehdel, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Aaron Cohen, Mohsen Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Lalit Dandona, Pradhum Ram, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Thomas Roberts, Michael Brauer, Meseret Derbew Molla, Vesna Zadnik, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Lidia Morawska, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Qing Lan, Rajesh Sharma, Mahesh P A, David Laith Rawaf, Ali H. Mokdad, Tomasz Miazgowski, Zabihollah Yousefi, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Reza Malekzadeh, Paul J. Villeneuve, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Sohail Ahmad, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Gholamreza Roshandel, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Hassan Abolhassani, Hermann Brenner, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Elvynna Leong, Mohammad Rabiee, Abdallah M. Samy, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Silvano Gallus, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Mowafa Househ, Xiaochen Dai, Marco Vacante, Mihaela Hostiuc, Adrian Pana, Salman Rawaf, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Francesco Saverio Violante, Weijia Fu, Paschalis Steiropoulos, Vahid Alipour, Tone Bjørge, Savita Lasrado, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Farshad Farzadfar, Shafiu Mohammed, Fares Alahdab, Paolo Lauriola, Saeed Amini, Eugenio Traini, Maryam Zamanian, Samer Hamidi, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Pawan Faris, Birhan Gebresillassie Gebregiorgis, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Shane D. Morrison, Marcel Ausloos, Aziz Sheikh, Eun-Kee Park, Antonio Biondi, Zahra Aryan, Claudiu Herteliu, Ivo Iavicoli, Hedyeh Ebrahimi, Nicholas L S Roberts, Navid Rabiee, Tudorel Andrei, Catherine Bisignano, Giulia Carreras, Andrew T Olagunju, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Dejana Braithwaite, Alex Molassiotis, Kebebe Bekele Gonfa, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Javad Nazari, Giuseppe Gorini, Mahaveer Golechha, Bach Xuan Tran, Ravensara S. Travillian, Zahid A Butt, Baye Dagnew, Atif Amin Baig, Nima Rezaei, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Khanh Bao Tran, Malke Asaad, Tim Driscoll, Navid Manafi, Frances E. Dean, Shailesh Advani, Stephen S Lim, Robert Ancuceanu, Milena Ilic, Maximiliano Ribeiro Guerra, Ashwin Kamath, Carlo La Vecchia, Farhad Islami, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Irena Ilic, Emma Elizabeth Spurlock, Florian Fischer, GBD 2019 Respiratory Tract Cancer Collaborator, and Francesco S. Violante
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, CELL LUNG-CANCER, EGFR, Respiratory System, GBD 2019 Respiratory Tract Cancers Collaborators, Global Burden of Disease, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, Critical Care Medicine, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, General & Internal Medicine, Internal medicine, Tobacco Smoking, Humans, Medicine, Risk factor, Lung cancer, Bronchus, Science & Technology, SARS-CoV-2, MUTATIONS, business.industry, Risk Factor, MORTALITY, Incidence, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), cancer, GBD, respiratory tract, Smoking, COVID-19, Cancer, 1103 Clinical Sciences, Articles, AIR-POLLUTION, respiratory system, medicine.disease, Respiratory Tract Neoplasms, Respiratory Tract Neoplasm, medicine.anatomical_structure, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Relative risk, CIGARETTE-SMOKING, business, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Human, SMOKERS, 1199 Other Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract: Summary Background Prevention, control, and treatment of respiratory tract cancers are important steps towards achieving target 3.4 of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a one-third reduction in premature mortality due to non-communicable diseases by 2030. We aimed to provide global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 methodology, we evaluated the incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of respiratory tract cancers (ie, tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer). Deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer attributable to each risk factor were estimated on the basis of risk exposure, relative risks, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input from 204 countries and territories, stratified by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Trends were estimated from 1990 to 2019, with an emphasis on the 2010–19 period. Findings Globally, there were 2·26 million (95% uncertainty interval 2·07 to 2·45) new cases of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer, and 2·04 million (1·88 to 2·19) deaths and 45·9 million (42·3 to 49·3) DALYs due to tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in 2019. There were 209 000 (194 000 to 225 000) new cases of larynx cancer, and 123 000 (115 000 to 133 000) deaths and 3·26 million (3·03 to 3·51) DALYs due to larynx cancer globally in 2019. From 2010 to 2019, the number of new tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer cases increased by 23·3% (12·9 to 33·6) globally and the number of larynx cancer cases increased by 24·7% (16·0 to 34·1) globally. Global age-standardised incidence rates of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer decreased by 7·4% (−16·8 to 1·6) and age-standardised incidence rates of larynx cancer decreased by 3·0% (−10·5 to 5·0) in males over the past decade; however, during the same period, age-standardised incidence rates in females increased by 0·9% (−8·2 to 10·2) for tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and decreased by 0·5% (−8·4 to 8·1) for larynx cancer. Furthermore, although age-standardised incidence and death rates declined in both sexes combined from 2010 to 2019 at the global level for tracheal, bronchus, lung and larynx cancers, some locations had rising rates, particularly those on the lower end of the SDI range. Smoking contributed to an estimated 64·2% (61·9–66·4) of all deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and 63·4% (56·3–69·3) of all deaths from larynx cancer in 2019. For males and for both sexes combined, smoking was the leading specific risk factor for age-standardised deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer per 100 000 in all SDI quintiles and GBD regions in 2019. However, among females, household air pollution from solid fuels was the leading specific risk factor in the low SDI quintile and in three GBD regions (central, eastern, and western sub-Saharan Africa) in 2019. Interpretation The numbers of incident cases and deaths from tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer and larynx cancer increased globally during the past decade. Even more concerning, age-standardised incidence and death rates due to tracheal, bronchus, lung cancer and larynx cancer increased in some populations—namely, in the lower SDI quintiles and among females. Preventive measures such as smoking control interventions, air quality management programmes focused on major air pollution sources, and widespread access to clean energy should be prioritised in these settings. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Published: 2021
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6. Global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric cancer care: a cross-sectional study

Author: Yichen Chen, Lisa M. Force, Monika L. Metzger, Elizabeth Sniderman, Sheena Mukkada, Nickhill Bhakta, Yuvanesh Vedaraju, Guillermo Chantada, Dylan E Graetz, Laila Hessissen, Catherine G. Lam, Daniel C. Moreira, Rashmi Dalvi, Radhikesh Ranadive, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Paola Friedrich, Meenakshi Devidas, Kathy Pritchard-Jones, and Asya Agulnik
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Cross-sectional study, medicine.medical_treatment, MEDLINE, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neoplasms, 030225 pediatrics, Pandemic, Epidemiology, Developmental and Educational Psychology, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Pandemics, Personal protective equipment, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Public health, COVID-19, Cancer, Articles, medicine.disease, Radiation therapy, Cross-Sectional Studies, Family medicine, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, business
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Although mortality due to COVID-19 has been reportedly low among children with cancer, changes in health-care services due to the pandemic have affected cancer care delivery. This study aimed to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood cancer care worldwide. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was distributed to paediatric oncology providers worldwide from June 22 to Aug 21, 2020, through the St Jude Global Alliance and International Society for Paediatric Oncology listservs and regional networks. The survey included 60 questions to assess institution characteristics, the number of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, disruptions to cancer care (eg, service closures and treatment abandonment), adaptations to care, and resources (including availability of clinical staff and personal protective equipment). Surveys were included for analysis if respondents answered at least two thirds of the items, and the responses were analysed at the institutional level. FINDINGS: Responses from 311 health-care professionals at 213 institutions in 79 countries from all WHO regions were included in the analysis. 187 (88%) of 213 centres had the capacity to test for SARS-CoV-2 and a median of two (range 0-350) infections per institutution were reported in children with cancer. 15 (7%) centres reported complete closure of paediatric haematology-oncology services (median 10 days, range 1-75 days). Overall, 2% (5 of 213) of centres were no longer evaluating new cases of suspected cancer, while 43% (90 of 208) of the remaining centers described a decrease in newly diagnosed paediatric cancer cases. 73 (34%) centres reported increased treatment abandonment (ie, failure to initiate cancer therapy or a delay in care of 4 weeks or longer). Changes to cancer care delivery included: reduced surgical care (153 [72%]), blood product shortages (127 [60%]), chemotherapy modifications (121 [57%]), and interruptions to radiotherapy (43 [28%] of 155 institutions that provided radiotherapy before the pandemic). The decreased number of new cancer diagnoses did not vary based on country income status (p=0·14). However, unavailability of chemotherapy agents (p=0·022), treatment abandonment (p
Published: 2021
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7. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Khanh Bao Tran, Justin J Lang, Kelly Compton, Rixing Xu, Alistair R Acheson, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, Louise Penberthy, Amirali Aali, Qamar Abbas, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Ahmed Abdelwahab Abdelwahab, Gholamreza Abdoli, Hanan Abdulkadir Abdulkadir, Aidin Abedi, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Hassan Abidi, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Abdorrahim Absalan, Yonas Derso Abtew, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Daniel Addison, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Oyelola A Adegboye, Miracle Ayomikun Adesina, Mohammad Adnan, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Sumia Afrin, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Manik Aggarwal, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Araz Ramazan Ahmad, Rizwan Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Sohail Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Haroon Ahmed, Luai A Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Wajeeha Aiman, Marjan Ajami, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Mostafa Akbarzadeh-Khiavi, Addis Aklilu, Maxwell Akonde, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Saleh Ali Alessy, Abdelazeem M Algammal, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Yousef Alimohamadi, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sadeq Ali Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Nivaldo Alonso, Shehabaldin Alqalyoobi, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Rami H Hani Al-Rifai, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Ala'a B Al-Tammemi, Haya Altawalah, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Firehiwot Amare, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Javad Javad Aminian Dehkordi, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Robert Ancuceanu, Jason A Anderson, Yaregal Animut Animut, Amir Anoushiravani, Ali Arash Anoushirvani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Mustafa Geleto Ansha, Benny Antony, Maxwell Hubert Antwi, Sumadi Lukman Anwar, Razique Anwer, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Olatunde Aremu, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Hany Ariffin, Timur Aripov, Muhammad Arshad, Al Artaman, Judie Arulappan, Raphael Taiwo Aruleba, Armin Aryannejad, Malke Asaad, Mulusew A Asemahagn, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Reza Assadi, Mohammad Athar, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Maha Moh'd Wahbi Atout, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Mamaru Ayenew Awoke, Tewachew Awoke, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tegegn Mulatu Ayana, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Davood Azadi, Sina Azadnajafabad, Saber Azami-Aghdash, Melkalem Mamuye Azanaw, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Hosein Azizi, Ahmed Y Y Azzam, Amirhesam Babajani, Muhammad Badar, Ashish D Badiye, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nader Bagheri, Sara Bagherieh, Saeed Bahadory, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Ahad Bakhtiari, Ravleen Kaur Bakshi, Maciej Banach, Indrajit Banerjee, Mainak Bardhan, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Nasir Z Bashir, Azadeh Bashiri, Saurav Basu, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Aeysha Begum, Alehegn Bekele Bekele, Alemayehu Sayih Belay, Melaku Ashagrie Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Luis Belo, Habib Benzian, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Eduardo Bernabe, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Bharti Bhandari Bhandari, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Soumitra S Bhuyan, Sadia Bibi, Awraris Hailu Bilchut, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Antonio Biondi, Mesfin Geremaw Birega Birega, Habitu Eshetu Birhan, Tone Bjørge, Oleg Blyuss, Belay Boda Abule Bodicha, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Cristina Bosetti, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Hermann Brenner, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Christina Maree Buchanan, Norma B Bulamu, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Muhammad Hammad Butt, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Luis Alberto Cámera, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Márcia Carvalho, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Periklis Charalampous, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, William C S Cho, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Isaac Sunday Chukwu, Aaron J Cohen, Joao Conde, Sandra Cortés, Vera Marisa Costa, Natália Cruz-Martins, Garland T Culbreth, Omid Dadras, Fentaw Teshome Dagnaw, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Anna Danielewicz, An Thi Minh Dao, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Saswati Das, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Elham Davtalab Esmaeili, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Azizallah Dehghan, Biniyam Demisse, Fitsum Wolde Demisse, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Afshin Derakhshani, Meseret Derbew Molla, Diriba Dereje, Kalkidan Solomon Deribe, Rupak Desai, Markos Desalegn Desalegn, Fikadu Nugusu Dessalegn, Samuel Abebe A Dessalegni, Gashaw Dessie, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Nancy Diao, Daniel Diaz, Lankamo Ena Digesa, Shilpi Gupta Dixit, Saeid Doaei, Linh Phuong Doan, Paul Narh Doku, Deepa Dongarwar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Tim Robert Driscoll, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Sareh Edalati, Fatemeh Eghbalian, Elham Ehsani-Chimeh, Ebrahim Eini, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Donatus U Ekwueme, Maha El Tantawi, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hesham Elghazaly, Muhammed Elhadi, Waseem El-Huneidi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Luchuo Engelbert Bain, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Tegegne Eshetu, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Juan Espinosa-Montero, Farshid Etaee, Azin Etemadimanesh, Tahir Eyayu, Ifeanyi Jude Ezeonwumelu, Sayeh Ezzikouri, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Saman Fahimi, Ildar Ravisovich Fakhradiyev, Emerito Jose A Faraon, Jawad Fares, 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Melinda Gates Foundation, Kuwait University (Kuwait), Ministry of Higher Education (Malasia), Lega Italiana per la Lotta ai Tumori, Health Effects Institute (Estados Unidos), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. European Research Council (ERC), Unión Europea. Comisión Europea. H2020, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Portugal), African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), Federal Ministry of Education & Research (Alemania), Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, National Institute for Health Research (Reino Unido), National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia), Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, Finnish Cancer Foundation, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (India), Xiamen University (Malasia), Manipal Academy of Higher Education (India), Panjab University (India), Sistema Nacional de Investigación (Panamá), Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (Panamá), Ministry of Science and Technology (Taiwan), Lung Foundation Australia, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Wellcome Trust, UNSW Sydney (Australia), ICMR - National Institute of Epidemiology (India), University of Tasmania (Australia), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (Brasil), Coordenação de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Brasil), Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (Irán), Ain Shams University (Egipto), International Center of Medical Sciences Research (Islamabad), National Institutes of Health (Estados Unidos), University of Oxford (Reino Unido), National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (Irán), Marga und Walter Boll - Stiftung, Ministero della Salute (Italia), IRCCS Materno Infantile Burlo Garofolo (Italia), King College London, Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance (India), Public Health, University of St Andrews. School of Medicine, and University of St Andrews. Population and Behavioural Science Division
Subjects: Male, DEATHS, DALY, cancer, risk factors, Medizin, systematic analysis, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Cancer prevention, Global Burden of Disease, RC0254, Risk-attributable cancer deaths, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, RA0421, Risk Factors, RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, UK, Medicine(all), MCC, RC0254 Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology (including Cancer), Risk Factor, Smoking, COVID-19, 3rd-DAS, General Medicine, Disability-adjusted life-years, SOCIAL DETERMINANTS, Risk assessments, risk factor, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, OBESITY, Cancer burden, Neoplasm, Female, LIFE-STYLE, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, HEALTH, RA, Human, RC
Abstract: Background: Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods: The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings: Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4·45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4·01-4·94) deaths and 105 million (95·0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44·4% (41·3-48·4) of all cancer deaths and 42·0% (39·1-45·6) of all DALYs. There were 2·88 million (2·60-3·18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50·6% [47·8-54·1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1·58 million (1·36-1·84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36·3% [32·5-41·3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20·4% (12·6-28·4) and DALYs by 16·8% (8·8-25·0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34·7% [27·9-42·8] and 33·3% [25·8-42·0]). Interpretation: The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. We are grateful to the surveillance systems, including cancer registries, that generated and shared observed cancer burden data. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project. H Ariffin acknowledges support from the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (grant FRGS/1/2021/SKK0/UM/01/1). F Barra acknowledges support from Lega Italiana per la Lotta contro i Tumori - LILT - Bando 5 x 1000 anno 2019. L Belo and M Carvalho acknowledge the support from FCT in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of i4HB. A J Cohen was supported by the Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, USA. J Conde acknowledges financial support from the European Research Council - ERC Starting Grant 848325. V M Costa acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. T C Ekundayo was supported by the African-German Network of Excellence in Science (AGNES), the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). N Ghith acknowledges support from a grant from Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF16OC0021856). J C Glasbey is support by a Doctoral Research Fellowship from the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR300175). V K Gupta and V B Gupta acknowledge funding support from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia. C Herteliu, A Pana, and M Ausloos acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. C Herteliu is also partially supported by a grant of the Romanian Ministry of Research Innovation and Digitalization, MCID, project number ID-585-CTR-42-PFE-2021. S Hussain was supported from Operational Programme Research, Development and Education–Project, Postdoc2MUNI (number CZ.02.2. 69/0.0/0.0/18_053/0016952). M Jakovljevic acknowledges partial support through the grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. J H Kauppila acknowledges research grants from Sigrid Jusélius Foundation and the Finnish Cancer Foundation. M N Khatib acknowledges support from Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences (deemed-to-be-university). Y J Kim was supported by the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004]. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana acknowledges institutional assistance by Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. K Krishan is supported by the UGC Centre of Advanced Study (Phase II), awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. I Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). M-C Li was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan (MOST 110-2314-B-003-001). G Liu acknowledges support from the CREATE Hope scientific fellowship from Lung Foundation Australia. J Liu acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation (72122001). J A Loureiro was supported by Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT; CEECINST/00049/2018). E Mathews is supported by a Clinical and Public Health Early Career Fellowship (grant number IA/CPHE/17/1/503345) from the DBT India Alliance/Wellcome Trust Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2018–2023). T J Meretoja was supported by an unrestricted grant from Cancer Foundation Finland sr. S Mohammed acknowledges a fellowship grant from Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, outside the submitted work. M Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’ National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. L Monasta received support from the Italian Ministry of Health at the Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste - Italy (RC 34/2017). U Mons is supported by the Marga and Walter Boll Foundation, Kerpen, Germany. M A Moosavi acknowledges the financial support of National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB). J Musa acknowledges support from the NIH/FICK43TW011416 for research-protected time for cervical cancer research and career development at University of Jos. V Nuñez-Samudio is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), which is supported by Panama’s Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT). O O Odukoya acknowledges support by the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health under the award number K43TW010704 for research-protected time. The content is solely the responsibility of all the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. A S Oguntade acknowledges funding by a doctoral scholarship from the Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford (Oxford Population Health). J R Padubidri acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their constant support in research collaborations. R G Pestell acknowledges support from NIH grant W81XWH1810605 Breast Cancer Research, Breakthrough Grant R21 CA235139-01. Z Z Piracha acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad (44000), Pakistan. R A Radhakrishnan acknowledges support from Wellcome Trust/DBT India Alliance - IA/CPHI/18/1/503927. U Saeed acknowledges the International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan. A M Samy acknowledges the support from Ain Shams University and the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. F Sha was supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (grant number KQTD20190929172835662). H R Shahsavari acknowledges the Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS) Research Council. A Shetty acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for all the academic support. D A S Silva acknowledges financing in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001 and D A S Silva is supported in part by CNPq-Brazil (309589/2021-5). L M L R Silva was supported by project CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu (FSE). Am Singh is supported by the International Graduate Research Scholarship, University of Tasmania. R Suliankatchi Abdulkader acknowledges support from ICMR—National Institute of Epidemiology. B Unnikrishnan acknowledges Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. H Xiao acknowledges support from the Public Health Sciences Division of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center. X Xu is supported by the University of New South Wales (Australia) Scientia Program. C Yu was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 82173626) and Wuhan Medical Research Program of Joint Fund of Hubei Health Committee (grant number WJ2019H304). Sí
Published: 2022
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8. The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Elysia M Alvarez, Lisa M Force, Rixing Xu, Kelly Compton, Dan Lu, Hannah Jacqueline Henrikson, Jonathan M Kocarnik, James D Harvey, Alyssa Pennini, Frances E Dean, Weijia Fu, Martina T Vargas, Theresa H M Keegan, Hany Ariffin, Ronald D Barr, Yana Arturovna Erdomaeva, D Sanjeeva Gunasekera, Yetunde O John-Akinola, Tyler G Ketterl, Tezer Kutluk, Marcio Henrique Malogolowkin, Prashant Mathur, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Lynn Ann Gloeckler Ries, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Garik Barisovich Sagoyan, Iyad Sultan, Behzad Abbasi, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab Abbasi-Kangevari, Hedayat Abbastabar, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Amir Abdoli, Haimanot Abebe, Aidin Abedi, Hassan Abidi, Hassan Abolhassani, Hiwa Abubaker Ali, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Juan Manuel Acuna, Isaac Akinkunmi Adedeji, Oyelola A Adegboye, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Shailesh M Advani, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Mohamad Aghaie Meybodi, Bahman Ahadinezhad, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Sajjad Ahmad, Sepideh Ahmadi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Tarik Ahmed Rashid, Yusra Ahmed Salih, Wajeeha Aiman, Gizachew Taddesse Akalu, Hanadi Al Hamad, Fares Alahdab, Abdulhadi A AlAmodi, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Adugnaw Zeleke Alem, Dejene Tsegaye Alem, Yosef Alemayehu, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Saqib Ali, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vahid Alipour, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Motasem Alkhayyat, Sunitha Alluri, Nihad A Almasri, Sadeq Ali Al-Maweri, Sami Almustanyir, Rajaa M Al-Raddadi, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Saeed Amini, Hubert Amu, Robert Ancuceanu, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Fereshteh Ansari, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Davood Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ayele Mamo Argaw, Muhammad Arshad, Judie Arulappan, Armin Aryannejad, Zatollah Asemi, Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad Reza Atashzar, Prince Atorkey, Alok Atreya, Sameh Attia, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Leticia Avila-Burgos, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Alemu Degu Ayele, Solomon Shitu Ayen, Mohammed A Azab, Sina Azadnajafabad, Hiva Azami, Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Amirhossein Azari Jafari, Ghasem Azarian, Ahmed Y Azzam, Saeed Bahadory, Jianjun Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Jennifer L Baker, Maciej Banach, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Francesco Barone-Adesi, Fabio Barra, Amadou Barrow, Huda Basaleem, Abdul-Monim Mohammad Batiha, Masoud Behzadifar, Niguss Cherie Bekele, Rebuma Belete, Uzma Iqbal Belgaumi, Arielle Wilder Bell, Alemshet Yirga Berhie, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Sonu Bhaskar, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Vijayalakshmi S Bhojaraja, Sadia Bibi, Ali Bijani, Antonio Biondi, Setognal Birara, Tone Bjørge, Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa, Srinivasa Rao Bolla, Archith Boloor, Dejana Braithwaite, Hermann Brenner, Norma B Bulamu, Katrin Burkart, Maria Teresa Bustamante-Teixeira, Nadeem Shafique Butt, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Chao Cao, Yin Cao, Giulia Carreras, Ferrán Catalá-López, Francieli Cembranel, Ester Cerin, Raja Chandra Chakinala, Promit Ananyo Chakraborty, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Pankaj Chaturvedi, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Prachi P Chavan, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Devasahayam J Christopher, Dinh-Toi Chu, Michael T Chung, Joao Conde, Vera Marisa Costa, Omar B Da'ar, Omid Dadras, Saad M A Dahlawi, Xiaochen Dai, Giovanni Damiani, Emanuele D'Amico, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad, Amira Hamed Darwish, Ahmad Daryani, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Sisay Abebe Debela, Takele Gezahegn G Demie, Getu Debalkie Demissie, Zeleke Geto Demissie, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Meseret Derbew Molla, Rupak Desai, Abebaw Alemayehu Desta, Deepak Dhamnetiya, Samath Dhamminda Dharmaratne, Mandira Lamichhane Dhimal, Meghnath Dhimal, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Mojtaba Didehdar, Mengistie Diress, Shirin Djalalinia, Huyen Phuc Do, Saeid Doaei, Fariba Dorostkar, Wendel Mombaque dos Santos, Thomas M Drake, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Maha El Tantawi, Hassan El-Abid, Mostafa Ahmed Elbahnasawy, Iffat Elbarazi, Hala Rashad Elhabashy, Muhammed Elhadi, Shaimaa I El-Jaafary, Daniel Berhanie Enyew, Ryenchindorj Erkhembayar, Babak Eshrati, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Mohammed Faisaluddin, Jawad Fares, Umar Farooque, Abidemi Omolara Fasanmi, Wafa Fatima, José Miguel P Ferreira de Oliveira, Simone Ferrero, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Getahun Fetensa, Irina Filip, Florian Fischer, James L Fisher, Masoud Foroutan, Takeshi Fukumoto, Peter Andras Gaal, Mohamed M Gad, Piyada Gaewkhiew, Silvano Gallus, Tushar Garg, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Belete Negese Belete Gemeda, Tamiru Getachew, Mansour Ghafourifard, Seyyed-Hadi Ghamari, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Fariba Ghassemi, Nermin Ghith, Ali Gholami, Jamshid Gholizadeh Navashenaq, Syed Amir Gilani, Themba G Ginindza, Abraham Tamirat Gizaw, James C Glasbey, Amit Goel, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Sameer Vali 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Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Jacek A Kopec, Rajasekaran Koteeswaran, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ai Koyanagi, Nuworza Kugbey, G Anil Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Alexander Kwarteng, Carlo La Vecchia, Qing Lan, Iván Landires, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Caterina Ledda, Sang-woong Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Yeong Yeh Lee, Yo Han Lee, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Bingyu Li, Jiarui Li, Ming-Chieh Li, Stephen S Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Stany W Lobo, Joana A Loureiro, Alessandra Lugo, Raimundas Lunevicius, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Morteza Mahmoudi, Azeem Majeed, Alaa Makki, Shilpa Male, Mohammad-Reza Malekpour, Reza Malekzadeh, Ahmad Azam Malik, Mohammed A Mamun, Navid Manafi, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Borhan Mansouri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Santi Martini, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Clara N Matei, Manu Raj Mathur, Colm McAlinden, Ravi Mehrotra, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Tuomo J 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Foundation, NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), Epidemiologie, and RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health
Subjects: adolescent cancer, global burden of disease, epidemiology, Adult, Male, Adolescent, 3122 Cancers, UNITED-STATES, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Adolescents, Socioeconomic Factor, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Young Adult, Life Expectancy, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, WORLDWIDE, Neoplasms, Cause of Death, Prevalence, Humans, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Mortality, Cancer burden analyses, Cancer, ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC-LEUKEMIA, disease, Global burden, OUTCOMES, CHILDHOOD-CANCER, Incidence, Risk Factor, the GBD 2019 methodology, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, GBD 2019 Adolescent Young Adult Cancer Collaborators, CARE, Cancer control efforts, Socioeconomic Factors, Oncology, Neoplasm, Female, Young adults, Human
Abstract: Funding: J A Loureiro acknowledges support from Base Funding UIDB/00511/2020 of the LEPABE funded by national funds through the FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC) and Scientific Employment Stimulus (FCT) [CEECINST/00049/2018]. Background: In estimating the global burden of cancer, adolescents and young adults with cancer are often overlooked, despite being a distinct subgroup with unique epidemiology, clinical care needs, and societal impact. Comprehensive estimates of the global cancer burden in adolescents and young adults (aged 15–39 years) are lacking. To address this gap, we analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, with a focus on the outcome of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), to inform global cancer control measures in adolescents and young adults. Methods: Using the GBD 2019 methodology, international mortality data were collected from vital registration systems, verbal autopsies, and population-based cancer registry inputs modelled with mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Incidence was computed with mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated using modelled survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated as age-specific cancer deaths multiplied by the standard life expectancy at the age of death. The main outcome was DALYs (the sum of YLLs and YLDs). Estimates were presented globally and by Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintiles (countries ranked and divided into five equal SDI groups), and all estimates were presented with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). For this analysis, we used the age range of 15–39 years to define adolescents and young adults. Findings: There were 1·19 million (95% UI 1·11–1·28) incident cancer cases and 396 000 (370 000–425 000) deaths due to cancer among people aged 15–39 years worldwide in 2019. The highest age-standardised incidence rates occurred in high SDI (59·6 [54·5–65·7] per 100 000 person-years) and high-middle SDI countries (53·2 [48·8–57·9] per 100 000 person-years), while the highest age-standardised mortality rates were in low-middle SDI (14·2 [12·9–15·6] per 100 000 person-years) and middle SDI (13·6 [12·6–14·8] per 100 000 person-years) countries. In 2019, adolescent and young adult cancers contributed 23·5 million (21·9–25·2) DALYs to the global burden of disease, of which 2·7% (1·9–3·6) came from YLDs and 97·3% (96·4–98·1) from YLLs. Cancer was the fourth leading cause of death and tenth leading cause of DALYs in adolescents and young adults globally. Interpretation: Adolescent and young adult cancers contributed substantially to the overall adolescent and young adult disease burden globally in 2019. These results provide new insights into the distribution and magnitude of the adolescent and young adult cancer burden around the world. With notable differences observed across SDI settings, these estimates can inform global and country-level cancer control efforts. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities, St Baldrick's Foundation, and the National Cancer Institute. publishersversion published
Published: 2022
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9. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Soufiane Boufous, Yousef Veisani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Edward J Mills, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, William James Dangel, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Catherine O. Johnson, Gregory A. Roth, Giuseppe Gorini, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Salime Goharinezhad, Stephanie R. M. Zimsen, Peng Zheng, Michael Assmus, Elisabetta Pupillo, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Noushin Mohammadifard, Stephen S Lim, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Leah E. Cahill, Tauseef Ahmad, Platon D. Lopukhov, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Abdullah Al Mamun, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Giovanni Damiani, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Alyssa Pennini, Dietrich Plass, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Alexandrea Watson, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Paul S Briant, Frank B. Osei, Blair R. Bumgarner, Maciej Banach, Ravensara S. Travillian, Kai-Lan Chang, Shirin Djalalinia, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Silvano Gallus, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Aaron van Donkelaar, Azeem Majeed, Hans Kromhout, Robert Ancuceanu, Blessing J. Akombi, Pushpendra Singh, Nayu Ikeda, William M. Gardner, Zahid A Butt, Mohammad Abdollahi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Rahman Shiri, Benn Sartorius, Ai-Min Wu, Bing Fang Hwang, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Hiroyasu Iso, Luis Camera, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Giulio Castelpietra, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Parkes J Kendrick, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Jeff T. 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Cross, Vera Marisa Costa, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez, Bo Norrving, Kerem Shuval, Jacob L. Stubbs, Muhammad Ali, Shuhei Nomura, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Navid Rabiee, Dana Bryazka, Hussen Mohammed, Asadollah Gholamian, Ashley Marks, Rizwan Kalani, Molly E. Herbert, Islam Y. Elgendy, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Chuanhua Yu, Suzanne Polinder, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Kylie Ball, Turki Alanzi, Mohsen Bayati, Hamed Mirzaei, Christopher M Odell, Amira Shaheen, Ziad A. Memish, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Michael A. Piradov, Hamed Kalani, Lorenzo Monasta, Christopher S Yilgwan, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Riaz Uddin, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Vinay Srinivasan, Hamid Ahmadieh, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Raffaele Palladino, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Mika Shigematsu, Stein Emil Vollset, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nasir Salam, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Tomislav Mestrovic, Samer Hamidi, Rajesh Sagar, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Kara Estep, Ester Cerin, Michael T. Chung, Simon Øverland, Amir Taherkhani, Sheng Chia Chung, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Nikolaos Dervenis, Joan B. Soriano, Tahereh Javaheri, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Gbenga A. Kayode, Christopher R. Cederroth, Razique Anwer, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Kaja Abbas, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Louisa Degenhardt, Tahiya Alam, Mohammad Miri, Alibek Mereke, David Laith Rawaf, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Moslem Soofi, Edris Hasanpoor, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Joanna L Whisnant, Christopher J L Murray, Simin Mouodi, Alize J. Ferrari, Damian Santomauro, Katrin Burkart, Tudorel Andrei, Alberto Baldasseroni, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Valery L. Feigin, Nauman Khalid, Ewerton Cousin, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Themba G.G. Ginindza, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Sanjay Basu, Getinet Ayano, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Iyad Sultan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Keivan Ahmadi, Fariba Dorostkar, Rajeev Gupta, David M. Pereira, Mustafa Z. Younis, Adel Spotin, Rasmus Havmoeller, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mithila Faruque, Alan D. Lopez, Shailesh Advani, Behshad Naghshtabrizi, Shane D. Morrison, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Konrad Pesudovs, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Reshmi Bhageerathy, H. Dean Hosgood, Giulia Carreras, Sarika Chaturvedi, James L. Fisher, In-Hwan Oh, G Anil Kumar, Christoph Nowak, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Puja C Rao, Marcel Ausloos, Ali Kabir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Minh Nguyen, Ashkan Afshin, Payman Salamati, Colin Angus, Mona M. 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Mini, Christian Razo, Manuela L. Ferreira, Diego De Leo, Francesco Saverio Violante, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Tea Lallukka, Dickson A. Amugsi, Anna Poznańska, Graeme J. Hankey, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Eirini Skiadaresi, Jai K Das, Felix Greaves, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Mansour Ghafourifard, M. DeLang, Morteza Mahmoudi, Alton Lu, Brian J. Hall, Ravi Prakash Jha, David Edvardsson, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Farshad Farzadfar, Hadi Hassankhani, Samuel M. Ostroff, Gerhard Sulo, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Neeraj Bhala, Stefan Lorkowski, Mohammad Rabiee, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Rashid Abdi Guled, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Simin Liu, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Davoud Adham, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shafiu Mohammed, Paolo Lauriola, Abbas Mosapour, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Khurshid Alam, Rajat Das Gupta, Matilde Leonardi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Mohamed M. Gad, Kelly Compton, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Catherine M. Antony, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Gina Agarwal, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Abdul Moiz Hafiz, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Fares Alahdab, Om P Kurmi, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Tomi Akinyemiju, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Yahya Safari, Guilherme Borges, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Kenji Shibuya, Bahman Yousefi, Berrin Serdar, Karen M. Tabb, Sonali Kochhar, Till Bärnighausen, Kala M. Mehta, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Arash Etemadi, Melissa Y. Wei, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Rade Vukovic, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Shoshana H. Ballew, Miriam Levi, Zainab Samad, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Juan Sanabria, Ramu Rawat, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. 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Pasovic, M, Pasupula, D, Patel, S, Pathak, M, Patten, S, Patton, G, Toroudi, H, Peden, A, Pennini, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, D, Pesudovs, K, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Piccinelli, C, Pilz, T, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, K, Pond, C, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Poznanska, A, Prada, S, Prakash, V, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Raggi, A, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Rao, P, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawat, R, Razo, C, Redford, S, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Rhinehart, P, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Rivera, J, Roberts, N, Rodriguez-Ramirez, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeedi, R, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, Y, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sajadi, S, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salem, H, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samad, Z, Samadi Kafil, H, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Pimienta, T, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santos, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, S, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senbeta, A, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Serdar, B, Serre, M, Shadid, J, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shalash, A, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shibuya, K, Shield, K, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shin, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sierpinski, R, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, J, Simpson, K, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skiadaresi, E, Skou, S, Skryabin, V, Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, I, Spencer, C, Spotin, A, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stein, C, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, M, Straif, K, Stubbs, J, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sulo, G, Sultan, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Tabuchi, T, Taherkhani, A, Tajdini, M, Takahashi, K, Takala, J, Tamiru, A, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Tesema, G, Tessema, Z, Thurston, G, Titova, M, Tohidinik, H, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Torre, A, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, R, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, van Donkelaar, A, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Watson, A, Wei, J, Wei, M, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Werdecker, A, West, J, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Whiteford, H, Wiens, K, Wolfe, C, Wozniak, S, Wu, A, Wu, J, Wulf Hanson, S, Xu, G, Xu, R, Yadgir, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yaminfirooz, M, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeheyis, T, Yilgwan, C, Yilma, M, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Younker, T, Yousefi, B, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yousuf, A, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, T, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, J, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhou, M, Ziapour, A, Zimsen, S, Lim, S, Murray, C, GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborator, Violante FS, Biosciences, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Sub Foundations&PhilosophyofNaturSc begr, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, Public Health, Bin Sayeed, M. S. B., Caetano Dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Elyazar, I. R. F., Ayalew Gebreslassie, A. A. A., Ginindza, T. G., Matin, B. K., Morgado-Da-Costa, J., Khaneghah, A. M., Mahesh, P. A., Toroudi, H. P., Syed, Z. Q., Salem, M. R., Skou, S. T., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tudor Car, L. T., and Moghadam, T. Z.
Subjects: Male, Nutritional Sciences, Specific risk, Contaminación del Aire Interior, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Socioeconomic Factor, systematic analysis, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, Health Risk Behavior, Health Risk Behaviors, Disease studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, METABOLIC RISKS, 030212 general & internal medicine, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Factores de Riesgo, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Public health, Injuries, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, GBD, risck factors, attributable burden of disease, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Relative risk, Environmental health, Health, Hypertension, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, Leading risk factors, Global Health Metrics, Cohort study, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Substance-Related Disorders, Population, UNITED-STATES, Risk Assessment, DIET, ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, Life Expectancy, MORTALITY, DISABILITY, POLLUTION, CLUSTERS, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Risk factor, education, Global burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Malnutrition, Klinisk medicin, Global Burden of Diseases, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, Enfermedades, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk factors, Disease study, Hyperglycemia, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, NA, Clinical Medicine, business, RA
Abstract: Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk-outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk-outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk-outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9.51-12.1) deaths (19.2% [16.9-21.3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8.71 million (8.12-9.31) deaths (15.4% [14.6-16.2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253-350) DALYs (11.6% [10.3-13.1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0-9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10-24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25-49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50-74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2020
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10. A Systematic Review of Survival of Children with Solid Tumors in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Author: Adriana Ramirez, Becky Lee, Emily Shohfi, Leslie L. Robison, Alexandra Power-Hays, Sarah Barbrow, Paola Friedrich, Nickhill Bhakta, Allison Pribnow, Lindsay Frazier, Thomas B. Alexander, Lisa M. Force, Eliana Marostica, Meaghan Muir, and Sara Lederman
Subjects: education.field_of_study, medicine.medical_specialty, Web of science, business.industry, Population, Cancer, Malignancy, medicine.disease, Low and middle income countries, Family medicine, medicine, Overall survival, education, business
Abstract: Population-level estimates of the survival of children from low- and middle-income countries diagnosed with solid tumors do not currently exist, in contrast to outcomes of hematologic and central nervous system cancers, which have been collated from population-based cancer registries and published by the CONCORD Programme. To fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review of PubMed Legacy, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, and three regional databases for publications that reported survival of children diagnosed age 0-14 years with any malignancy from January 2011 to December 2016. The search identified 4695 original records; 51 articles met inclusion criteria. The range of survival reported was broad; for instance, 5-year overall survival for retinoblastoma ranged from 48% in Central America to 98% in China. However, the paucity of published statistics prevented approaches for meta-analyses and emphasizes the need for more standardized data collection and reporting.
Published: 2020
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11. Childhood cancer burden: a review of global estimates

Author: Lisa M. Force, Freddie Bray, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Michel P Coleman, Rifat Atun, A. Lindsay Frazier, Claudia Allemani, Nickhill Bhakta, Christina Fitzmaurice, Eva Steliarova-Foucher, and Leslie L. Robison
Subjects: Childhood cancer, MEDLINE, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, Environmental health, Cancer burden, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Mortality, Developing Countries, Net Survival, Data collection, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Cancer, medicine.disease, Epidemiological transition, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, business
Abstract: 5-year net survival of children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer is approximately 80% in many high-income countries. This estimate is encouraging as it shows the substantial progress that has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer. Unfortunately, scarce data are available for low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where nearly 90% of children with cancer reside, suggesting that global survival estimates are substantially worse in these regions. As LMICs are undergoing a rapid epidemiological transition, with a shifting burden from infectious diseases to non-communicable diseases, cancer care for all ages has become a global focus. To improve outcomes for children and adolescents diagnosed with cancer worldwide, an accurate appraisal of the global burden of childhood cancer is a necessary first step. In this Review, we analyse four studies of the global cancer burden that included data for children and adolescents. Each study used various overlapping and non-overlapping statistical approaches and outcome metrics. Moreover, to provide guidance on improving future estimates of the childhood global cancer burden, we propose several recommendations to strengthen data collection and standardise analyses. Ultimately, these data could help stakeholders to develop plans for national and institutional cancer programmes, with the overall aim of helping to reduce the global burden of cancer in children and adolescents.
Published: 2019
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12. National burden of cancer in Italy, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

Author: Lisa M. Force, Giuseppe Gorini, Rixing Xu, Alessandra Lugo, Lorenzo Monasta, Alyssa Pennini, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Silvano Gallus, Mohsen Naghavi, Christina Fitzmaurice, Luca Ronfani, Cristiano Piccinelli, Cristina Bosetti, Carlo La Vecchia, James D. Harvey, Kelly Compton, Tahiya Alam, Giulia Carreras, Eugenio Traini, and Christine A. Allen
Subjects: Adult, Male, Epidemiology, Science, Population, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cancer epidemiology, Cost of Illness, Testicular Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Multiple myeloma, Testicular cancer, Early Detection of Cancer, Aged, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, Cancer prevention, business.industry, Stomach, Mortality rate, Cancer, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Years of potential life lost, Italy, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Medicine, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business, Demography
Abstract: We monitored the burden of cancer in Italy and its trends over the last three decades, providing estimates of cancer incidence, mortality, years of life lost, years lived with disability, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), for cancer overall and 30 cancer sites using data from the Global Burden of Disease study 2017. An overview of mortality trends between 1990 and 2017 was also provided. In 2017, there were 254,336 new cancer cases in men and 214,994 in women, corresponding to an age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of 438 and 330/100,000, respectively. Between 1990 and 2017, incident cancer cases, and, to a lesser extent, ASIRs significantly increased overall and for almost all cancer sites, but ASIRs significantly declined for lung and other tobacco-related neoplasms. In 2017, there were 101,659 cancer deaths in men (age-standardized death rate, ASDR, 158.5/100,000) and 78,918 in women (ASDR 93.9/100,000). Cancer deaths significantly increased between 1990 and 2017 (+ 18%), but ASDR significantly decreased (− 28%). Deaths significantly increased for many cancer sites, but decreased for stomach, esophageal, laryngeal, Hodgkin lymphoma, and testicular cancer. ASDRs significantly decreased for most neoplasms, with the main exceptions of cancer of the pancreas and uterus, and multiple myeloma. In 2017, cancer caused 3,204,000 DALYs. Between 1990 and 2017, DALYs and age-standardized DALY rates significantly declined (-3.4% and -33%, respectively). Age-standardized mortality rates in Italy showed favorable patterns over the last few decades. However, the absolute number of cancer cases and, to a lower extent, of cancer deaths increased likely due to the progressive ageing of the population, this calling for a continuous effort in cancer prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment.
Published: 2020

13. Factors influencing risk-based care of the childhood cancer survivor in the 21st century

Author: Gregory T. Armstrong, Lisa M. Force, Matthew J. Ehrhardt, Tara M. Brinkman, Carmen L. Wilson, Wassim Chemaitilly, Todd M. Gibson, Kevin R. Krull, Kirsten K. Ness, Yutaka Yasui, Anne C. Kirchhoff, James L. Klosky, Leslie L. Robison, Nicole M. Alberts, Kari L. Bjornard, Carrie R. Howell, Israel Fernandez-Pineda, Daniel A. Mulrooney, Melissa M. Hudson, Daniel M. Green, John T. Lucas, Sue C. Kaste, and Stephanie B. Dixon
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Childhood cancer, Cancer, Hematology, medicine.disease, Malignancy, Multidisciplinary team, Risk profile, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Intervention (counseling), Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Health risk, business, Intensive care medicine, education
Abstract: The population of adult survivors of childhood cancer continues to grow as survival rates improve. Although it is well established that these survivors experience various complications and comorbidities related to their malignancy and treatment, this risk is modified by many factors that are not directly linked to their cancer history. Research evaluating the influence of patient-specific demographic and genetic factors, premorbid and comorbid conditions, health behaviors, and aging has identified additional risk factors that influence cancer treatment-related toxicity and possible targets for intervention in this population. Furthermore, although current long-term follow-up guidelines comprehensively address specific therapy-related risks and provide screening recommendations, the risk profile of the population continues to evolve with ongoing modification of treatment strategies and the emergence of novel therapeutics. To address the multifactorial modifiers of cancer treatment-related health risk and evolving treatment approaches, a patient-centered and risk-adapted approach to care that often requires a multidisciplinary team approach, including medical and behavioral providers, is necessary for this population. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:133-152. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Published: 2018
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14. Global Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Paediatric Cancer Care

Author: Nickhill Bhakta, Paola Friedrich, Monika L. Metzger, Sheena Mukkada, Yuvanesh Vedaraju, Daniel C. Moreira, Elizabeth Sniderman, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Meenakshi Devidas, Lisa M. Force, Dylan E Graetz, Kathy Pritchard-Jones, Catherine G. Lam, Laila Hessissen, Radhikesh Ranadive, Asya Agulnik, Rashmi Dalvi, and Guillermo L. Chantada
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Declaration, Cancer, medicine.disease, Institutional review board, Radiation therapy, Paediatric cancer, Family medicine, Pandemic, Health care, medicine, business
Abstract: Background: While mortality due to COVID-19 infection has been reportedly low among paediatric oncology patients, changes in healthcare services due to the pandemic have impacted cancer care delivery. This study assessed the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on childhood cancer care worldwide. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was distributed to paediatric oncology providers from June to August 2020. The survey included questions to assess institution characteristics, the number of patients diagnosed with COVID-19, and disruptions and adaptations to cancer care. Responses were analysed at the institutional level. Findings: The survey was completed by 311 healthcare professionals at 213 institutions in 79 countries. Most centres had the capacity to test for SARS-CoV-2 (88%) and a median of two infections (range: 0-350) reported in children with cancer. Seven percent of centres reported complete closure of paediatric haematology-oncology services (median ten days). Overall, 43% of centres reported fewer than expected paediatric cancer diagnoses and 34% reported increased treatment abandonment. Institutions described reductions in clinical staff (66%) and decreased financial support (32%). Changes to cancer care delivery included: reduced surgical care (79%), blood product shortages (60%), chemotherapy modifications (55%), and interruptions to radiotherapy (40%). The decreased number of new cancer diagnoses did not vary based on country income status (p=0.1). However, lack of chemotherapy, treatment abandonment, and blood product shortages were more frequent in low- and middle-income countries (p=0.022; p
Published: 2020
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15. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Carsten Flohr, Masoumeh Sadeghi, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Mehdi Bohluli, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Dinh-Toi Chu, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Michael K. Hole, Azeem Majeed, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Martin McKee, Jamileh Shadid, Leonardo Roever, Peng Jia, Ettore Beghi, Pablo M. Lavados, Young Eun Kim, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nicole K. DeCleene, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Boris Bikbov, William M. Gardner, Lydia M. Haile, Luca Ronfani, Azalea M. Thomson, Irena Ilic, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yingxi Zhao, Guoqing Hu, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Peter Memiah, Mohammad Hadi Abbasi, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Kamiab, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Matthew C. Doxey, Tommi Vasankari, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Tanvir M. Huda, Dillon O Sylte, Rosario Cárdenas, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Alyssa Acebedo, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Anwar Faraj, João Pedro Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Holly E. Erskine, Eugene Sobngwi, Filippo Ariani, Shane D. Morrison, Mohammad Aghaali, Meghan D. Mooney, Vera Marisa Costa, Palash Chandra Banik, Rupak Desai, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Morteza Oladnabi, Bogdan Oancea, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Irmina Maria Michalek, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Emilie R Maddison, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Damian G. Hoy, Hosni Salem, V. Prakash, Shuhei Nomura, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Anders Larsson, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Han Yong Wunrow, Khaled Khatab, Alireza Zangeneh, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Hannah J. Henrikson, Randah R. Hamadeh, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Giuseppe Grosso, Ziyad Al-Aly, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Joseph L Ward, Roba Khundkar, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Reza Malekzadeh, John J. McGrath, Sandra B. Munro, Shahin Soltani, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Marcel Ausloos, Naohiro Yonemoto, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Farhad Islami, Hamed Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, M. Ashworth Dirac, Hosna Janjani, Kairat Davletov, Hermann Brenner, Yuichiro Yano, Elissa M. Abrams, Ana Vukovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Jennifer O Lam, Mona Pathak, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Asadollah Gholamian, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Babak Eshrati, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Atte Meretoja, Lorenzo Monasta, Ronan A. Lyons, Neda Kianipour, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Yasir Waheed, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Kevin S Ikuta, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Christopher Troeger, Jordi Alonso, Alireza Ahmadi, Navid Manafi, Caroline Stein, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jason Nguyen, Moses K. Muriithi, Aziz Rezapour, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Adrian Pana, H. Dean Hosgood, Noore Alam, James L. Fisher, Mariam Molokhia, Susan F. Rumisha, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ayman Grada, Emma Nichols, Babak Asghari, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Ferrán Catalá-López, Aletta E. Schutte, Fiona B. Bennitt, Maciej Banach, Antonio Biondi, Donal Bisanzio, Josip Car, Ronny Westerman, Shafiu Mohammed, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Kenji Shibuya, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Karen M. Tabb, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Avina Vongpradith, Dara K. Mohammad, Ralph Maddison, Babak Moazen, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Rahman Shiri, Fernando Neves Hugo, Hmwe H Kyu, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Robert C. Reiner, Van C. Lansingh, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Ashkan Afshin, Benjamin A Stark, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Natalie C. Galles, Behnam Heidari, Eun-Kee Park, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Suzanne Polinder, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amir Radfar, Mowafa Househ, Derrick A Bennett, Gaorui Guo, Hesam Ghiasvand, Taweewat Wiangkham, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Anita K. Nandi, Miklós Szócska, Manasi Kumar, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Simon Yadgir, Victor Aboyans, Justin J. Lang, Catherine O. Johnson, Soewarta Kosen, Carla Sofia e.Sá Farinha, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Heather Orpana, Samuel B. Albertson, Mahdi Afshari, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Adrian Oţoiu, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Kidanemaryam Berhe, André Faro, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Arash Etemadi, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Theodore Patrick Younker, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Linda Morales, Amanda Deen, Noushin Mohammadifard, Obinna Onwujekwe, Ai Koyanagi, Michele Nguyen, Chieh Han, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Mika Shigematsu, Mohammed Shannawaz, Khurshid Alam, Javad Nazari, Bryan L. 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L., Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL
Subjects: Male, Life expectancy, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Diseases, Disease, communicable disease, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, 80 and over, Medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, injuries, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Sjúkdómar, DEMENTIA, FALLS, General Medicine, Forvarnir, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Human, GBD, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, Aged, Spatial Analysis, Global burden, Disability, Prevention, DISABILITY, Infant, Spatial Analysi, Mortality rate, Global Burden of Disease, Diseases, Injuries, Systematic analysis, PREVENTION, Years of potential life lost, Risk factors, Disease study, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, RISK-FACTORS, Clinical Medicine, RA, Demography, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Áhættuþættir, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 1. No poverty, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Infant, Newborn, Young Adult, Lýðheilsa, CLINICAL-TRIALS, Population, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, diseases, ITC-HYBRID, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Mortality, Preschool, Disease burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Klinisk medicin, Newborn, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Áverkar, Systematic analysis, NA, business
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020
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16. Political priority and pathways to scale-up of childhood cancer care in five nations

Author: Brandon Maser, Federico Antillon, Tricia Alcasabas, Lisa M. Force, Adriana Ramirez, Shivani Shah, Paola Friedrich, Soad Fuentes-Alabi, Avram Denburg, Rifat Atun, Erin McCann, Carlos Rodriguez Galindo, Ramandeep Singh Arora, Lorna Renner, Catherine G. Lam, and Suresh Pavuluri
Subjects: Economic growth, Economics, Philippines, Social Sciences, Political Aspects of Health, Global Health, Pediatrics, Ghana, Geographical locations, 0302 clinical medicine, Neoplasms, Global health, Medicine and Health Sciences, Public and Occupational Health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Policy Making, Multidisciplinary, Child and Adolescent Health Policy, Corporate governance, Health Policy, Public sector, Politics, Child Health, Guatemala, Government Programs, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Child, Preschool, Medicine, Research Article, Civil society, Adolescent, Science, Political Science, Developing country, India, 03 medical and health sciences, Political science, El Salvador, Humans, Healthcare Disparities, Developing Countries, Health policy, Health Services Needs and Demand, Health Care Policy, business.industry, Health Priorities, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Central America, Health Care, Conceptual framework, Pediatric Oncology, North America, People and places, business, Finance
Abstract: BackgroundDespite increasing global attention to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their incorporation into universal health coverage (UHC), the factors that determine whether and how NCDs are prioritized in national health agendas and integrated into health systems remain poorly understood. Childhood cancer is a leading non-communicable cause of death in children aged 0-14 years worldwide. We investigated the political, social, and economic factors that influence health system priority-setting on childhood cancer care in a range of low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).Methods and findingsBased on in-depth qualitative case studies, we analyzed the determinants of priority-setting for childhood cancer care in El Salvador, Guatemala, Ghana, India, and the Philippines using a conceptual framework that considers four principal influences on political prioritization: political contexts, actor power, ideas, and issue characteristics. Data for the analysis derived from in-depth interviews (n = 68) with key informants involved in or impacted by childhood cancer policies and programs in participating countries, supplemented by published academic literature and available policy documents. Political priority for childhood cancer varies widely across the countries studied and is most influenced by political context and actor power dynamics. Ghana has placed relatively little national priority on childhood cancer, largely due to competing priorities and a lack of cohesion among stakeholders. In both El Salvador and Guatemala, actor power has played a central role in generating national priority for childhood cancer, where well-organized and -resourced civil society organizations have disrupted legacies of fragmented governance and financing to create priority for childhood cancer care. In India, the role of a uniquely empowered private actor was instrumental in creating political priority and establishing sustained channels of financing for childhood cancer care. In the Philippines, the childhood cancer community has capitalized on a window of opportunity to expand access and reduce disparities in childhood cancer care through the political prioritization of UHC and NCDs in current health system reforms.ConclusionsThe importance of key health system actors in determining the relative political priority for childhood cancer in the countries studied points to actor power as a critical enabler of prioritization in other LMIC. Responsiveness to political contexts-in particular, rhetorical and policy priority placed on NCDs and UHC-will be crucial to efforts to place childhood cancer firmly on national health agendas. National governments must be convinced of the potential for foundational health system strengthening through attention to childhood cancer care, and the presence and capability of networked actors primed to amplify public sector investments and catalyze change on the ground.
Published: 2019

17. The global burden of childhood and adolescent cancer in 2017: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Vera Marisa Costa, Mehdi Yaseri, Shane D. Morrison, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Tahiya Alam, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Christine A. Allen, Amir Kasaeian, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Yousef Khader, Gholamreza Roshandel, Hosein Shabaninejad, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Ali Bijani, Yasir Waheed, Félix Carvalho, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Dara K. Mohammad, Mohsen Naghavi, Eyasu Tamru Bekru, Farhad Moradpour, Paolo Lauriola, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Michael K. Hole, Mate Car, Mohamadreza Salahshoor, Sok King Ong, Alireza Zangeneh, Navid Manafi, Ali H. Mokdad, Mostafa Qorbani, Lisa M. Force, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Jalal Arabloo, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Amir Shamshirian, Linh Phuong Doan, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, Navid Rabiee, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Getnet Gedefaw, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Dinh-Toi Chu, Ali Manafi, Vesna Zadnik, Mohamed Hsairi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ziad El-Khatib, Nima Rezaei, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Maheswar Satpathy, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Sezer Kisa, Keiu Paapsi, Spencer L. James, Amir Vahedian-Azimi, Hailemariam Mekonnen Workie, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Nahla Anber, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Clara Castro, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Suleman Atique, Son Hoang Nguyen, Andrew T Olagunju, Manisha Dubey, Farzad Jalilian, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Varshil Mehta, Molly R Nixon, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Shailesh Advani, Elysia Alvarez, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Al Artaman, Irfan Ullah, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Takeshi Fukumoto, Maryam Moossavi, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Tinuke O Olagunju, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Nickhill Bhakta, Les L. Robison, Arash Ziapour, Reza Shirkoohi, Asadollah Gholamian, Neda Kianipour, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ashish Awasthi, Yoshan Moodley, Simon I. Hay, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alan D. Lopez, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Jasvinder A. Singh, Javad Nazari, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Amira Hamed Darwish, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Kedir Teji Roba, Adnan Kisa, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Melissa M. Hudson, Samira Raoofi, Elham Ahmadian, Aziz Eftekhari, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Eduarda Fernandes, Bach Xuan Tran, Alyssa Pennini, Kaire Innos, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Soraya Siabani, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Stein Emil Vollset, Nobuyuki Horita, Susan M Sawyer, Saeid Safiri, Mohammad Rabiee, Chuanhua Yu, Florian Fischer, Abdallah M. Samy, Huyen Phuc Do, Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Samath D Dharmaratne, Sanjay Zodpey, Saeed Amini, Asmamaw Demis, Samer Hamidi, Tomislav Mestrovic, Long Hoang Nguyen, Chi Linh Hoang, Christopher J L Murray, Robert Reiner, David M. Pereira, Vahid Alipour, Dominic Agius, Huda Basaleem, Aziz Rezapour, Animut Alebel, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Paola Friedrich, Julian David Pillay, Reza Fouladi Fard, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Salman Rawaf, Christina Fitzmaurice, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Fares Alahdab, James D. Harvey, Rixing Xu, Jeannette Kirby, Margit Mägi, GBD 2017 Childhood Canc Collaborat, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Department of Surgery, and Sydän ja rintaelinkirurgia
Subjects: Male, Diseases, Adolescents, Global Health, Corrections, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Neoplasms, Global health, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Cancer, education.field_of_study, 1. No poverty, 3. Good health, Oncology, Child, Preschool, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, GBD 2017 Childhood Cancer Collaborators, SURVIVAL, Global burdens, Female, TERRITORIES, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, Adolescent, 3122 Cancers, Population, 195 COUNTRIES, Article, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, REGISTRIES, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Disabled Persons, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, education, cancer, childhood, burden of disease, Disease burden, Science & Technology, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, DISABILITY, Infant, Newborn, Infant, medicine.disease, Childhood, Verbal autopsy, Cancer registry, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Life expectancy, INJURIES, Human medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Accurate childhood cancer burden data are crucial for resource planning and health policy prioritisation. Model-based estimates are necessary because cancer surveillance data are scarce or non-existent in many countries. Although global incidence and mortality estimates are available, there are no previous analyses of the global burden of childhood cancer represented in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 methodology, childhood (ages 0–19 years) cancer mortality was estimated by use of vital registration system data, verbal autopsy data, and population-based cancer registry incidence data, which were transformed to mortality estimates through modelled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Childhood cancer incidence was estimated using the mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated by using MIR to model survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the difference between the age of death and a reference life expectancy. DALYs were calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. Final point estimates are reported with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings Globally, in 2017, there were 11·5 million (95% uncertainty interval 10·6–12·3) DALYs due to childhood cancer, 97·3% (97·3–97·3) of which were attributable to YLLs and 2·7% (2·7–2·7) of which were attributable to YLDs. Childhood cancer was the sixth leading cause of total cancer burden globally and the ninth leading cause of childhood disease burden globally. 82·2% (82·1–82·2) of global childhood cancer DALYs occurred in low, low-middle, or middle Socio-demographic Index locations, whereas 50·3% (50·3–50·3) of adult cancer DALYs occurred in these same locations. Cancers that are uncategorised in the current GBD framework comprised 26·5% (26·5–26·5) of global childhood cancer DALYs. Interpretation The GBD 2017 results call attention to the substantial burden of childhood cancer globally, which disproportionately affects populations in resource-limited settings. The use of DALY-based estimates is crucial in demonstrating that childhood cancer burden represents an important global cancer and child health concern. The work in this paper was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC), and St Baldrick's Foundation
Published: 2019

18. Paediatric Oncology System Integration Tool (POSIT) for the joint analysis of the performance of childhood cancer programs and health systems

Author: Federico Antillon, Rifat Atun, Brandon Maser, Ramandeep Singh Arora, Cristian A Herrera, Lisa M. Force, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Avram Denburg, and Paola Friedrich
Subjects: Medical education, business.industry, Health Policy, Corporate governance, Health technology, Health informatics, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Comparative research, Workforce, System integration, Relevance (information retrieval), 030212 general & internal medicine, business, Psychology, Health policy
Abstract: To help understand how health systems and sociopolitical contexts intersect with and impact the performance of childhood cancer care in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), we have developed a systems-level framework for analyzing the performance of LMIC childhood cancer programs within their health system contexts: The Paediatric Oncology System Integration Tool (POSIT). POSIT development was informed by consultation with experts in global paediatric oncology, a literature review of childhood cancer performance assessment in LMICs, and a review of general health system literature. Review results were thematically analyzed and conceptually integrated with results from expert consultation to produce our final framework. Our findings from the childhood cancer performance literature demonstrate a current gap in efforts to strengthen the performance of childhood cancer at a health systems-level in LMICs. The POSIT framework incorporates important system-level determinants of childhood cancer performance and synthesizes these with general health system concepts. It outlines the key functional domains of childhood cancer systems – governance, financing, health workforce, infrastructure, health information systems, medicines and health technologies, and demand generation – and elaborates on these by articulating sub-functions of specific relevance to childhood cancer. It delineates several performance objectives – access, efficiency, effectiveness, and responsiveness – and breaks these down into measurable dimensions. Lastly, it outlines the sociopolitical factors influencing childhood cancer system performance. We hope this work will facilitate future comparative research on childhood cancer in LMICs through a health policy and systems lens: a necessary endeavour for informing cross-contextual learning to strengthen childhood cancer systems.
Published: 2020
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19. Pediatric Cancers

Author: Stephanie B. Dixon, Lisa M. Force, Pratiti Bandopadhayay, Peter Manley, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Lewis B. Silverman, and Karen J. Marcus
Published: 2018
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20. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author: Christina, Fitzmaurice, Tomi F, Akinyemiju, Faris Hasan, Al Lami, Tahiya, Alam, Reza, Alizadeh-Navaei, Christine, Allen, Ubai, Alsharif, Nelson, Alvis-Guzman, Erfan, Amini, Benjamin O, Anderson, Olatunde, Aremu, Al, Artaman, Solomon Weldegebreal, Asgedom, Reza, Assadi, Tesfay Mehari, Atey, Leticia, Avila-Burgos, Ashish, Awasthi, Huda Omer, Ba Saleem, Aleksandra, Barac, James R, Bennett, Isabela M, Bensenor, Nickhill, Bhakta, Hermann, Brenner, Lucero, Cahuana-Hurtado, Carlos A, Castañeda-Orjuela, Ferrán, Catalá-López, Jee-Young Jasmine, Choi, Devasahayam Jesudas, Christopher, Sheng-Chia, Chung, Maria Paula, Curado, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Dandona, José, das Neves, Subhojit, Dey, Samath D, Dharmaratne, David Teye, Doku, Tim R, Driscoll, Manisha, Dubey, Hedyeh, Ebrahimi, Dumessa, Edessa, Ziad, El-Khatib, Aman Yesuf, Endries, Florian, Fischer, Lisa M, Force, Kyle J, Foreman, Solomon Weldemariam, Gebrehiwot, Sameer Vali, Gopalani, Giuseppe, Grosso, Rahul, Gupta, Bishal, Gyawali, Randah Ribhi, Hamadeh, Samer, Hamidi, James, Harvey, Hamid Yimam, Hassen, Roderick J, Hay, Simon I, Hay, Behzad, Heibati, Molla Kahssay, Hiluf, Nobuyuki, Horita, H Dean, Hosgood, Olayinka S, Ilesanmi, Kaire, Innos, Farhad, Islami, Mihajlo B, Jakovljevic, Sarah Charlotte, Johnson, Jost B, Jonas, Amir, Kasaeian, Tesfaye Dessale, Kassa, Yousef Saleh, Khader, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Gulfaraz, Khan, Young-Ho, Khang, Mohammad Hossein, Khosravi, Jagdish, Khubchandani, Jacek A, Kopec, G Anil, Kumar, Michael, Kutz, Deepesh Pravinkumar, Lad, Alessandra, Lafranconi, Qing, Lan, Yirga, Legesse, James, Leigh, Shai, Linn, Raimundas, Lunevicius, Azeem, Majeed, Reza, Malekzadeh, Deborah Carvalho, Malta, Lorenzo G, Mantovani, Brian J, McMahon, Toni, Meier, Yohannes Adama, Melaku, Mulugeta, Melku, Peter, Memiah, Walter, Mendoza, Tuomo J, Meretoja, Haftay Berhane, Mezgebe, Ted R, Miller, Shafiu, Mohammed, Ali H, Mokdad, Mahmood, Moosazadeh, Paula, Moraga, Seyyed Meysam, Mousavi, Vinay, Nangia, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Vuong Minh, Nong, Felix Akpojene, Ogbo, Andrew Toyin, Olagunju, Mahesh, Pa, Eun-Kee, Park, Tejas, Patel, David M, Pereira, Farhad, Pishgar, Maarten J, Postma, Farshad, Pourmalek, Mostafa, Qorbani, Anwar, Rafay, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawaf, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Saeid, Safiri, Hamideh, Salimzadeh, Juan Ramon, Sanabria, Milena M, Santric Milicevic, Benn, Sartorius, Maheswar, Satpathy, Sadaf G, Sepanlou, Katya Anne, Shackelford, Masood Ali, Shaikh, Mahdi, Sharif-Alhoseini, Jun, She, Min-Jeong, Shin, Ivy, Shiue, Mark G, Shrime, Abiy Hiruye, Sinke, Mekonnen, Sisay, Amber, Sligar, Muawiyyah Babale, Sufiyan, Bryan L, Sykes, Rafael, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Gizachew Assefa, Tessema, Roman, Topor-Madry, Tung Thanh, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tran, Kingsley Nnanna, Ukwaja, Vasiliy Victorovich, Vlassov, Stein Emil, Vollset, Elisabete, Weiderpass, Hywel C, Williams, Nigus Bililign, Yimer, Naohiro, Yonemoto, Mustafa Z, Younis, Christopher J L, Murray, and Mohsen, Naghavi
Subjects: Male, Cancer Research, Incidence, Research, History, 20th Century, Global Health, History, 21st Century, Survival Analysis, Global Burden of Disease, Oncology, Neoplasms, Humans, Online First, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Original Investigation
Abstract: This systematic analysis evaluates the cancer burden over time at the global and national levels measured in incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years., Key Points Question What is the cancer burden over time at the global and national levels measured in incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs)? Findings In this systematic analysis, in 2016 there were 17.2 million incident cancer cases, 8.9 million deaths, and 213.2 million DALYs due to cancer worldwide. Between 2006 and 2016, incident cases increased by 28%, with the largest increase occurring in the least developed countries. Meaning To achieve the Sustainable Development Goals as well as targets set in the World Health Organization Global Action Plan on noncommunicable diseases, cancer control planning and implementation as well as strategic investments are urgently needed., Importance The increasing burden due to cancer and other noncommunicable diseases poses a threat to human development, which has resulted in global political commitments reflected in the Sustainable Development Goals as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Action Plan on Non-Communicable Diseases. To determine if these commitments have resulted in improved cancer control, quantitative assessments of the cancer burden are required. Objective To assess the burden for 29 cancer groups over time to provide a framework for policy discussion, resource allocation, and research focus. Evidence Review Cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were evaluated for 195 countries and territories by age and sex using the Global Burden of Disease study estimation methods. Levels and trends were analyzed over time, as well as by the Sociodemographic Index (SDI). Changes in incident cases were categorized by changes due to epidemiological vs demographic transition. Findings In 2016, there were 17.2 million cancer cases worldwide and 8.9 million deaths. Cancer cases increased by 28% between 2006 and 2016. The smallest increase was seen in high SDI countries. Globally, population aging contributed 17%; population growth, 12%; and changes in age-specific rates, −1% to this change. The most common incident cancer globally for men was prostate cancer (1.4 million cases). The leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer (1.2 million deaths and 25.4 million DALYs). For women, the most common incident cancer and the leading cause of cancer deaths and DALYs was breast cancer (1.7 million incident cases, 535 000 deaths, and 14.9 million DALYs). In 2016, cancer caused 213.2 million DALYs globally for both sexes combined. Between 2006 and 2016, the average annual age-standardized incidence rates for all cancers combined increased in 130 of 195 countries or territories, and the average annual age-standardized death rates decreased within that timeframe in 143 of 195 countries or territories. Conclusions and Relevance Large disparities exist between countries in cancer incidence, deaths, and associated disability. Scaling up cancer prevention and ensuring universal access to cancer care are required for health equity and to fulfill the global commitments for noncommunicable disease and cancer control.
Published: 2018

21. Factors influencing risk-based care of the childhood cancer survivor in the 21st century

Author: Stephanie B, Dixon, Kari L, Bjornard, Nicole M, Alberts, Gregory T, Armstrong, Tara M, Brinkman, Wassim, Chemaitilly, Matthew J, Ehrhardt, Israel, Fernandez-Pineda, Lisa M, Force, Todd M, Gibson, Daniel M, Green, Carrie R, Howell, Sue C, Kaste, Anne C, Kirchhoff, James L, Klosky, Kevin R, Krull, John T, Lucas, Daniel A, Mulrooney, Kirsten K, Ness, Carmen L, Wilson, Yutaka, Yasui, Leslie L, Robison, and Melissa M, Hudson
Subjects: Adult, Cancer Survivors, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, Patient-Centered Care, Health Behavior, Age Factors, Quality of Life, Humans, Child, Health Services Accessibility, Article
Abstract: The population of adult survivors of childhood cancer continues to grow as survival rates improve. Although it is well established that these survivors experience various complications and comorbidities related to their malignancy and treatment, this risk is modified by many factors that are not directly linked to their cancer history. Research evaluating the influence of patient-specific demographic and genetic factors, premorbid and comorbid conditions, health behaviors, and aging has identified additional risk factors that influence cancer treatment-related toxicity and possible targets for intervention in this population. Furthermore, although current long-term follow-up guidelines comprehensively address specific therapy-related risks and provide screening recommendations, the risk profile of the population continues to evolve with ongoing modification of treatment strategies and the emergence of novel therapeutics. To address the multifactorial modifiers of cancer treatment-related health risk and evolving treatment approaches, a patient-centered and risk-adapted approach to care that often requires a multidisciplinary team approach, including medical and behavioral providers, is necessary for this population. CA Cancer J Clin 2018;68:133-152. © 2018 American Cancer Society.
Published: 2017

22. A Call for Psychosocial and Palliative Care Training Standards for Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Physicians, A Reply to: Communication, Documentation, and Training Standards in Pediatric Psychosocial Oncology

Author: Lisa M. Force and Abby R. Rosenberg
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Palliative care, 050109 social psychology, Documentation, Medical Oncology, Pediatrics, Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Physicians, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nursing, Humans, Medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Child, business.industry, Communication, Palliative Care, 05 social sciences, Hematology, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Family medicine, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, business, Psychosocial
Published: 2016
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22 results on '"Lisa M Force"'

1. Factors influencing treatment decision‐making for cancer patients in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A scoping review

2. National burden of cancer in Italy, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

3. Establishing a Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Program in Botswana

4. An Analysis of the Worldwide Utilization of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

5. Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory tract cancers and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

6. Global effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on paediatric cancer care: a cross-sectional study

7. The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010–19 : A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

8. The global burden of adolescent and young adult cancer in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

9. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

10. A Systematic Review of Survival of Children with Solid Tumors in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

11. Childhood cancer burden: a review of global estimates

12. National burden of cancer in Italy, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017

13. Factors influencing risk-based care of the childhood cancer survivor in the 21st century

14. Global Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Paediatric Cancer Care

15. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

16. Political priority and pathways to scale-up of childhood cancer care in five nations

17. The global burden of childhood and adolescent cancer in 2017: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

18. Paediatric Oncology System Integration Tool (POSIT) for the joint analysis of the performance of childhood cancer programs and health systems

19. Pediatric Cancers

20. Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2016: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

21. Factors influencing risk-based care of the childhood cancer survivor in the 21st century

22. A Call for Psychosocial and Palliative Care Training Standards for Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Physicians, A Reply to: Communication, Documentation, and Training Standards in Pediatric Psychosocial Oncology

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