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The Cas9 enzyme is part of CRISPR-Cas9 which acts as an endonuclease to cut DNA/RNA in specific sequences. Cas9 is useful in the fields of health, food, and industry. However, many industries operate at high temperatures so that Cas9 enzymes generally cannot be used and a thermostable Cas9 enzyme is needed. Nevertheless, there has not been much research on the type of thermostable Cas9 enzyme. Therefore, knowing the presence of Cas9 in the local isolate Geobacillus kaustophilus TBUI01, Cas9 enzyme production was carried out using recombinant techniques on Escherichia coli BL21. The Cas9 enzyme was then heated to remove all mesophilic protein from Escherichia coli BL21 at 50°C, 60°C and 70°C. Then it was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation technique with 20%, 50% and 80% saturation. Until now, there has been no research on thermostable Cas9 using ammonium sulfate precipitation as the only purification technique. This technique is done because it is economical, fast, and easy to do. The result showed that a heating temperature of 60°C is the optimal temperature for degrading mesophilic proteins without degrading Cas9 enzymes. Optimal ammonium sulfate precipitation is carried out at 50% fractionation because it can precipitate the Cas9 enzyme. However, there are still other proteins that have been successfully precipitated so that the precipitation of ammonium sulfate can be used as an initial purification step to concentrate protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - dr. Radiana Dhewayani Antarianto, M.Biomed, Ph.D (Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia) - Dr. Ir. Retno Wigajatri Purnamaningsih, M.T. (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Rizal, S.Si., M.Biotech., M.Sc. (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Dr. dr. Robiatul Adawiyah, M.Biomed. Ir. Misri Gozan, M.Tech.IPM (Director of RCBE, Faculty of Engineering Universitas) - Dr. Yudan Whulanza, S.T., M.Sc (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Dr. Basari, S.T., M.Eng (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Dr. Ir. Tomy Abuzairi, S.T., M.Sc., M.T., Ph.D (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Prof. Dr. dr. Budi Wiweko, Sp.OG(K), MPH (Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia) - Prof. Dr. dr. Ismail HD, SpOT (K) (Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia) - drg. (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Fairuz Nawfal Hamid, S.T., M.T. (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) Layout Editors: - Nurul Intan, S.Si (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) - Siti Hanafiah (Faculty of Engineering Universitas Indonesia) 010002-5 AIP Conference Proceedings is copyrighted by AIP Publishing LLC (AIP). [Extracted from the article]

Forensic radiology exists in a specific field of medical imaging technologies that are utilized to assist doctors. Radiology technology has increasingly been significantly advanced and developed. Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) is one of the forensic odontology for image analysis examinations. Through CBCT radiology, evolutionary forensic odontology has been developed extensively in many applications, such as the estimation of age through teeth, the role of dentists in trials or forensic witnesses, analysis of bite marks, investigation of trauma cases, and determination of sex and race. The advantages of digital CBCT radiographs include the speed at which radiographs are retrieved, radiograph displays visible directly on a computer screen, and the application of contrast, density, sharpness, image, and color adjustments available on the CBCT digital radiograph software. These help significantly in identification checks in forensic, especially in skeletal and odontology cases. This article discusses the use of CBCT in forensic odontology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terahertz (THz) imaging means an imaging technique by utilizing the THz wave spectrum. The spectrum can provide a unique fingerprint for biological materials. Therefore, it has offered a solution to diagnose cancer. This paper reports a THz imaging simulation of microstrip linear array antennas as a probe in distance variations for breast cancer detections using a CST Microwave Studio software. The object is a breast tissue model in the form of a block, which consists of three types of tissue: fat (εr = 2.41), fibrous (εr = 0.80), and tumor (εr = 3.18). This research considers two microstrip antennas as a transmitter and a receiver to conduct two dimensions of translation scanning. The receiver antenna detects the irradiated power represented by the scattering parameter of S21. There are two conditions of the translation method in this study, i.e., distances in the near-field and far-field regions. In the near-field THz imaging scenario, the separation between the antenna and phantom is between 1.25 mm and 2.25 mm. While in the far-field area, the separation between the antenna and phantom is between 3.00 mm and 4.00 mm. The simulation results show that images at distances of 2.25 mm and 3.50 mm have the highest quality among the considered ranges, which have the smallest standard deviation of S21 compared to the other condition. The results show that a lower standard deviation of S21 provides a higher image quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malocclusion is a deviation of a normal occlusal relationship, inflicting a notable aesthetic concern and functional hindrance on the affected individuals. Class III malocclusion is a type of malocclusion with several defined phenotypes, such as mandibular prognathism and macrognathia. The early concept of Class III malocclusion is thought to be governed heavily by genetic factors. However, major advancements in research discover that it is somewhat multifactorial, involving the interaction of both genetic and epigenetic factors at some levels. Modern genomic studies on the genetic mechanisms of facial variations show signs of future success in helping to understand the etiology of malocclusion and variation of dentofacial morphology. This knowledge gives helpful insights on the limits of what orthodontic treatments could achieve, which in turn influences orthodontist in diagnosing the severity of Class III malocclusion, choosing the appropriate treatment timing, planning the proper treatment plans, as well as preventing relapse from happening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In biomaterial science, different forms of healing patch were invented on the current market to minimize wound area infections. The healing patch may also be known as a temporary covering for wounds. The general requirement of wound dressing are optimum absorption rate, healing time reduction and fitted with an antibacterial agent. The additional parameters for this project are mechanical properties. A balanced composition of the new wound-healing material between basic mechanical and biomechanical properties is difficult to find. Thus, if it posed as a potential healing patch, the reach centered more on the essential mechanical and biomechanical properties of the natural biopolymer. The technique that emphasizes the estimation of models of hyper elastic material to match with the experimental data. This work was therefore introduced with the comparison of the material to separate the samples into three groups. Second, the three sample sets are subjected to a uniaxial tensile test to obtain raw mechanical data. The theory of large-scale deformation based on hyperelastic constitutive equations and Stress-Strain Energy Theory was established for numerical phases. Finally, the curve fit between the experimental results, the hyperelastic models Ogden and Mooney-Rivlin were compiled. Most of the curve fit that was presented followed the patterns but due to different material composition or polymer bonding, there are minor variations. The best texture to pose as an artificial skin or healing patch is set B based on the three sample sets (Set A, Set B, Set C). Set B samples consist of gelatine, glycerin, distilled water, and aloe vera. The highest material constants obtained for the Ogden hyperelastic model were α=1.8792 µ=0.1881 MPa from Set B with a tensile speed of 500 mm / min respectively. Mooney-Rivlin's highest content constants obtained were C1=0.0746 C2=0.1294 from Set C, respectively at a tensile speed of 500 mm/min. The Ogden model is the correct guide for the development of healing patches, based on curve fitting figures. Overall, the acceptable composition of the healing patch was established, the differences in parameters between hyperelastic models were measured, and the effect of the basic mechanical and biomechanical properties were explained. The misuse of animal or human skin for experimental artificial skin purposes could be reduced as a matter of meaning. In addition, in the medical field, the latest technologies for biodegradable and renewable patch healing sources could be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major cause of COVID-19 patients' death is the infection area in which it has already infected lungs and is worsened by comorbidity. Diagnostic equipment named Patient Monitor's availability also does not prevail equally as it has a very high price. This research aims to conduct the early detection mechanism of COVID-19 symptoms, so thus can enable a method to sort out which patients need to be through further medical examination and which needn't. We do initially opt for the components, i.e. MAX30100 sensor module and HC-05 Bluetooth Module. The latter is to examine the patient with the Mini Patient Health Monitor device. The outcome is a provision to perform COVID-19 Pretest examination with Mini Patient Health Monitor in Affordable Cost in order to determine whether further medical examination is necessary. COVID-19 Pretest's examination result appeared in the application screen could be sent to patients who need it. COVID-19 Pretest's examination with Mini Patient Health Monitor in Affordable Cost can actually be integrated in a framework to prevent COVID-19's infection (namely transmission) and spread as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telehealth has been considered as one of many solutions to address the health problem in rural areas. The rapid development of communication technology and the embedded system has improved the capability of telehealth technology. The development of IoT research also enhances the capability of telehealth. However, the way to process the telehealth data is little considered in the recent study. In this paper, we propose the data warehouse architecture to process the data of telehealth. We consider the batch and stream data collected by the IoT in telehealth. We utilize the proposed data warehouse to collect and process some health parameters from the patients. The experiments' result shows that the proposed data warehouse architecture can support the real-time process and machine learning to support the doctors' decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is one of the problems faced today. One of the impacts arising from climate change is a decrease in immunity. The decreased immune system is caused by climate change can modulate the abnormality in white blood cells. Propolis is one of the resin compounds collected from plants by bees and has various benefits. One effect is that propolis has an immunomodulatory effect on the body. In its use, propolis has a strong taste and smell. One method that can be used to disguise the physical properties of propolis is to convert it into microcapsules by spray drying. Utilization of microcapsules can be done in various ways, one of which is utilization by food fortification. This research and simulation are aimed for knowing the production units, cost structure, factory feasibility, and factory's cost sensitivity to scale up of biscuit fortified with propolis with basis of 10 kilograms of flour perbatch. The result of the simulation is the production unit mixer, oven, extruder, and belt conveyor. The capital investment cost from this simulation is USD297,000,000/year, NPV is USD96,000, IRR is 17.89%, and payback time is 6.04 years. The sensitivity analysis for the fluctuation of product price shown that the decrease of product price by 10% will make this investment will not feasible economically with IRR 5.08% and NPV -$48,000 (USD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta thalassemia is a type of hemoglobinopathy with a mutation occurring in the beta-globin gene (HBB), mainly identified by a low hemoglobin level in the body. Beta thalassemia (BT) patients undergo blood transfusion regularly due to their ineffective erythropoiesis mechanism. This condition leads to iron overload that results in further complications, such as retinal abnormality. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), one instance of retinopathy, is known to be co-occurring in beta-thalassemia patients. This study aims to predict molecular networks from HBB to retinopathy-related genes using a bioinformatics approach. We found that PXE is related to thalassemia through hematopoietic system disease, which involves several of our target genes, namely HBB, ABCC6, and HAMP. The protein-protein interactions showed a relationship between HBB, ABCC6, and other proteins. This study may help to discover new markers for BT-retinopathy complications for precision medicine requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with Special need education-Cerebral palsy (CSN-CP) based The Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture in 2019, predicted that 70% of CSN had not been served. The extent of the Republic of Indonesia and pandemic COVID-19 nowadays and the Government's policy of learning from home to remain fulfilled by children's rights and maintain the quality of life of CSN-CP, so the needs of caregiver trained very urgent. Training with online learning is the best solution in the expansion and equitable service in Indonesia. Cerebral Palsy (CP) in children is a disorder in development that can affect the motor ability and balance the body with its severity. The material in this study caregiver CSN especially CP, gadgets, application of teleconference with the digital learning materials in the form of video and slides. Data taken with an observation assessment of the companion performance and experts do the accuracy. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method to evaluate the performance of training results for caregiver CSN-CP online. Based on the non-parametric correlation test method Spearmen, the value of <0.05 is found in the achievement evaluation, the repetition process, and the respondent's profession, indicating a significant correlation. Workshop at home with online learning can provide services on CSN-CP according to specific needs characteristics by a caregiver trained with friendly Brain-Hearth Education Method (RORI). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms correction and manipulation in the surgical management of scoliosis define a harmonization of several measures performed individually or simultaneously to realign a deformed spine into its normal state on sagittal or coronal views. Scoliosis surgical procedures are modified due to the fact that they are complex procedures with frequent complications and unsatisfactory surgical outcomes. This technique combines rod and screws corrective manipulations applied to each vertebral segment according to the pathobiomechanic state of the deformity to simplify the manipulation process and achieve a good surgical outcome. A preliminary experimental study was done on modifications to the screw application technique, rod application for vertebral segment maneuver techniques during manipulation, and connecting rod use. Surgical outcomes were compared between the rod and screw corrective manipulation (RSCM) and conventional techniques in patients who underwent corrective surgery for scoliosis. Twelve scoliosis patients who underwent the RSCM technique had better complication rates, operative time, estimated blood loss, length of hospital stay, and sagittal alignment correction outcome compared with the 15 scoliosis patients who underwent surgery via the conventional technique. The RSCM technique was not complex, and it was easy to apply and provided better corrective outcomes. Hence, this is a promising treatment of choice for the surgical management of scoliosis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the design of specific prostheses in the case of patients affected by Chordoma of the lumbar 4, lumbar 5, sacrum, and coccyx. A chordoma is a group of malignant and rare cancers, commonly found in the spine or skull bones. As a treatment method, if cancer has not spread beyond the bone, the infected bone's removal procedure is replaced with an artificial bone (prosthesis). The design method is carried out using a CT Scan of patient data, which is processed into a 3D model with Materialise Mimics software, 3D model engineering is done using Solidworks software and finite element analysis with ANSYS. The design process is carried out with several kinds of design variations, including the bone-implant model with a solid and shell model which is divided into several components, the use of iliac screw lateral connector, modification of iliac screw locking head, and modification of iliac screw locking head with cross connector. From the results of the calculation analysis and simulation, the best concept chosen based on the lowest dominant Peak von Mises Stress value in the iliac screw section is designs using the Iliac Screw Locking Head with Shell Model Lattice Structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic Kidney Disease has high mortality and financial burden. It was the third most catastrophic and expensive disease protected by universal coverage. The growth of medical technology gives hope to solve this hardship potentially. This paper aims to review current and future developments of artificial kidney technologies from different aspects. The scoops are popularity, cost-effectiveness, liters of dialysate needed, portability, safety issues, adverse effect reports, quality of life, the availability, and the number of professional medical workers needed to operate the device. The currently available treatments such as hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, and kidney transplantation have its benefits and challenges. Peritoneal dialysis gives a better quality of life and more cost-effective, however, it has the highest dropout ratio. The future artificial kidneys, such as the wearable artificial kidney, automated wearable artificial kidney, and implantable artificial kidney, offer solutions to overcome the existing challenges. Although the new technologies have not yet reached the Indonesian market, the potential benefits are high in helping chronic kidney disease patients – by offering simplicity, accessibility, reachability, and affordability of the treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important component in signal transmission in electrochemical biosensors is electrodes. A variety of methods can be used to prepare electrodes but, in general, use a screen-printing method that combines carbon-based conductive materials with the consideration of low cost, relatively easy fabrication process, and capable of being produced on a mass scale. From previous studies, electrodes with uniform texture and honeycomb structure can be produced. However, the electrode fabrication process is still done manually. This machine modification aims to improve the quality and quantity of the electrodes. CNC 3018 mini engraver can be modified and changed its function with prices ranging from $89 to $110. The electrodes for electrochemical biosensors have a fairly high repetition percentage of 2.6%. The total cost for modification is $128.15, so the print results using this machine produce uniformity of screen-printing results with a low-cost and easy fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human skull is a very important structure of the human body as it protects the most important organ, which is the brain. Even the slightest impact could damage the brain. Mostly, the damage occurs at the frontal, occipital, and parietal-temporal bone due to motor vehicle accidents, assaults, and falls. The cranial implant is a very serious subject. In order to perform the reconstruction of the cranial implant, the information on its process was limited. Therefore, this paper describes the process of reconstruction of the three–dimensional (3D) model of the right parietal-temporal implant in detail by utilizing 3-Matic software. In the initial stage of this study, the three–dimensional (3D) human skull model was developed from computed tomography (CT) images of the patient with the right parietal-temporal defect using Mimics software. The 3D model of the human skull developed is the actual size of the human. Then, the reconstruction of the cranial implant was executed. The constructed cranial implant model could be used for various research purposes such as experimental tests, computer simulation, and 3D print. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, tissue engineering has become a primary option for clinical treatment involving tissue damage or organ failure. One important enabling technological aspect for tissue engineering to produce successful outcomes is bioreactor where cells could be grown under certain conditions mimicking real physiological conditions and be prepared for in vivo integration before implantation to the patients. Physical stimulation by mechanical and electrical means could improve the development of engineered tissue to mimic the actual tissue. Mechanical stimulation could improve cellular function by improving the integrity and organization of the engineered tissue while electrical stimulation can improve the conductivity and contractility of tissue construction. The electric field would stimulate cellular calcium activity which could stimulate cell integration and gap junction formation. Thus, it is necessary to develop a bioreactor that is capable to provide a well-controlled environment and proper combination of mechanical and electrical stimulation to optimize the process of tissue engineering. Here we build a bioreactor that is capable to stimulate the engineered tissue mechanically and electrically to improve the tissue's contractile performance and functional maturity through an isovolumic contraction. The mechanical stimulation is generated by harmonic inflation and deflation of a balloon while the electrical stimulation is generated from a pair of carbon electrodes. The mechanical and electrical stimulations could function independently to each other. The bioreactor was successfully constructed and passed the functional test and ready for actual application for tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complex fracture facial trauma is a condition when some part of the skull shattered into multiple pieces. Intricate fractured skull often deforms the suspect's face, which damaging the aesthetic and the functionality of some part of the skull, or even the whole skull. The procedure to fix this condition uses mini plates in large parts of the procedure. Unfortunately, there is some condition when the existing mini plates can not handle the condition due to the fracture position and another obstacle like teeth root. The lack of mini plates that can adapt according to the obstacles makes the fixation is difficult. This study aims to develop modular mini plates that can adapt the fracture lines and the obstacles that exist in the patients. The method of this study is assembling the modular mini plates to determine the possible angle configuration using CAD software and determining the maximum load of each angle configuration using finite element analysis simulation software. The CAD software result concludes that the possible angle configuration using modular mini plates with 18 holes and pins varies from 40° to 320° with 20° interval (15 configurations). 0°, 20°, and 340° deemed not suitable because the model will collide with each other if using the angle as mentioned earlier configuration. The Von- Mises Stress of each configuration varies, with the maximum value is 535,03 MPa in 240° configuration and the minimum value is 461,26 MPa in 320° configuration with 10 N load configuration. This study concludes that the modular concept is applicable in some angle configuration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ambulatory disability is one of the causes of depression and decreased quality of life. The common treatments used by patients are wheelchair, walker, forearm crutches, or immobilization in their house. Other orthoses such as knee ankle foot orthosis (KAFO) is very useful in certain conditions. Replacement therapy with a lower limb exoskeleton may increase the quality of life. The current review aims to evaluate the lower limb exoskeleton with or without functional electrical stimulation (FES) in assisting mobility in paraplegic patients. Methods: A search was performed to identify studies that compared lower limb exoskeleton to KAFO or hybrid exoskeleton with FES in paraplegic patients. Three publications were identified, with subjects ranging from 1 to 3 presenting with spinal injuries between T6 to T10. The measured parameters were locomotion ability, exoskeleton motor power, and torque. Results: The single-use of lower limb exoskeleton in paraplegia patients resulted in 15 sec faster (96s) Timed Up Go (TUG) test, 38 seconds faster (58s) 10-meter walked test (10MWT), and a 27 m farther 6-minute walked test (6MWT) compared to KAFO. The combination of exoskeleton with functional electrical stimulation (FES) reduces muscle fatigue and prevents muscle atrophy by providing stimulus to the muscle that imitates physiological stimulation by nerves. Discussion: Exoskeleton may assist disabled individuals in performing daily routine activity by improving gait, lessening exertion, and thus increasing the quality of life. Further improvement to exoskeleton devices includes integration with FES. Exoskeleton fit on the user also needs to be adjusted to user age and leg dimension to optimize movement and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]