Search

Two actinomycete strains, ID03-700 and ID03-721, isolated from leaf litter samples in the Ekakarya Botanical Garden of Bali using Rehydration and Centrifugation methods, were observed for their growth, morphological, physiological, and chemotaxonomic characteristics. Both isolates are Gram-positive, aerobic, and have branched hyphae. ID03-700 and ID03-721 strains grew well in yeast extract-malt agar (ISP-2) and showed orange colonies. The chemotaxonomic and morphological characterization showed that the two isolates belong to a cluster of the genus Actinoplanes, which has meso−diaminopimelic acid, menaquinone MK-9(H4), phospholipid type PII, and iso-C16:0, iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0 as a major fatty acid. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that both isolates closely related to the genus Actinoplanes. Further, a phylogenetic tree of the family Micromonosporaceae revealed that the ID03-700 and ID03-721 strains had similarities with Actinoplanes durhamensis strain JCM 7625T and Actinoplanes ferrugineus strain JCM 3277T, respectively, with a similarity value of 97.69 %. According to the findings, the two isolates are promising as two novel bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinobacteria are an important and interesting group of Gram-positive bacteria. Although rare, they are regular members of ruminal microbes. However, there is a significant lack of information on the existence and biology of rumen actinobacteria. Therefore, this study aimed to isolate unknown actinomycetes from ruminal fluid and characterize them for bioprospection. Twenty-six strains were isolated and analyzed for biological activity using direct serial dilution on humic acid vitamin agar. Seventeen isolates have been identified and belong to the genus Streptomyces. Of these 26 strains, 16 exhibited antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus InaCC B-4 and 12 against Escherichia coli InaCC InaCC B-5. Enzymatic screening assays showed that the rumen actinobacteria isolates possessed protease, amylase, lipase, and cellulase enzymatic activities. A total of 18 isolates (69.5%) of rumen actinobacteria could produce protease enzymes, 13 isolates (56.52%) could produce amylase enzymes, and 12 isolates (52.17%) were capable of producing lipase enzymes, and 11 isolates (47.82%) had the potential to produce cellulase enzymes. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that actinobacteria exhibiting bioactive compounds had been isolated from bovine rumen fluid. In addition, antibacterial compounds active against the pathogens S. aureus InaCC B-4 and E. coli InaCC B-5 and several industrially important enzyme producers have also been demonstrated in this study. These findings may be necessary to produce potentially new antibiotics and enzymes from actinobacteria indigenous to Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The commercial value of food and beverages was defined by flavors. Recently, bioflavor which are produced by nature such as plants or microorganisms are more approved than the corresponding artificial compound. The aim of this study was to characterize yeast strains from Indonesia culture collection based on their abilities to produce volatile compounds. Amount 81 strains were revived from glycerol stock and cultured onto three of differentmedia: YPD (Yeast Extract-Peptone Dextrose) agar, YPD liquid, and YNB (Yeast Nitrogen Base) liquid. After 48 to 72 hours, the yeast cultures were evaluated using optical density (OD). For instance, the crude extract of the selectedcultures was obtained from 1:1 chloroform (v/v) and the organic phase was evaluated by GC-MS. The results of this study provided yeast fermented culture produced the same three tops of flavoring agents: furfural; 5-hydroxy-methyl-furfural (5-HMF); and caffeine. Furfural and 5 HMF are known to affect the bitter flavor of food. Interestingly, somecultures can produce drug and pharmaceutical products such as Clindamycin; Ropivacaine; Imidazole-4-carboxylic acid, 2-fluoro-1-methoxymethyl-, ethyl ester; theophylline; and Ethambutol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine sponges are known as the producers of marine-derived bioactive compounds. Among all, sponges from Indonesia were reported as the second-highest contributors to many new sponge-derived compounds. A recent review on the bioactive potential of Indonesian sponges reported the potential of sponges from Indonesia to produce bioactive compounds, including alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, macrolides, and polyketides. In addition to their ability to produce bioactive compounds, sponges harbor many different prokaryotic phyla, including Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Cyanobacteria. Many reports have indicated the bioactive potential of Indonesian sponges. However, research on bioprospecting bacteria associated with Indonesian sponges remains limited and under-explored. The present study reviewed available reports on the diversity of bacteria associated with Indonesian sponges, including their bioactive potential. Available reports from 2011 to 2021 were collected, aiming to provide a general overview of bioprospecting sponge-associated bacteria in Indonesia. The bioactive potential of compounds derived from bacteria associated with Indonesian sponges was analyzed, for example for antimicrobial and anticancer. In addition to the review, the present study also discusses the opportunity and challenge of conducting marine bioprospecting, especially for bioprospecting sponge-associated bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agarase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of agar. Numerous agarases have been obtained from different microorganism genera found in sponges, marine water, and marine sediments. Streptomyces sampsonii from marine sediments of Tanjung Kusu-Kusu, Lembeh, North Sulawesi showed potential as a producer of agarase with various applications in the cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical industries, because they have the ability to produce oligosaccharides with high activity. This study aimed to characterize the agarase enzyme produced by S. sampsonii using commercial substrates. The results showed that the agarase enzyme had the highest activity with an optimum pH of 9.0 using the glycine-NaOH buffer and an optimum temperature of 80 °C. The enzyme activity assay with several metal ions and chemical compounds showed that Fe3+, Mn2+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ were activators, Hg2+, Cu2+, and EDTA were inhibitors, while K+, PEG-600, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol, and TritonX-100 ions had no significant effect on enzyme activity. Hydrolysis and thin layer chromatography have shown that it is capable of hydrolyzing Agar, Agarose, and Euchema cottonii seaweed biomass into Neoagarooligosaccharides such as Neo-agarobiose (NA2), Neo-agarotetraose (NA4), and Neo-agarohexaose (NA6), which can be used in nutrition, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications with further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia is one of the largest cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) producing countries in the world. The production of cocoa produced a waste such as cocoa pod husk that increasing every year and it can be used for producing another valuable product such as sugars. Cocoa pod husk waste contain pectin which has the potential to be used as a substrate for pectinolytic microorganisms to be hydrolyzed into reducing sugar or glucose monomers. In the biotechnological industry, pectin and pectinase are essential macromolecules. They are widely used in the food industry for wine and juice production, clarifying agent and plant tissue maceration. This study was conducted to obtain optimal conditions for the production of pectinase enzyme by Kitasatospora sp. using cocoa pod husk in 1.5 L bioreactor tank. Testing is carried out in several parameters: agitation and aeration. From two parameters used, the one that produces the highest pectinase activity value is selected by using OFAT (One Factor at A Time) method. Beginning of the experiment Agitation was set to 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 rpm and the variation of Aeration ranged from 1 to 3 lpm. Testing the activity of the pectinase enzyme was carried out using the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. As the result, the production of pectinase enzyme by the variations of agitation gives the highest pectinase activity value of 3.92 U/mL at 200 rpm, 2 lpm for 144 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During our study on isolation and screening cellulolytic degrading bacteria from three different Imperata cylindrica grasslands in Indonesia (Bogor, West Java; Katingan, Central Kalimantan; and Malaka, East Nusa Tenggara), we obtained 18 isolates. This study aims to investigate the biodiversity of cellulolytic degrading bacteria from three locations of I. cylindryca grassland in Indonesia by identifying those 18 bacteria based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As a result, the phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that all isolates belonged to ten genera that consisted of Bacillus (5), Burkholderia (2), Enterobacter (3), Lysobacter (1), Microbacterium (1), Mitsuaria (1), Novosphingobium (1), Pedobacter (1), Paenibacillus (2), and Paraburkholderia (1). The phylogenetic tree revealed that seven isolates isolated from (RM) East Nusa Tenggara were identified as Mitsuaria chitinivorans RM165, Lysobacter enzymogenes RM158, Enterobacter sp. RM20, Novosphingobium sp. RM155, Pedobacter sp. RM40, Microbacterium zeae RM157 and Bacillus sp. RM164, six isolates isolated from Katingan (East Kalimantan) were identified as Burkholderia sp. KAT225, Enterobacter sp. KAT82, Enterobacter sp. KAT88, Bacillus sp. KAT80, Paenibacillus kribbensis KAT83, and Paenibacillus sp. KAT15, and five isolates isolated from Cibinong (West Java) were identified as Burkholderia sp. CSC185, Paraburkholderia caribensis CSC177, Bacillus sp. CSC179, Bacillus sp. CSC187 and Bacillus sp. CSC183. This finding revealed that various genera from the Phylum of Pseudomonadota, Bacillota, Bacteroidota, and Actinomycetota have the capability to produce cellulase. Further study on the quantitative analysis of the cellulase enzyme measurement is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroindustry waste such as sugarcane bagasse and empty fruit bunch are a sustainable carbon source for bioenergy production. Yeast converts carbon sources from biomass into bioethanol through fermentation. However, the main content in the biomass is lignocellulose. Therefore, biomass pretreatment was needed to degrade lignocellulose into reducing sugars. For that reason, the main purpose of this research is transforming the raw biomass bagasse and EFB as substrate in Submerged State Fermentation (SSF) for bioethanol production by indigenous yeast from Indonesia. Pretreatment of bagasse and EFB by sulfuric acid successfully degrade lignocellulose into reducing sugar. In addition, saccharification from bagasse and EFB using commercial cellulase and xylanase have been resulted high effectivity for sugar reduction production. Furthermore, fermentation of these sugar by Saccharomyces cerevisiae BTCC 12 in SSF can produce bioethanol. The ethanol concentration from bagasse fermentation was detected 0.29 g/L at 24 hours from total sugar amount such as 2.613 g/L. On the other hand, the process SSF for 24 hours fermentation EFB produced ethanol with concentration 0.854 g/L from total sugar 5.607 g/L. Furthermore, the ethanol yield for bagasse reached 21.76%., the yield of ethanol from EFB fermentation is higher than bagasse, it is 28.86%. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of biomass pretreatment in the production of bioethanol from biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulolytic yeast plays an important role in several bio-industrial processes, including as probiotic, as well as in sustainable energy and feed production. These yeasts can be isolated from various substrates, including soil and leaf litter. As one of the mega biodiversity countries, Indonesia has a variety of natural ecosystems, one of which has not been studied much is the savanna. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the cellulolytic yeast isolated from the savanna area in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. A total of 20 isolates, belonging to ascomycetous and basidiomycetous yeast were obtained in this study. The cellulolytic potential of these yeast was determined by hydrolyses of carboxymethyl cellulose on agar plate and production of endoglucanase enzyme in liquid cultures. The strains AK5 and AK6, identified as Candida tenuis, were promising as cellulolytic yeast. Together with Rhodosporidium paludigenum AK1, these two strains were further tested for endoglucanase activity varies in temperature, nitrogen sources, and pH. The C. tenuis AK5 and AK6 showed the highest endoglucanase activity at temperature 35 °C and pH 7, while the R. paludigenum AK1 showed the highest activity at temperature 30 °C and pH 6. The best nitrogen source for endoglucanase production in strains AK5 and AK1 was yeast extract, while in strain AK6 was peptone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing bacteria is a group of bacteria that capable of improving crop's root competence regarding getting nutrients, ions, and water and initiate good conditions to support crops growth in Imperata grasslands. This study aims to screen and identify IAA-producing bacteria from Cibinong, Katingan, and East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Sixty-eight of IAA-producing bacteria obtained from the previous study are identified based on the 16S rRNA gene and qualitatively and quantitatively screened after a year of preservation in 10% glycerol at -80°C. The finding of this study highlighted that there are 14 genera of IAA-producing bacteria obtained Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Paraburkholderia, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia (Phylum Proteobacteria); Bacillus (Phylum Firmicutes); Microbacterium, Arthrobacter and Leifsonia (Phylum Actinobacteria); and Chryseobacterium and Pedobacter (Phylum Bacteroidetes). However, only seven genera (39 isolates) are quantitatively measured for IAA production until 72 h of incubation. The range of IAA production in several genera until 72 h of incubation for Rhizobium, Chryseobacterium, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia genus are 5.55-11.97 mg ml−1, 16.83 mg ml−1, 0.88-21.67 mg ml-1, 1.94-6.16 mg ml−1, 9.42-179.57 mg ml−1, 3.31-48.89 mg ml-1, and 18.59 mg ml−1 respectively. This preliminary study showed that IAA production by bacteria was still increasing until 72 h of incubation. Strain KAT-229 was identified as Klebsiella sp. showed the highest level of IAA production (179.57 mg ml−1) than other isolates when strains on the stationary growth phase in the presence of L-Trp. This study clearly shows that the isolates could be potentially used for revegetating of degraded land of Imperata grasslands. Further studies are required to achieve incubation time for the highest IAA production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial lipid produced using yeast fermentation with in-expensive carbon sources such as hydrolysate from lignocellulosic may be an opportunity feedstock for biodiesel manufacturing. Furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) that can be engendered during acid hydrolysis of lignocellulose had been brought merely or concurrently into a culture medium comprising a mixture of two sugars (glucose and xylose) as carbon sources to investigate the sole inhibitory actions and their synergic enforcement on the growth and lipid production of Lipomyces starkeyi InaCC Y604. The used strain exhibited a particular resistance level against each of the archetypal inhibitor compounds. When fermented using medium-contained furfural as a sole inhibitor compound, L. starkeyi InaCC Y604 accumulated the highest microbial lipid (67.06%). While, when a mixture of furfural and 5-HMF was used as the inhibitor compounds in the fermentation medium, the microbial lipid production was achieved at 66.9%. Meanwhile, microbial lipid production was achieved at 63.68% when 5-HMF was used as the sole inhibitor in the fermentation medium. L. starkeyi InaCC Y604 showed the dexterity to tolerate inhibitors (furfural and 5-HMF) and the combination of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) was unchanged by the existence of inhibitor compounds. The considerable FAMEs comply with oleic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, and linoleic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a raw material for chocolate making process, cacao pods and beans are vulnerable to phytopathogenic fungal attacks. The use of antifungal compounds for controlling the severity degree of such disease is foreseen to be a sustainable alternative. Antifungal activity in cacao seed coat slime has been reported previously, and we expect that microbes associated with the seed coat also produce antifungal compounds. In this study, we isolated bacterial strains associated with the seed coat slime from healthy and unhealthy cacao pods collected from different regions in Indonesia. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, we identified one promising strain named Bacillus subtilis IDLOMBOK-02. The strain exhibited a broad inhibitory activity against yeast species that are ecologically relevant in cacao plants, a fungal species Trichoderma sp., and a clinically relevant pathogenic yeast Candida albicans. Batch fermentation of the potential strain for lab-scale antifungal protein production showed that the total protein produced was 3.710 g/L. However, a living cell suspension was more effective in inhibiting pathogenic yeast and fungi than the cell-free supernatant. This study expands a plethora of antifungal proteins from cacao-associated bacteria, which can be harvested and optimized for antifungal metabolites production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]