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With the dramatic changes in Chinese society, several psychological indicators of Chinese adolescents, such as anxiety, have also changed across birth cohorts. To examine possible birth cohort changes in Chinese adolescents, a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 102 studies (127 data points, N = 104,187) was conducted. The results showed that Chinese adolescents' scores on the Self-rating Depression Scale increased by at least .76 standard deviations from 1989 to 2018. In addition, male students demonstrated increasing depression over time, whereas female students did not. Chinese adolescents' depression was significantly correlated with some negative social indicators (e.g., unemployment rate and crime rate) in the corresponding years, 3 years prior, and 1 year prior to the depression data collection. It is evident that social changes play an important role in predicting changes in depression., Author(s): Qian Su [sup.1] , Guofang Liu [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.20513.35, 0000 0004 1789 9964, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, , 100875, Beijing, China (2) grid.412518.b, 0000 0001 [...]

Intragroup trust plays an important role in group performance. Using samples of Chinese military service members, three studies were conducted to examine the effect of intragroup trust on military group performance, as well as the mediating effect of self-uncertainty. Employed a double randomization design, Study 1 first operated participants' intragroup trust into high or low levels, and then measured their self-uncertainty and group performance. The results showed that intragroup trust decreased self-uncertainty and increased group performance, and self-uncertainty mediated the effect of intragroup trust on group performance. Study 2 first operated participants' self-uncertainty into high or low levels, and then measured their group performance. The results showed that self-uncertainty negatively affected group performance. To improve the validities of Studies 1 and 2, Study 3 first measured participants' intragroup trust (both by a military intragroup trust (both by a military intragroup trust survey and by a revised trust game) and self-uncertainty, and then evaluated their group performance in a paper-tower-building task three days later. The bootstrap analyses supported the results of Studies 1 and 2. To conclude, this research demonstrated that intragroup trust improves military group performance by decreasing self-uncertainty., Author(s): Guofang Liu [sup.1] [sup.2] , Tao Zhang [sup.2] , Renyi Huang [sup.2] , Jinli Wang [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412518.b, 0000 0001 0008 0619, School of Economics and Management, [...]

In a specific group, each group member has multiple social identities, such as gender, nationality, ethnicity, and religion. Individuals may perceive their group members' identity diversity at different levels. Four studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between the perception of group members' identity diversity and intragroup trust. Studies 1 to 3 revealed that if participants perceived that group members differed in a wide range of social identities (a higher level of perceived identity diversity among group members), they exhibited a lower level of intragroup trust. Study 4 revealed that when participants were motivated to distrust their group members, they were more likely to perceive differences between group members' social identities and perceive the group members' identity diversity at a higher level. The results indicate that the relationship between the perception of group members' identity diversity and intragroup trust is bidirectional., Author(s): Huan Zhang [sup.1] [sup.2] , Sufei Xin [sup.3] , Guofang Liu [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412498.2, 0000 0004 1759 8395, Ket Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Ministry of Eudcation, [...]

Objective To investigate the characteristics of disturbance of electrolyte balance after primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBH) and their correlation with the outcome of patients with disorders of consciousness (DOC). Methods A retrospective survey was used to statistically analyze the clinical data of 350 patients with brainstem hemorrhage admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Military Medical University from January 1, 2010 to September 1, 2020. With our strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, 47 PBH cases undergoing standardized fluid replacement were screened out. Then they were divided into the non-DOC group (n=21), DOC group (n=21) and DOC translating to non-DOC group (n=5) according to their state of consciousness. The quantities of venous blood electrolyte and carbon dioxide during the whole duration of hospital stay were collected, and then analyzed for the changes of sodium, potassium, chloride, anion gap (AG) and CO2. Next, we analyzed the rule and characteristics of the changes of mean value, maximum value, minimum value, abnormal rate, average fluctuation range and other indicators, and explored their relationship with PBH. Results One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there were significant differences in the mean value, maximum value, minimum value, abnormal rate and average fluctuation range of chloride ion and AG among the 3 groups (P < 0.05). But in addition to the abnormal rate and average fluctuation range of CO2 content, there were no statistical differences in the contents of sodium ion, potassium ion and CO2 among the 3 groups. Further multiple intra-group comparative analysis indicated that the mean value, maximum value, abnormal rate and average fluctuation range of chloride ion and AG were significantly increased, while the minimum value was decreased in the DOC group than the non-DOC group (P < 0.01). The abnormal rate and average fluctuation range of potassium ion, AG and CO2 content were significantly increased (P < 0.01), but no statistical significance was seen in sodium and chloride in the DOC translating to non-DOC group than the non-DOC group. Conclusion The disturbance of electrolyte balance is closely associated with the DOC severity in PBH patients. The higher the abnormal rate of chloride ion and AG and the average fluctuation range are, the more severe DOC is.

Objective To analyze the value of CT signs in the prediction of disorders of consciousness (DOC) in patients with primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBH). Methods A total of 377 patients with brainstem hemorrhage admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University from August 2011 to October 2020 were recruited, and 107 patients with PBH were screened out. According to the level of their consciousness, they were divided into 4 levels, that is, consciousness, somnolence, sopor and coma. Mann-Whitney U and Spearman rank correlation tests were used to perform univariate analysis on the factors that may affect DOC (gender, age, CT signs, bleeding stage), and ordinal multinomial logistic regression analysis was carried out for those with significance (P < 0.05) to explore the correlation of these indicators with consciousness level in order to explore the CT signs that can predict the level of DOC. Results Mann-Whitney U test showed that gender had no significant correlation with DOC, while whether being broken into the ventricle or involved in the midbrain were significantly correlated. Spearman rank correlation analysis indicated that age was not significantly related with DOC, while bleeding stages and average CT values were weakly correlated with DOC, differences of shape and heterogeneity of density were moderately correlated with DOC, and bleeding volume and greatest hemorrhage diameter were highly correlated with DOC. Ordinal multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that: ① The greater bleeding volume or the greatest hemorrhage diameters of the hematoma are, the more serious DOC in PBH patients is. ② The probability of aggravating the DOC level in patients with >5~10 mL brainstem bleeding was 8.05 times higher than that in patients with ≤2 mL bleeding volume. The patients with greatest hemorrhage diameters of >3~4 cm in hematoma had the possibility of aggravating the DOC level at least 1 grade, which was 16.66 times higher than those with ≤2 cm. ③ There were no significant correlations among DOC and the differences of shape, heterogeneity of density, whether the hemorrhage being involved in the midbrain and broken into the brain ventricle or not. Conclusion In PBH patients, bleeding volume and greatest hemorrhage diameters of hematoma are positively correlated with DOC level. Bleeding volume of brainstem bleeding of >5~10 mL or greatest hemorrhage diameter of >3~4 cm indicates the changes of DOC level.

The trust levels that participants report on questionnaires may be biased by the participant's motivation to appear like a trusting person. Few studies have found participants' explicit trust to be inconsistent with their implicit trust. According to social cognition theory, the inconsistency between explicit and implicit trust indicates the importance of an implicit measurement of trust. However, trusting has been socially expected in previous research, which facilitates participants' motivation to deliberate their responses on questionnaires. As a result, the inconsistency between explicit and implicit trust that previous research revealed may be context dependent. This study examined this possibility by investigating college students' implicit trust, implicit distrust and explicit trust toward eight professions. The study found that 1) college students' explicit trust did not correlate with their implicit trust; 2) participants' implicit trust positively correlated with their implicit distrust which indicates that trust and distrust are two separate but linked constructs; 3) participants' trust behavior tendencies can be predicted by implicit trust and implicit distrust. We conclude that the automatic attitude activation task is valid in implicit trust measurement, and implicit and explicit measurements of trust can and should complement each other., Author(s): Guofang Liu [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Psychology, College of Politics of National Defence University, , 201600, Shanghai, China Introduction Trust is in an actively researched domain in [...]