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Background and Purpose: Protein palmitoylation is involved in learning and memory, and in emotional disorders. Yet, the underlying mechanisms in these processes remain unclear. Herein, we describe that A‐kinase anchoring protein 150 (AKAP150) is essential and sufficient for depressive‐like behaviours in mice via a palmitoylation‐dependent mechanism. Experimental Approach: Depressive‐like behaviours in mice were induced by chronic restraint stress (CRS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). Palmitoylated proteins in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) were assessed by an acyl‐biotin exchange assay. Genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to investigate the role of the DHHC2‐mediated AKAP150 palmitoylation signalling pathway in depressive‐like behaviours. Electrophysiological recording, western blotting and co‐immunoprecipitation were performed to define the mechanistic pathway. Key Results: Chronic stress successfully induced depressive‐like behaviours in mice and enhanced AKAP150 palmitoylation in the BLA, and a palmitoylation inhibitor was enough to reverse these changes. Blocking the AKAP150‐PKA interaction with the peptide Ht‐31 abolished the CRS‐induced AKAP150 palmitoylation signalling pathway. DHHC2 expression and palmitoylation levels were both increased after chronic stress. DHHC2 knockdown prevented CRS‐induced depressive‐like behaviours, as well as attenuating AKAP150 signalling and synaptic transmission in the BLA in CRS‐treated mice. Conclusion and Implications: These results delineate that DHHC2 modulates chronic stress‐induced depressive‐like behaviours and synaptic transmission in the BLA via the AKAP150 palmitoylation signalling pathway, and this pathway may be considered as a promising novel therapeutic target for major depressive disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Summarize the clinical characteristics and treatment plan of 2 cases of abnormal anastomosis at the origin of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) complicated with aneurysm. Methods and Results Two cases of abnormal anastomosis of the PICA complicated with aneurysms all showed spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). MRI showed abnormal anastomosis of the PICA, accompanied by multiple small aneurysms at the anastomotic vessel or anastomotic site. All patients underwent occipital artery (OA)⁃PICA bypass graft and electrocoagulation of the aneurysms at the same time. Use "PICA anastomosis" as the key words to search PubMed (January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2021) 8 articles in English, 8 patients, combined with 2 cases in this article cases, a total of 10 patients with abnormal anastomosis at the origin of the PICA complicated with aneurysm. All cases occurred as spontaneous SAH; 8 cases of aneurysms occurred at the anastomosis site, one case occurred at the distal end of the PICA, and one case occurred in a branch of the original artery. Five cases underwent craniotomy, 3 cases of OA⁃PICA bypass surgery and concurrent electrocoagulation (2 cases) or clipping (one case) of the aneurysms, one case of simple aneurysm clipping, and one case of aneurysm clipping combined with cutting off anastomotic artery, and there were no clear complications after surgery; 4 cases underwent endovascular interventional treatment, 2 cases of coil embolization of aneurysms, 2 cases of Glubran glue embolization of aneurysms, of which 3 cases had postoperative complications, manifested as mild brainstem infarction (2 cases) or disturbance of consciousness (one case). Conclusions Abnormal anastomosis at the origin of the PICA complicated with aneurysm is rare, and the risk of rupture and hemorrhage is high. OA⁃PICA bypass and electrocoagulation or clipping of the aneurysm can be used as a treatment option.

Background: Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are predisposed to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Bone mineral density (BMD) is linked to CVD, but most studies focused on women. Our analysis aims to explore the association of BMD and fracture with the prevalence of CVD in men with T2DM. Methods: In this retrospective cross‐sectional study, 856 men with T2DM were enrolled. BMDs at the lumbar spine (L2‐4), femoral neck (FN), and total hip (TH) were measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). The CVD outcome was determined as the sum of the following conditions: congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, the requirement for coronary artery revascularization, and stroke. The relationship between BMDs and CVD was investigated by restricted cubic spline curves and logistic regression models. Results: A total of 163 (19.0%) patients developed CVD. The restricted cubic spline curve revealed a linear and negative association between FN‐BMD, TH‐BMD, and CVD. After full adjustments for confounding covariates, the odds ratios were 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] [1.11–1.61], p <.05), 1.3 (95% CI [1.05–1.60], p <.05), and 1.26 (95% CI [1.02–1.55], p <.05) for each 1‐SD decrease in BMDs of L2‐4, FN and TH, respectively. T‐scores of < −1 for BMD of L2‐4 and FN were independently associated with CVD (p <.05). Subgroup analyses further supported our findings. Conclusions: The prevalence of CVD was inversely correlated with BMD levels in men with T2DM, particularly at the FN. We hypothesized that monitoring FN‐BMD and early intervention would help reduce CVD risk in men with T2DM, especially those with hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy is a rare disease that can have detrimental effects on both maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes. The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy can complicate the diagnosis, imaging examinations, and treatment of this disorder. To enhance our understanding and management of primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy, experts from various fields, including endocrinology, obstetrics, surgery, ultrasonography, nuclear medicine, pediatrics, nephrology, and general practice in China, collaborated to develop a consensus addressing the critical aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism in pregnancy with a multidisciplinary team approach. This consensus provides valuable guidance for healthcare professionals in managing this condition, ultimately improving outcomes for both mothers and their babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]