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Over the past few years, many scholars began to study averaging principles for fractional stochastic differential equations since they can provide an approximate analytical method to reduce such systems. However, in the most previous studies, there is a misunderstanding of the standard form of fractional stochastic differential equations, which consequently causes the wrong estimation of the convergence rate. In this note, we take fractional stochastic differential equations with Lévy noise as an example to clarify these two issues. The corrections herein have no effect on the main proofs except the two points mentioned above. The innovation of this paper lies in three aspects: (i) the standard form of the fractional stochastic differential equations is derived under natural time scale; (ii) it is first proved that the convergence interval and rate are related to the fractional order; and (iii) the presented results contain and improve some well known research achievements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the layered and porous characteristics of functionally graded materials and the finite deformation assumption of solids, the fractal nonlinear propagation equation of longitudinal waves in a functionally graded rod is derived. A large number of exact displacement gradient traveling wave solutions of the fractal equation are obtained by using an equivalent simplified extended (G′/G) expansion method. Three sets of existing and different displacement gradient solutions are obtained by analyzing these exact solutions, and then three corresponding fractal dimension strain waves are derived. The results of numerical simulation of the evolution of these three strain waves with fractal dimension show that when the strain wave propagates in the rod, the smaller the fractal dimension or, the larger the radius of the rod, the higher the tensile strength of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression, as a global mental health problem, is lacking effective screening methods that can help with early detection and treatment. This paper aims to facilitate the large-scale screening of depression by focusing on the speech depression detection (SDD) task. Currently, direct modeling on the raw signal yields a large number of parameters, and the existing deep learning-based SDD models mainly use the fixed Mel-scale spectral features as input. However, these features are not designed for depression detection, and the manual settings limit the exploration of fine-grained feature representations. In this paper, we learn the effective representations of the raw signals from an interpretable perspective. Specifically, we present a joint learning framework with attention-guided learnable time-domain filterbanks for depression classification (DALF), which collaborates with the depression filterbanks features learning (DFBL) module and multi-scale spectral attention learning (MSSA) module. DFBL is capable of producing biologically meaningful acoustic features by employing learnable time-domain filters, and MSSA is used to guide the learnable filters to better retain the useful frequency sub-bands. We collect a new dataset, the Neutral Reading-based Audio Corpus (NRAC), to facilitate the research in depression analysis, and we evaluate the performance of DALF on the NRAC and the public DAIC-woz datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art SDD methods with an F1 of 78.4% on the DAIC-woz dataset. In particular, DALF achieves F1 scores of 87.3% and 81.7% on two parts of the NRAC dataset. By analyzing the filter coefficients, we find that the most important frequency range identified by our method is 600–700Hz, which corresponds to the Mandarin vowels / e / and / e ˆ / and can be considered as an effective biomarker for the SDD task. Taken together, our DALF model provides a promising approach to depression detection. • A DFBL module is proposed to replace the Mel-spectral and offer interpretability. • A MSSA module is developed to guide the filters in learning the important sub-bands. • We collect a Chinese corpus and verify method's validity by extensive experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we initiate a study on averaging principles for neutral stochastic partial functional differential equations (NSPFDEs) with delayed impulses. With the aid of inequality techniques, the semigroup approach and some technical transformations, we derive an averaging principle for a class of NSPFDEs involving delayed impulses. The results obtained ensure that one can focus on the averaged autonomous system without impulses in place of the original system, thus providing an effective way for reducing complexity. In the end, an example is worked out to demonstrate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we designed two van der Waals (vdW) GaN/WSe2 heterostructures based on the GaN and WSe2 monolayers. And then we further investigated the effect of the external electric field on electronic properties of the more stable GaN/WSe2 vdW heterostructure by first-principle calculations. Results show that without external electric field, the GaN/WSe2 is a typical type-I band alignment heterostructure. But both the VBO and CBO are smaller than 1 eV, which limits their application in electric devices. So we further adopt an external electric field to adjust the electronic properties of the heterostructure. Results show that when applying an external electric field of − 1. 6 V/Å, the band alignment of GaN/WSe2 heterostructure changes from type-I to type-II, and the electrons and holes are separated into different layers. Then the recombination of the holes and electrons is blocked and the lifetime of photo-induced carriers can be prolonged. To understand the inherent physical mechanism, the variation trends of the band gap and band offset as the change of external electric field were discussed. Results show that the location and contribution factors of conduction band minimum (CBM) and valence band maximum (VBM) caused by external electric field are the main factors causing this change in the heterostructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper initiates a study on the existence and approximate controllability for a type of non-instantaneous impulsive stochastic evolution equation (ISEE) excited by fractional Brownian motion (fBm) with Hurst index 0 < H < 1 / 2 . First, to overcome the irregular or singular properties of fBm with Hurst parameter 0 < H < 1 / 2 , we define a new type of control function. Then, by virtue of the stochastic analysis theory, inequality technique, the semigroup approach, Krasnoselskii's fixed-point theorem and Schaefer's fixed-point theorem, we derive two new sets of sufficient conditions for the existence and approximate controllability of the concerned system. In the end, a concrete example is worked out to demonstrate the applicability of our obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contrast to previous research on periodic averaging principles for various types of impulsive stochastic differential equations (ISDEs), we establish an averaging principle without periodic assumptions of coefficients and impulses for impulsive stochastic fractional differential equations (ISFDEs) excited by fractional Brownian motion (fBm). Under appropriate conditions, we demonstrate that the mild solution of the original equation is approximately equivalent to that of the reduced averaged equation without impulses. The obtained convergence result guarantees that one can study the complex system through the simplified system. Better yet, our techniques dealing with multi-time scales and impulsive terms can be applied to improve some existing results. As for application, three examples are worked out to explain the procedure and validity of the proposed averaging principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Outpatient treatment for the worsening of signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF) is usually not incorporated in the main outcomes of HF trials. Patients with HF and a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) may experience frequent episodes of outpatient worsening HF. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, prognostic impact, and the effect of spironolactone on outpatient diuretic intensification (ODI), among 1767 patients enrolled in TOPCAT‐Americas. Methods and results: Time‐updated Cox models and win ratio analysis. ODI was defined by a post‐randomization loop diuretic dose increase or new initiation. The median follow‐up was 2.9 years. At baseline, 1362 (77%) patients were taking loop diuretics. During the follow‐up, 685 (38.8%) patients experienced ODI, which was associated with a higher risk of subsequent cardiovascular events and death [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36–2.04; HR for cardiovascular death 2.17, 95% CI 1.64–2.87); and HR for all‐cause mortality 1.75, 95% CI 1.41–2.16] (p < 0.001 for all outcomes). Adding ODI to the composite of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death increased the event rate by three‐fold in the placebo group (from 10.4 to 29.9 events per 100 person‐years). Spironolactone treatment led to a 26% relative reduction of the extended composite of ODI or HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.65–0.85; p < 0.001) compared with a 16% relative reduction of HF hospitalization or cardiovascular death (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.70–0.99; p = 0.044). Using win ratio provided similar estimates. Conclusion: In HFpEF, ODI was frequent and independently associated with subsequent cardiovascular events. Spironolactone significantly reduced an extended composite outcome incorporating ODI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Redox-driven ultrafast free-radical polymerization process. • Gelation in a time scale of seconds at ambient temperature. • LS and CNC significantly enhance the mechanical robustness of hydrogel electrolytes. • The hydrogel electrolytes endow the high t zn 2+ and ionic conductivity. • The hydrogel electrolytes suppress Zn dendrites and interfacial side reactions. Hydrogel electrolytes with high intrinsic toughness and ionic conductivity are considered essential for realising flexible energy storage. Polyzwitterionic hydrogel electrolytes typically exhibit excellent ionic transference number and conductivity because of their distinct rapid anionic and cationic channels, thereby achieving superior ionic transport kinetics. This paper presents an ultrafast autocatalytic gelation process, which can produce a self-adhesive hydrogel electrolyte (PAD@SC) via copolymerization of vinyl monomer acrylic acid and zwitterionic monomer sulfobetaine in a time scale of seconds instead of hours at room temperature (approximately 20 °C). The incorporation of bio-based functional enhancement components, namely, sodium lignosulfonate and nanocellulose, into the hydrogel precursor solution facilitated the reconstruction of noncovalent hydrogen bond networks within the hydrogel, resulting in enhanced mechanical properties. Moreover, the PAD@SC hydrogel electrolyte prepared using this autocatalytic system can effectively inhibit the growth of Zn dendrites to realize a stable Zn anode. The assembled PAD@SC-based flexible Zn-ion capacitors possess high specific capacitance (85.4 mAh g−1), rate performance, and cycling stability (10000 cycles at 5 A g−1), indicating remarkable potential for practical application in flexible power supplies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondria participate in essential cellular functions, including energy production, metabolism, redox homeostasis regulation, intracellular Ca2+ handling, apoptosis, and cell fate determination. Disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis under pathological conditions results in mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and energy insufficiency, which further disturb mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis in a deleterious loop. Mitochondrial redox status has therefore become a potential target for therapy against cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we highlight recent progress in determining the roles of mitochondrial processes in regulating mitochondrial redox status, including mitochondrial dynamics (fusion–fission pathways), mitochondrial cristae remodeling, mitophagy, biogenesis, and mitochondrion–organelle interactions (endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondrion interactions, nucleus–mitochondrion communication, and lipid droplet–mitochondrion interactions). The strategies that activate vagal system include direct vagal activation (electrical vagal stimulation and administration of vagal neurotransmitter acetylcholine) and pharmacological modulation (choline and cholinesterase inhibitors). The vagal system plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis and suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress by promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy, moderating mitochondrial fusion and fission, strengthening mitochondrial cristae stabilization, regulating mitochondrion–organelle interactions, and inhibiting mitochondrial Ca2+ overload. Therefore, enhancement of vagal activity can maintain mitochondrial homeostasis and represents a promising therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular diseases. [Display omitted] • Vagal system regulates mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiovascular diseases. • Protective effects of vagal system on mitochondrial quality control and redox status. • Roles of vagal system in regulation of multiple mitochondrion-organelle interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims at addressing the issue of a periodic averaging method for neutral stochastic functional differential equations with delayed impulses. Two periodic averaging theorems are presented and the approximate equivalence between the solutions to the original systems and those to the reduced averaged systems without impulses is proved. Further, we show a brief framework of extending our main results to Lévy case. At last, an example is given to demonstrate the procedure and validity of the proposed periodic averaging method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on systems of stochastic partial differential equations with impulse effects. We establish an averaging principle such that the solution to the complex original nonlinear impulsive stochastic evolution equations can be approximated by that to the more simplified averaged stochastic evolution equations without impulses. By adopting stochastic analysis theory, semigroup approach and inequality technique, sufficient conditions are formulated and the mean square convergence is proved. This ensures that we can concentrate on the averaged system instead of the original system, thus providing a solution for reduction of complexity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rock mass quality assessment has a vital influence on the excavation of tunnels and caverns in rock mass. For this purpose, extensive field studies, including records of measure-while-drilling data and rock mass quality scores (RQS) from the observation reports of tunnel faces, have been conducted. In order to predict RQS, three optimized artificial neural network (ANN) models based on genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and imperialist competition algorithm (ICA) were developed. Six parameters of measure-while-drilling (MWD) data and their corresponding RQS constituted 1270 datasets, which were set as input and output of ANN, respectively. The traditional multiple linear regression (MLR), multiple nonlinear regression (MNR) statistical model, and ANN model were developed as comparative models. Comparison results reveal that PSO-ANN and ICA-ANN models are capable of predicting RQS with higher reliability than the MLR, MNR, ANN, and GA-ANN models. Results indicate that PSO-ANN and ICA-ANN models can be used to predict RQS; however, the PSO-ANN model has better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with a class of fractional neutral stochastic integro-differential equations with impulses driven by fractional Brownian motion (fBm). First, by means of the resolvent operator technique and contraction mapping principle, we can directly show the existence and uniqueness result of mild solution for the aforementioned system. Then we develop a new impulsive-integral inequality to obtain the global attracting set and pth moment exponential stability for this type of equation. Worthy of note is that this powerful inequality after little modification is applicable to the case with delayed impulses. Moreover, sufficient conditions which guarantee the pth moment exponential stability for some pertinent systems are stated without proof. In the end, an example is worked out to illustrate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer Single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) with different cross-linking densities were synthetized from poly (methyl methacrylate-co-(2-acetoacetoxy) ethyl methacrylate) (PMMA-co-PAEMA) random copolymers, and the molecular dynamics of SCNPs was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). The DSC results show that the glass transition temperature (T g) of SCNPs formed after intra-molecular cross-linking is higher than that of linear precursor, and increases with increasing the cross-linking density. The BDS results reveal that the segment (α) relaxation of SCNPs is significantly inhibited, as evidenced by an increase in the relaxation time and a decrease in the dielectric strength. This is due to the intra-molecular topological constraints which limits the mobility of the polymer segments. Moreover, the distribution width of α relaxation is broader, indicating a more pronounced dynamical heterogeneity. The relaxation time of Johari-Goldstein β (β JG) relaxation increases slightly, neither the dynamics nor the peak width of β JG relaxation is affected by intra-molecular cross-linking. [Display omitted] • The intra-molecular cross-linking significantly affects T g and segmental dynamics of SCNPs. • The α relaxation of SCNPs is significantly inhibited, as evidenced by an increase in the relaxation time, a decrease in the dielectric strength. • Neither the dynamics nor the peak width of β JG relaxation is affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this letter, an averaging principle for Caputo-Hadamard fractional stochastic differential equations is established. It is showed the solution of the Caputo-Hadamard fractional stochastic differential equation converges to the solution of the averaged equation when the time scale parameter tends to zero. Compared to existing literatures, different estimates techniques are used to overcome the difficulties caused by the logarithmic term. It means that Khasminskii classical approach is extended to fractional stochastic differential equations of Caputo-Hadamard type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Requirements for sustainable development have led to the urgent need for low cost, green, and reproducible resources. Lignin is one of the resources meeting this requirement. Herein, an alkali lignin (AL)-Fe3+-H 2 O 2 autocatalytic system was introduced to assemble multifunctional AL-Fe3+/polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogels. The AL-Fe3+ pair-mediated Fenton reaction can generate a large number of free radicals to accelerate gelation. Owing to the abundant hydrogen bonds and metal coordination bonds, the AL-Fe3+/PAA hydrogels possessed excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 38 kPa), adhesion properties (18 kPa for pigskin), and self-healing ability (78 % for tensile strength and 88 % for tensile modulus). In addition, hydrogel-based sensors with high durability, strain sensitivity, and fast response times were employed to accurately monitor motion or electrophysiological signals. Subsequently, a portable sensing device for the wireless and remote monitoring of a user's motion status was integrated. As a result, an AL-Fe3+-H 2 O 2 autocatalytic system has great potential for use in hydrogel preparation in flexible bioelectronics and wearable sensors. It can promote the sustainable development of flexible bioelectronics. • AL accelerated the gelation of acrylic acid and improved the hydrogel's properties. • Multifunctional hydrogels prepared by a facile and green synthetic strategy. • Sensitive and durable lignin-containing hydrogel-based wireless strain sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stochastic switching SIR epidemic model with saturated incidence and limited medical treatment is investigated in this paper. By using Lyapunov methods and Itô formula, we first prove that the system has a unique global positive solution with any positive initial value. Then combining inequality technique and the ergodic property of Markov switching, the sufficient conditions for extinction and persistence in the mean of the disease are established. The results demonstrate that increasing medical resources and improving supply efficiency can accelerate the transition from the persistent state to the extinct state. Meanwhile, the high incidence rate will slow down the extinction of the disease. Specially, the switching noise can induce the system to toggle between the extinct and persistent states. Finally, some numerical simulations are carried out to confirm the analytical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As shown in following Figure (b), the photoexcited electrons transfer to Janus-WSSe layer in the conduction bands; and the photoexcited holes transfer to g-ZnO layer in the valance bands. In the Janus-WSSe layer, the collected photoexcited holes could drive the generation of oxygen by the oxidation reaction of 2H2O+4h+→O2+4H+. In the g-ZnO layer, the collected photoexcited electrons could drive the generation of hydrogen by the reduction reaction of 4H++4e-→2H2. So the AB-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSSe vdW heterostructure could be considered as a potential photocatalyst of the redox reaction of water splitting. It can be seen from Figure (a) that there is an obvious electrostatic potential differences across the interface. Because there are more electronegativities, the electrostatic potential depth of the Janus-WSSe layer is about 5.79 eV deeper than that of the g-ZnO layer at the interface. It leads to the electrons transfer from the g-ZnO layer to the Janus-WSSe layer. Then charge transition leads to an intrinsic built-in electric field (Ein) established in the heterostructure interface from the Janus-WSeS layer to the g-ZnO layer. It is this built-in electric field that promotes the separation of photoexcited electron-hole pairs into different layers of the heterostructure. Figure. (a) Planar average electrostatic potential of the AB-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSSe vdW heterostructure along the c-axial direction. (b) Schematic plot of the band alignment between the two layers in g-ZnO /Janus-WSSe and the migration of photogenerated electrons and holes at the interface. [Display omitted] • Two g-ZnO/Janus-WSeS and two g-ZnO/Janus-WSSe vdW heterostructures were designed by g-ZnO and Janus-WSSe monolayers. • The type-I AA-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSeS vdW heterostructure can be transformed to type-II under a moderate strain. • The AB-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSSe vdW heterostructure is a potential photocatalyst for water splitting. In this paper, we designed van der Waals heterostructures by stacking g-ZnO and Janus WSSe monlayers with each other, and selected two most stable structures of them for in-depth study. The AA-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSeS heterostructure shows a type-I band arrangement. Staggered gap of AB-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSS heterostructure indicates it exhibits a typical type-II band arrangement. Further investigations show that the band alignment of AB-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSS heterostructure meets the requirement of water redox potentials at PH = 7. To explore the regulation effect on these two heterostructures, a biaxial strain parallel to the stacking layers from −6 to 8 % is applied. Results show the type-I AA-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSeS vdW heterostructure can be transformed to type-II under a moderate negative biaxial strain. For AB-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSSe vdW heterostructure, a suitable strain can be applied to tune the band gap and the band alignment to meet the requirement of photoelectric devices. In addition, the absorption coefficients of these two heterostructures at different strains were calculated. Results show negative strain will enhance the absorption of UV light and weaken the absorption of visible light. The favorable band edge positions and strong absorption in visible light and UV light make the AB-stacking g-ZnO/Janus-WSSe vdW heterostructure as a potential UV irradiation catalyst for water splitting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A theoretical method for predicting dynamic properties of the stochastic switching ecosystem is proposed. • The distribution, reliability and probability of first passage time for the switching ecosystem are theoretically obtained. • Markov switching can induce stochastic P -bifurcation. • The effect of each transition rate differs greatly in shape of stationary distribution. • Markov switching may improve the reliability of the ecosystem and maintain the dynamic balance of species coexistence. This paper investigates Markov-switching-induced stochastic P -bifurcation and the dynamical balance in a predator-prey system. Based on the limit averaging, a probability-weighted system is established to approximate the original stochastic switching ecosystem, then the stationary distribution and first-passage problems are theoretically addressed. Stochastic bifurcations are discussed through a qualitative change of the stationary probability density, which indicates that the transition rate matrix of Markov switching can be treated as a bifurcation parameter. They also imply that the stationary distribution is more sensitive to the transition rate λ 12. Besides, by the first-passage theory, the dynamic balance is explored to elucidate the mechanisms underlying species coexistence. Astonishingly, the Markov switching may maintain or even improve the dynamic stability of species coexistence. Biologically, apart from human destruction, the species are even more robust and capable of adapting to general environmental disturbances. The utility and the accuracy of the theoretical analysis are demonstrated by direct numerical simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diabetes-associated cardiac pathophysiology is recognized to be due to reasons including metabolic consequences on the myocardium. The heart is a highly energy-demanding tissue, with mitochondria supplying over 90% of adenosine triphosphate. The involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes-related cardiac pathogenesis has been studied. Phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 ( PINK1) and Parkin, initially identified to be associated with the pathogenesis of a familiar form of Parkinson's disease, have recently been recognized to play a critical role in mediating cardiomyocytes' adaption to stresses. Extensive studies have suggested PINK1 and Parkin as key regulators of mitophagy. In the present review article, we will first summarize the new findings on PINK1/Parkin acting in cardioprotection, and then discuss the potential role of PINK1/Parkin in diabetic heart by mediating mitophagy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the uniform exponential stability approximation of a one-dimensional Schrödinger system with boundary damping. The continuous system is known to be exponentially stable. Firstly, the order reduction method is adopted to transform the original system into an equivalent one. Two second-order semi-discretized finite difference schemes are derived for both the transformed system and the original system, which are shown to be equivalent to each other. Secondly, the Lyapunov function method is used to prove the uniform exponential stability of the semi-discretized transformed system, which is parallel to the proof of the continuous transformed system. Finally, the solution of the semi-discretized system converges weakly to the solution of the original system and the discrete energy converges to the continuous energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anisotropic discontinuity exists widely in rock masses of mines, tunnels, slopes, water conservancy and hydropower projects. The shear characteristics of bolted anisotropic rock joints are extremely important for the stability design of engineering rock mass. However, few scholars have studied the bolted anisotropic rock joint. The different rock properties on both sides of the rock joint, especially the different rock strengths, will greatly affect the deformation characteristics and failure mode of the rock mass. Based on this, a series of shear tests were carried out on the bolted anisotropic rock joint under different normal stresses, and the characteristics of shear stress–shear displacement curve, shear strength, failure characteristics of the rock joint and deformation characteristics of the bolt are discussed. λ is defined as the strength ratio of upper and lower rock on the structural surface. The results show that the effect of λ on the shear stress–shear displacement curve is not obvious at the pre-fracture stage. The shear stress–shear displacement curve at the pre-breaking stage of the bolt presents a softening stage when the normal stress is equal to 0.5 MPa, tends to be horizontal when the normal stress is equal to 1 MPa and presents a hardening stage when the normal stress is greater than 1 MPa. After the bolt is broken, the shear stress–shear displacement curve presents a stepped-down descent. With the increase in λ, the breaking shear stress of the bolt increases. Elliptic failure occurs on the surface of the bolted anisotropic rock joint, and the length of the major axis of the ellipse decreases with the increase in λ value and normal stress. The bolts with different λ values of anisotropic rock joint show "Z-shaped" tensile bending deformation characteristics after shear fracture, and the horizontal and vertical components of the bolt deformation decrease with the increase in λ value and normal stress. The fracture shear displacement of the bolt increases with the increase in normal stress and decreases with the increase in λ value. The research results are helpful to further understand the shear mechanical characteristics and differences of bolted rock joints and provide a reference for solving the engineering problems of the composite layered rock mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The numerical method proposed in this paper is an improvement of the ADI method by Li and Mayo (1994). The proposed method is unconditionally stable for both two and three-dimensional heat conduction interface problems, while Li’s ADI method is only stable for two-dimensional problems. The method is a modification of a Locally One-Dimensional (LOD) difference scheme, with correction term added to the right-hand side of the standard LOD difference scheme at irregular points. The correction term is determined so that the local truncation error is of order at irregular points. Then the method is two-order convergent in both time and space directions. Numerical examples show good agreement with exact solutions and confirm the order of convergence and stability. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to solve temperature stress for bending beam with different moduli under different constraints subject to nonlinear temperature. Design/methodology/approach – The equations of neutral axis position, normal stress, and displacement of bending beam with different moduli subjected to nonlinear temperature were derived based on different moduli elasticity theory. Meanwhile, iterative procedure was programmed to solve the nonlinear equations. The analytical solution can return back into the result of the same modulus theory, and the analytical solution was compared with finite element numerical solution. It shows that the analytical model proposed in this paper is reliable to use. Furthermore, the influence of different moduli characteristics on the temperature stress and deformation is discussed. Findings – The mechanical behavior of the bending beam with different moduli subject to nonlinear temperature is quite different from the one that is subjected to force. The bending beam maybe exist two neutral axis, and the reasonable selection of tension modulus and compression modulus can improve the distribution of the normal stress and reduce the maximum tensile stress or the maximum compressive stress. Originality/value – The crack produced by temperature stress will affect the integrity and the durability of the structure. The solution for temperature problem with different moduli theory is rarely reported at home and board. In view of this, this paper will do some exploratory research-temperature stress for bending beam with different moduli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twin-screw compressors are widely used in aerodynamics, refrigeration and other fields. The screw rotors are the core component of the screw compressor and affect the performance of the compressor. This paper focuses on variable-lead rotors. A thermal process simulation model considering leakage is established to calculate the efficiency of the compressor. Different lead change methods are compared by evaluating the contact line, exhaust port and simulation results. The results show that the compressor obtains better performance when the lead decreases rapidly on the discharge side. Furthermore, the effects of the wrap angle and internal volume ratio on variable-lead rotors are studied. The work provides a reference for the design of the screw compressor rotor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Based on Li’s immersed interface method (IIM), an ADI-type finite difference scheme is proposed for solving two-dimensional nonlinear convection–diffusion interface problems on a fixed cartesian grid, which is unconditionally stable and converges with two-order accuracy in both time and space in maximum norm. Correction terms are added to the right-hand side of standard ADI scheme at irregular points. The nonlinear convection terms are treated by Adams–Bashforth method, without affecting the stability of difference schemes. A new method for computing the correction terms is developed, in which the Adams–Bashforth method is employed. Thus we can get an explicit approximation for the computation of corrections, when the jump condition is solution-dependent. Three numerical experiments are displayed and analyzed. The numerical results show good agreement with the exact solutions and confirm the convergence order. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: Both fatty liver and abdominal visceral fat (VAT) are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors. Whether fatty liver and VAT are jointly associated with coronary artery (CAC) or abdominal aortic (AAC) calcification is not clear. Methods: Jackson Heart Study (JHS) participants (n = 2884, mean age 60 years, 65% women) underwent non-contrast CT Exam for assessment of fatty liver, VAT, and CAC and AAC. Fatty liver was measured by liver attenuation (LA; low LA = high fatty liver). The Agatston score was used to quantify the amount of calcified artery plaque and the presence of calcified artery plaque was defined as Agatston score>0. Cross-sectional associations of LA and VAT with CAC and AAC were examined in logistic regression models. Results: LA (per 1-standard deviation [SD] decrement) was associated inversely with CAC in age-sex-adjusted (OR 0.84, 95%CI 0.7–0.9, p = 0.0001) and multivariable-adjusted models (OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.8–0.9, p = 0.01). The association persisted for LA with CAC when additionally adjusted for body mass index (BMI) (OR 0.89, 95%CI 0.8–0.9, p = 0.03) or VAT (OR 0.90, 95%CI 0.8–0.9, p = 0.04). Abdominal VAT (per 1-SD increment) was positively associated with CAC in age-sex-adjusted models (OR 1.27, 95%CI 1.2–1.4, p = 0.0001), but the association was diminished with multivariable adjustment (OR 1.10, 95%CI 0.9–1.2, p = 0.09) and with additional adjustment for LA (p = 0.24) or BMI (p = 0.33). For AAC, the associations with LA and VAT were only present in age-sex-adjusted models. Finally, we did not observe interactions between LA and VAT for CAC (p = 0.18) or AAC (p = 0.24). Conclusion: Fatty liver is associated with coronary atherosclerotic calcification independent of abdominal VAT or BMI in African Americans. Further investigations to uncover the clinical implications of fatty liver on coronary atherosclerosis in obesity are warranted. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the association of obesity and systemic inflammation with impaired lung function. It explores how anomalies in cardiac function, structure and atherosclerosis are linked to pericardial fat. Also emphasized is the important role that pericardial fat may have in the impairment of lung function.

OBJECTIVE -- Pericardial adipose tissue (PAT), a regional fat depot that surrounds the heart, is associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk factor profile. The associations among PAT, cardiometabolic risk factors, and coronary artery calcification (CAC) and abdominal aortic artery calcification (AAC) in African American populations have not been explored. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-- A total of 1,414 African Americans (35% men; mean ± SD age 58 ± 11 years) drawn from the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) underwent multidetector computed tomography assessment of abdominal visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and PAT between 2007 and 2009. Cardiometabolic risk factors, CAC, and AAC were examined in relation to increments of PAT and VAT. RESULTS -- PAT was significantly correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and VAT (r = 0.35, 0.46, and 0.69; all P < 0.0001). PAT (per 1-SD increase) was associated with elevated levels of systolic blood pressure (P < 0.04), fasting glucose, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein and lower levels of HDL (all P values<0.0001). PAT was also associated with metabolic syndrome (odds ratio [OR] 1.89; P < 0.0001), hypertension (1.48; P < 0.0006), and diabetes (1.40; P < 0.04); all associations were diminished after further adjustment for VAT (most P > 0.05). However, the association of PAT with CAC but not with AAC remained significant (OR 1.34 [95% CI 1.10-1.64]; P < 0.004) after multivariable and VAT adjustment. CONCLUSIONS -- PAT is significantly correlated with most cardiometabolic risk factors and CAC in the JHS cohort. The results suggest that PAT is an important VAT depot that may exert a local effect on the coronary vasculature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Insulin resistance is an important feature of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The underlying mechanisms of insulin resistance are still unclear and may involve pathological changes in multiple tissues. Mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial loss and over-production of oxidants, has been suggested to be involved in the development of insulin resistance. Increasing evidence suggests that targeting mitochondria to protect mitochondrial function as a unique measure, i.e. mitochondrial medicine, could prevent and ameliorate various diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we have summarized recent progress in pharmaceutical and nutritional studies of drugs and nutrients to targeting mitochondria by stimulating mitochondrial metabolism (biogenesis and degradation) to improve mitochondrial function and decrease oxidative stress for preventing and ameliorating insulin resistance. We have focused on nutrients from natural sources to stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis in cellular systems and in animal models. The in vitro and in vivo studies, especially our own work on the effects and mechanisms of mitochondrial targeting nutrients or their combinations, may help us to understand the importance and mechanisms of mitochondrial biogenesis in insulin resistance, and provide hope for developing mitochondria-targeting agents for preventing and treating insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and obesity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We measured age-dependent effects of human ApoE4 on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using ApoE4 transgenic mice compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice by use of [14C] iodoantipyrene autoradiography. ApoE4 associated factors reduce CBF gradually to create brain hypoperfusion when compared to WT, and the differences in CBF are greatest as animals age from 6-weeks to 12-months. Transmission electron microscopy with colloidal gold immunocytochemistry showed structural damage in young and aged microvessel endothelium of ApoE4 animals extended to the cytoplasm of perivascular cells, perivascular nerve terminals and hippocampal neurons and glial cells. These abnormalities coexist with mitochondrial structural alteration and mitochondrial DNA overproliferation and/or deletion in all brain cellular compartments. Spatial memory and temporal memory tests showed a trend in improving cognitive function in ApoE4 mice fed selective mitochondrial antioxidants acetyl-l-carnitine and R-α-lipoic acid. Our findings indicate that ApoE4 genotype-induced mitochondrial changes and associated structural damage may explain age-dependent pathology seen in AD, indicating potential for novel treatment strategies in the near future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, a spacial semidiscretized finite difference scheme developed in our previous work (Liu and Guo, 2019) is used to approximate exact observability and controllability for Euler–Bernoulli beam control system. The uniform observability inequality is proved by discrete energy multiplier technique. The uniform controllability and uniform boundedness of the discrete controls are also developed. Compared with the existing literature, the proposed approach has achieved potentially the following advantages: (a) It removes the introduction of the numerical viscosity term to achieve uniformity; (b) It can deal with any type of boundary conditions without help of the spectral analysis which is limited only for some special boundary conditions; (c) The proofs of the uniform observability and controllability are simplified significantly with the similar techniques in dealing with the continuous counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE -- Health of African Americans is seriously threatened by unremitting epidemics of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the role of metabolic syndrome in the African-American population has not been investigated widely. This study examined the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and assessed its cross-sectional relationship to CVD in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) cohort. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -- A total of 5,302 participants aged >21 years who were recruited at baseline during 2000-2004 were analyzed for this study. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were estimated in a logistic regression analysis for coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebrovascular disease (CBD) in those with and without coexisting metabolic syndrome. Diabetic participants were excluded. RESULTS -- Among those aged 35-84 years, metabolic syndrome prevalence was 43.3% in women and 32.7% in men. Elevated blood pressure (70.4%), abdominal obesity (64.6%), and low HDL cholesterol (37.2%) were highly prevalent among those with metabolic syndrome. Prevalence rates for CVD, CHD, and CBD were 12.8, 8.7, and 5.8%, respectively. After adjustment for age and sex, metabolic syndrome was associated with increased age- and sex-adjusted ORs for CVD (OR 1.7 [95% CI 1.4-2.1]), CHD (1.7 [1.4-2.21), and CBD (1.7 [1.3-2.3]) compared with those without CVD, CHD, or CBD. CONCLUSION -- Metabolic syndrome prevalence in the JHS is among the highest reported for population-based cohorts worldwide and is significantly associated with increased ORs for CVD, CHD, and CBD. Abdominal obesity, increased blood pressure, and low HDL cholesterol (without triglyceride elevation) are surprisingly prominent. A high prevalence of low HDL emerges as a leading contributor to metabolic syndrome among African Americans in this large African-American cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial decay due to oxidative damage is a contributor to brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). One type of mitochondrial decay is oxidative modification of key mitochondrial enzymes. Enzyme dysfunction, that is due to poor binding of substrates and coenzymes may be ameliorated by supplementing adequate levels of substrates or coenzyme precursors. Such supplementation with mitochondrial nutrients (mt-nutrients) may be useful to prevent or delay mitochondrial decay, thus prevent or treat AD and PD. In the present review, we survey the literature to identify mt-nutrients that can (1) protect mitochondrial enzymes and/or stimulate enzyme activity by elevating levels of substrates and cofactors; (2) induce phase-2 enzymes to enhance antioxidant defenses; (3) scavenge free radicals and prevent oxidant production in mitochondria, and (4) repair mitochondrial membrane. Then, we discuss the relationships among mt-nutrient deficiency, mitochondrial decay, and cognitive dysfunction, and summarize available evidence suggesting an effect of mt-nutrient supplementation on AD and PD. It appears that greater effects might be obtained by longer-term administration of combinations of mt-nutrients. Thus, optimal doses of combinations of mt-nutrients to delay and repair mitochondrial decay could be a strategy for preventing and treating cognitive dysfunction, including AD and PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative mitochondrial decay is a major contributor to aging and neural degeneration. In old rats (vs. young rats) mitochondrial membrane potential, cardiolipin level, respiratory control ratio, and cellular O2 uptake are lower; oxidants/O2, neuron RNA oxidation, and mutagenic aldehydes from lipid peroxidation are higher. Ambulatory activity and cognition declines with age. Feeding old rats for a few weeks with acetyl-l-carnitine (ALCAR), a mitochondrial metabolite, plus R-lipoic acid (LA), a mitochondrial coenzyme and antioxidant, restores mitochondrial function; lowers oxidants, neuronal RNA oxidation, and mutagenic aldehydes; and increases rat ambulatory activity and cognition (Skinner box/Morris water maze). The mechanism appears to be that with age increased oxidative damage to protein causes a deformation of structure of key enzymes, with a consequent lessening of affinity (Km) for the substrate. The loss with age of carnitine acetyl transferase binding affinity can be mimicked by reacting it with malondialdehyde (a lipid peroxidation product which increases with age). Feeding the substrate ALCAR with LA restores the velocity of the reaction, Km for ALCAR and CoA, and mitochondrial function. Heme biosynthesis is predominantly in the mitochondria. Interfering with heme synthesis causes specific loss of complex IV with consequent release of oxidants and neuronal degeneration. Iron deficiency (25% of menstruating women in the US ingest <50% of the RDA) also causes release of oxidants and mitochondrial decay, presumably through lack of heme, accelerating brain aging. Vitamin B6 or zinc inadequacy (10% of Americans ingest <50% of each RDA) should also cause a heme deficiency. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Diclofenac is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug and is clinically used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, non-articular rheumatism, etc. This research aimed to demonstrate the creation of an upgraded photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptamer sensor for detecting diclofenac (DCF) with high sensitivity. In this work, photoactive materials and bio-identification components served as visible-light-active CuS/MoS2/Bi2WO6 heterostructures and aptamers, respectively. CuS and MoS2/Bi2WO6 were combined to improve photocurrent responsiveness, which helped the structure of PEC aptasensors. Additionally, the one-pot synthesis of CuS/MoS2/Bi2WO6 was ecologically beneficial. With these optimizations, the photocurrent response of aptamer/CS/CuS/MoS2/Bi2WO6 exhibited linearity between 0.1 and 500 nM DCF. The detection limit was 0.03 nM (S/N = 3). These results suggest that the PEC sensing technique might produce an ultra-sensitive sensor with high selectivity and stability for DCF detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Polyphenolic compounds were used to form Fenton-like reaction systems. • Hydrogels prepared using Fenton-like reaction have excellent overall properties. • The drug release amount in transdermal drug-delivery is up to 22.32%. • Hydrogels are promising transdermal drug-delivery motion-sensing materials. External injuries that restrict movement require hydrogel sensors capable of delivering drugs to the corresponding skin for therapy and concurrently motion monitoring to assist in restoring motor function. In this study, we incorporated gallic acid (GA)-Fe3+–H 2 O 2 Fenton-like dynamic redox autocatalysis into hydrogels to generate significant quantities of hydroxyl radicals and accelerate gelation times (to seconds). The synthesized GA-Fe3+/ polyacrylic acid (PAA) hydrogels possess copious hydrogen and metal-coordination bonds due to the incorporation of GA and Fe3+, imparting self-healing capabilities and antibacterial properties in addition to a maximum tensile strength of 50.37 kPa, a self-adhesive strength of 17.53 kPa, 100 % UV resistance, and a conductivity of 1.401 S m−1. Hydrogels employed in wearable-sensing application exhibit high sensitivities, repeatabilities, and rapid response properties, enabling precise monitoring of human movement. Additionally, drug-loaded hydrogels exhibited up to 22.31 % drug release during 1 h of transdermal drug delivery. A significant reduction in drug release during transdermal experiments with drug-loaded hydrogels following motion stretching indicates that the drug had been successfully released during tensile sensing testing. Consequently, this autocatalytic system presents promising prospects for developing hydrogels suitable to transdermal drug-delivery motion-sensing for movement recovery caused by external injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammation plays a central role in the genesis and progression of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). C-reactive protein (CRP) is widely used as means to assess systemic inflammation, and elevated levels of CRP have been associated with poor HF prognosis. Identification of chronic low-grade inflammation in outpatients can be performed measuring high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP). The clinical characteristics and outcome associations of a pro-inflammatory state among outpatients with HFpEF requires further study. Using a biomarker subset of TOPCAT-Americas (NCT00094302), we aim to characterize HFpEF patients according to hsCRP levels and study the prognostic associations of hsCRP. hsCRP was available in a subset of 232 participants. Comparisons were performed between patients with hsCRP <2 mg/L and ≥ 2 mg/L. Cox regression models were used to study the association between hsCRP and the study outcomes. Compared to patients with hsCRP <2 mg/L (n = 89, 38%), those with hsCRP ≥2 mg/L (n = 143, 62%) had more frequent HF hospitalizations prior to randomization, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, orthopnea, higher body mass index, and worse health-related quality-of-life. A hsCRP level ≥ 2 mg/L was associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular death and HF hospitalizations: hsCRP ≥2 mg/L vs <2 mg/L adjusted HR 2.36, 95%CI 1.27–4.38, P = 0.006. Spironolactone did not influence hsCRP levels from baseline to month 12: gMean ratio = 1.11, 95%CI 0.87–1.42, P = 0.39. A hsCRP ≥2 mg/L identified HFpEF patients with a high risk of HF events and cardiovascular mortality. Spironolactone did not influence hsCRP levels at 12 months. • Inflammation plays a central role in the progression of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). • hsCRP was available in a subset of TOPCAT-Americas. Comparisons were performed between hsCRP <2 mg/L and ≥ 2 mg/L. • Patients with hsCRP ≥2 mg/L experienced an increased risk of HF events. Spironolactone did not change hsCRP levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose Experimental Approach Key Results Conclusion and Implications The AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signalling pathway is a desirable target for various cardiovascular diseases (CVD), while the involvement of AMPK‐mediated specific downstream pathways and effective interventions in hyperlipidaemia‐induced endothelial dysfunction remain largely unknown. Herein, we aim to identify an effective AMPK activator and to explore its efficacy and mechanism against endothelial dysfunction.Molecular docking technique was adopted to screen for the potent AMPK activator among 11 most common rare ginsenosides. In vivo, poloxamer 407 (P407) was used to induce acute hyperlipidaemia in C57BL/6J mice. In vitro, palmitic acid (PA) was used to induce lipid toxicity in HAEC cells.We discovered the strongest binding of ginsenoside Rh4 to AMPKα1 and confirmed the action of Rh4 on AMPK activation. Rh4 effectively attenuated hyperlipidaemia‐related endothelial injury and oxidative stress both in vivo and in vitro and restored cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in HAEC cells. Mechanistically, Rh4 bound to AMPKα1 and simultaneously up‐regulated AKT/eNOS‐mediated NO release, promoted PGC‐1α‐mediated mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibited P38 MAPK/NFκB‐mediated inflammatory responses in both P407‐treated mice and PA‐treated HAEC cells. The AMPK inhibitor Compound C treatment completely abrogated the regulation of Rh4 on the above pathways and weakened the lowering effect of Rh4 on endothelial impairment markers, suggesting that the beneficial effects of Rh4 are AMPK dependent.Rh4 may serve as a novel AMPK activator to protect against hyperlipidaemia‐induced endothelial dysfunction, providing new insights into the prevention and treatment of endothelial injury‐associated CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different from existing researches, under non-Lipschitz condition, we establish an averaging principle for a class of fractional neutral stochastic differential equations (FNSDEs) involving delayed impulses without periodic assumptions of coefficients and impulses. To overcome the difficulties brought by the impulsive terms, we develop a new estimating approach, which can be used to improve some recent studies on periodic averaging methods for impulsive stochastic differential equations (ISDEs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We studied the use of all hypoglycemic agents in periods before and after introduction of SGLT-2 inhibitors in the USA by repeated cross sectional analysis to initially assess improvement in HbA1c control among patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. We sought to identify changes in glucose management related to the availability of the SGLT-2 inhibiting agents. We hypothesized that patients transitioned to SGLT-2 inhibitor-based therapy represented a higher risk group that derived benefits in terms of Hba1c control.Methods: Deidentified records of patients seen at least twice during the relevant time periods at Joslin Clinic between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2012 and/or between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016 were examined. Records required all of the following: demographic information of gender, age, height, weight, BMI, HbA1c, eGFR, blood pressure, smoking status and completed medication lists.Results: 10,191 patients met criteria for analysis, 7769 seen in period 1 and 6576 in period 2. 4625 patients were seen in both periods. The group of patients defined by SGLT-2 use had significantly higher BMI and HbA1c. Notable shifts in medication use were observed as SGLT-2 use increased from none to 14%. Increased use (all p < 0.001) of GLP-1 agents (16.0 to 23.8%), insulin (56.1 to 60.5%) and statins (78.4 to 81.5%) and statistically significant decreases (all p < 0.001) in use of biguanides (69.5 to 66.3%) and sulfonylurea compounds (44.7 to 39.4%), thiazolidinediones (13.6 to 3.4%) and diuretics (32.4 to 28.9%) were observed. Statistically significant decreases (all p < 0.001) of HbA1c (7.9 to 7.8%), BMI (32.5 to 32.1), eGFR (80.6 to 77.5 ml/min) and increased systolic blood pressure (130 to 132 mm Hg) were documented.Conclusions: In the absence of glycemia treatment resistance or clinical heart failure SGLT-2 inhibitor use may not be cost effective. Enthusiasm for use of SGLT-2 inhibition should be based upon long-term cardiorenal protection rather than short-term glycemia control given limited impact upon HbA1c levels in our tertiary care type 2 diabetes population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: There is an association between heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and insulin resistance, but less is known about the diabetic continuum, and in particular about pre‐diabetes, in HFpEF. We examined characteristics and outcomes of participants with diabetes or pre‐diabetes in PARAGON‐HF. Methods and results: Patients aged ≥50 years with left ventricular ejection fraction ≥45%, structural heart disease and elevated N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) were eligible. Patients were classified according to glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c): (i) normal HbA1c, <6.0%; (ii) pre‐diabetes, 6.0%–6.4%; (iii) diabetes, ≥6.5% or history of diabetes. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular (CV) death and total heart failure hospitalizations (HFH). Of 4796 patients, 50% had diabetes and 18% had pre‐diabetes. Compared to patients with normal HbA1c, patients with pre‐diabetes and diabetes more often were obese, had a history of myocardial infarction and had lower Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire scores, while patients with diabetes had more clinical evidence of congestion, but similar NT‐proBNP concentrations. The risks of the primary composite outcome (rate ratio [RR] 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35–1.88), total HFH (RR 1.67, 95% CI 1.39–2.02) and CV death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.35, 95% CI 1.07–1.71) were higher among patients with diabetes, compared to those with normal HbA1c. Patients with pre‐diabetes had a higher risk (which was intermediate between that of patients with diabetes and those with normal HbA1c) of the primary outcome (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.00–1.60) and HFH (HR 1.35, 95% CI 1.03–1.77), but not of CV death (HR 1.02, 95% CI 0.75–1.40). Patients with diabetes treated with insulin had worse outcomes than those not, and those with 'lean diabetes' had similar mortality rates to those with a higher body mass index, but lower rates of HFH. Conclusion: Pre‐diabetes is common in patients with HFpEF and is associated with worse clinical status and greater risk of HFH. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT01920711. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell. The research of nearly a century has expanded our understanding of mitochondrion, far beyond the view that mitochondrion is an important energy generator of cells. During the initiation, growth and survival of tumor cells, significant mitochondrial metabolic changes have taken place in the important enzymes of respiratory chain and tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, oxidative stress regulation and molecular signaling. Therefore, mitochondrial metabolic proteins are the key mediators of tumorigenesis. Post-translational modification is the molecular switch that regulates protein function. Understanding how these mitochondria-related post-translational modification function during tumorigenesis will bring new ideas for the next generation of cancer treatment. [Display omitted] • Mitochondrial metabolic proteins are the key mediators of tumorigenesis. • The role of mitochondria in cancer is closely driven by the post-translational modifications (PTMs). • PTMs of mitochondrial metabolic proteins may bring new ideas for cancer treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In underground construction, especially tunnel building, a detailed knowledge of the geological conditions ahead of the tunnel face is essential for both safety and efficiency of work. Many tunnel collapses have been reported to occur because of a lack of accurate evaluation of the geological conditions. While conventional horizontal boring conducted from a tunnel face provides good accuracy, it is infrequently conducted due to its high cost and time-consuming nature. In addition, the tunnel seismic reflection method has limited practicality owing to the complexity of data processing. This paper presents a new approach based on the specific energy of the mechanical drilling rig to evaluate the geological conditions ahead of the tunnel face. In order to assess the geological conditions, rock mass quality index, buried depth of the tunnel and tunnel deformation investigation were undertaken, and the obtained data were compared to the specific energy. Results from the comparison reveal the evaluation criterion that if the distribution of specific energy in some areas deviates from the distribution of buried depth, it is considered that abnormal geological conditions exist in this area. This work can greatly contribute to the accurate and effective evaluation of the geological conditions ahead of the tunnel face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a novel space semi-discretized numerical scheme which is based on finite volume method is proposed for approximation of uniformly exponential decay of Euler–Bernoulli beam system, which turns out to be an alternative of finite-difference scheme from order reduction point of view. The new scheme is constructed on equidistant grid points without using any numerical viscosity terms. The uniformly exponential decay is proved by the Lyapunov function method and the energy multiplier technique. With construction of a new gradient recovery function, the numerical solution is proved to be convergent to the (weak) solution of the original continuous system. Compared with the existing literature, the proposed approach has potentially achieved the following objectives: a) It removes the introduction of the numerical viscosity term to achieve uniform convergence; b) It can deal with any type of boundary conditions without help of the spectral analysis which is limited only for some special boundary conditions; c) the convergence proof is simplified significantly with the similar techniques in dealing with the continuous counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A model is established for the novel heating and cooling integrated system. • There exist the optimal operating parameters to obtain the optimal COP. • The optimal COP can be identified when the heating capacity changes. • The system performance can be improved by introducing an intercooler. In response to the unreasonable utilization of energy in food processing and livestock slaughtering industries, a novel heating and cooling integrated system with twin screw compressor and intercooler is exhibited in this paper which conducts based on the conventional cascade refrigeration apparatus. The original condensation heat of refrigeration system is completely or partially recovered and the utilization of cooling and heating is achieved simultaneously. A thermodynamic model is established to determine the optimal design and operating parameters such as condensation temperatures of cycle 1 and cycle 2 (T 1cond and T 2cond) and compressor load rates to maximize the coefficient of performance (COP). The system performance is expected to be identified when the heating capacity and operating conditions change. The results show that T 1cond , T 2cond and compressor 3 load rate have a significant impact on the system COP with the variation of heating capacity. Finally, the system performance can be significantly improved by introducing an intercooler. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]