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Terrestrial ecosystems have taken up about 32% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the past six decades1. Large uncertainties in terrestrial carbon-climate feedbacks, however, make it difficult to predict how the land carbon sink will respond to future climate change2. Interannual variations in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) are dominated by land-atmosphere carbon fluxes in the tropics, providing an opportunity to explore land carbon-climate interactions3-6. It is thought that variations in CGR are largely controlled by temperature7-10 but there is also evidence for a tight coupling between water availability and CGR11. Here, we use a record of global atmospheric CO2, terrestrial water storage and precipitation data to investigate changes in the interannual relationship between tropical land climate conditions and CGR under a changing climate. We find that the interannual relationship between tropical water availability and CGR became increasingly negative during 1989-2018 compared to 1960-1989. This could be related to spatiotemporal changes in tropical water availability anomalies driven by shifts in El Niño/Southern Oscillation teleconnections, including declining spatial compensatory water effects9. We also demonstrate that most state-of-the-art coupled Earth System and Land Surface models do not reproduce the intensifying water-carbon coupling. Our results indicate that tropical water availability is increasingly controlling the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon cycle and modulating tropical terrestrial carbon-climate feedbacks.

Climate change modulates both energy demand and wind and solar energy supply but a globally synthetic analysis of supply–demand match (SDM) is lacking. Here, we use 12 state-of-the-art climate models to assess climate change impacts on SDM, quantified by the fraction of demand met by local wind or solar supply. For energy systems with varying dependence on wind or solar supply, up to 32% or 44% of non-Antarctic land areas, respectively, are projected to experience robust SDM reductions by the end of this century under an intermediate emission scenario. Smaller and more variable supply reduces SDM at northern middle-to-high latitudes, whereas reduced heating demand alleviates or reverses SDM reductions remarkably. By contrast, despite supply increases at low latitudes, raised cooling demand reduces SDM substantially. Changes in climate extremes and climate mean make size-comparable contributions. Our results provide early warnings for energy sectors in climate change adaptation.

To promote the safe use of MgO expansive agent (MEA) in mass concrete, the influence of fineness and sintering temperature of MEA on the expansion, mechanical properties, and microstructure of fly ash-Portland cement pastes was studied. The results indicate that the agent prepared at 950 °C does not adversely affect the compressive strength of the pastes. Whereas the agent prepared at 1150 °C (MII) has a marked negative impact on the volume stability and strength of the pastes. Furthermore, incorporating MII with coarser particle size results in a larger expansion, greater strength loss, and coarser pore structure. The presence of fly ash delays the hydration of MgO, making more MgO available for the formation of Mg(OH)2 at the late age. Meanwhile, the pozzolanic reaction leads to decreased total porosity, leaving less space available for the accommodation of Mg(OH)2. Consequently, fly ash cement pastes suffer greater strength loss than plain cement pastes when the destructive expansion occurs due to the delayed hydration of MgO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address the issues of energy depletion, more resources are being searched for in the deep sea. Therefore, research into how the deep-sea environment affects cement-based materials for underwater infrastructure is required. This paper examines the impact of ocean depth (0, 500, 1000, and 1500 m) on the ion interaction processes in concrete nanopores using molecular dynamics simulations. At the portlandite interface, the local structural and kinetic characteristics of ions and water molecules are examined. The findings show that the portlandite surface hydrophilicity is unaffected by increasing depth. The density profile and coordination number of ions alter as depth increases, and the diffusion speed noticeably decreases. The main cause of the ions' reduced diffusion velocity is expected to be the low temperature. This work offers a thorough understanding of the cement hydration products' microstructure in deep sea, which may help explain why cement-based underwater infrastructure deteriorates over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of two kinds of graphite powders with different particle sizes and their contents on the fluidity, setting time, mechanical strength and thermal conductivity of phosphogypsum based self-leveling mortar were studied. The results show that the fluidity of mortar decreases, the setting time shortens, the strength decreases, and the thermal conductivity increases linearly with the increase of the mass fraction of cementitious material replaced by graphite powder. At the same dosage, the fluidity and mechanical strength loss of mortar mixed with 1200 mesh graphite powder are smaller, while the setting time of mortar with 325 mesh graphite powder is shortened more slowly and the thermal conductivity rises faster; The hydrophobic and agglomeration effects of graphite powder will reduce the fluidity of mortar, while its surface nucleation and micro aggregate effect will shorten the setting time of mortar and can make up part of the strength loss. Besides, the addition of graphite powder with high thermal conductivity will reduce the internal thermal resistance, form thermal conduction channels, and improve the thermal conductivity of self-leveling mortar. The optimized phosphogypsum based self-leveling mortar mixed with 6% 1200 mesh graphite powder meets the requirements of the standard JC/T1023-2021 "Gypsum based self-leveling motor", and its thermal conductivity is increased by 37.1%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial ecosystems have taken up about 32% of the total anthropogenic CO2 emissions in the past six decades1. Large uncertainties in terrestrial carbon–climate feedbacks, however, make it difficult to predict how the land carbon sink will respond to future climate change2. Interannual variations in the atmospheric CO2 growth rate (CGR) are dominated by land–atmosphere carbon fluxes in the tropics, providing an opportunity to explore land carbon–climate interactions3–6. It is thought that variations in CGR are largely controlled by temperature7–10 but there is also evidence for a tight coupling between water availability and CGR11. Here, we use a record of global atmospheric CO2, terrestrial water storage and precipitation data to investigate changes in the interannual relationship between tropical land climate conditions and CGR under a changing climate. We find that the interannual relationship between tropical water availability and CGR became increasingly negative during 1989–2018 compared to 1960–1989. This could be related to spatiotemporal changes in tropical water availability anomalies driven by shifts in El Niño/Southern Oscillation teleconnections, including declining spatial compensatory water effects9. We also demonstrate that most state-of-the-art coupled Earth System and Land Surface models do not reproduce the intensifying water–carbon coupling. Our results indicate that tropical water availability is increasingly controlling the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon cycle and modulating tropical terrestrial carbon–climate feedbacks.Records show that tropical water availability rather than temperature appears to have been increasingly controlling the interannual variability of the terrestrial carbon cycle over the past 59 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]