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Background: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been used in the treatment of anthracycline (ANTs)-induced cardiotoxicity. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate systematically the efficacy and safety of TCM combined with dexrazoxane (DRZ) on cardiotoxicity caused by ANTs. Materials and Methods: Retrieval of the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), WAN FANG DATA, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM), Cochrane Library, and PubMed was conducted through various methods. The meta-analysis was registered on PROSPERO (Registration ID: CRD42023435324). A randomized controlled trial (RCT) of TCM in combination with DRZ to avert cardiotoxicity caused by ANTs was compiled. The efficacy and safety of TCM Combined with DRZ, the cardiotoxicity induced by ANTs was synthesized and discussed, along with the outcomes of cardiac troponin T (cTnT), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB), creatine kinase (CK), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, and the incidence of adverse reactions. RevMan 5.3 was used for meta-analysis. Results: A total of 10 RCTs with 746 patients were included. The pooled results showed that TCM combined with DRZ treatment decreased significantly the incidence of ECG abnormalities (RR = 0.47, 95% CI [0.32,0.70], p = 0.0001), the level of cTnT (MD = −7.16, 95% CI [−8.31, −6.02], p< 0.001), CK (MD = −14.94, 95% CI [−22.91, −6.97], p< 0.001), cTnI (MD = −0.10, 95% CI [−0.14, −0.06], p< 0.001), BNP (MD = −33.66, 95% CI [−36.95, −30.37], p< 0.001), CK-MB (MD = −5.93, 95% CI [−8.16, −3.70], p< 0.001). However, there was no significant change in LVEF in the experimental group compared with the control group (MD = 4.81, 95% CI [−02.99, 12.21], p = 0.23). Moreover, adverse events have no significant difference between the two groups as well (RR = 0.60, 95% CI [0.31, 1.15], p = 0.13). Conclusion: This meta-analysis revealed TCM combined with DRZ appears to be able to improve the efficacy of cardiotoxicity caused by ANTs, but the included studies were of poor quality, and high-quality RCTs would be preferred for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Jiaolai Basin, situated in the northern Sulu orogenic belt along East Aisa continental margin, preserves evidence of the extensional events in East Asia and the post‐orogenic evolution of the Sulu orogenic belt during the Cretaceous period. In this study, multiple provenance analyses were employed to reconstruct the source‐to‐sink system of the Laiyang Group within the Jiaolai Basin. These studies reveal a history of northward expansion dictated by two significant rift events. During the early Early Cretaceous period (ca. 135–121 Ma), the Zhucheng and Gaomi sags in southern region developed initially. Subsequently, in the late Early Cretaceous period (ca. 120–113 Ma), the Laiyang sag in northern region emerged. Furthermore, these sags were fed by independent source‐to‐sink systems in their early stages but eventually shared a similar source‐to‐sink system towards the end of the Laiyang Group deposition (ca. 113 Ma). The provenance analysis results indicate that ca. 121 Ma, ultrahigh‐pressure rocks in the northern segment of the Sulu orogenic belt experienced rapid exhumation, while those in the southern segment might have remained concealed until ca. 113 Ma. The two rift events in East Asia, coupled with the alteration in the direction and magnitude of extension documented in the Jiaolai Basin, suggests that trench retreat and the change in subduction direction from E–W to NW–SE of the Izanagi plate played a principal role in driving the extensional events in East Asia during the Early Cretaceous. Our findings imply that the change in Izanagi subduction direction may have occurred ca. 121 Ma.Model depicting the northward expansion evolution of the Jiaolai Basin in East Asia during the Early Cretaceous period. The left column illustrates the new stratigraphic framework as presented in this study. The grey arrows in the diagram indicate the primary provenance directions, with the size of the arrows representing the relative contribution of each source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface flux estimation is essential to land surface modeling in earth system models. In practice, parameterizations of surface turbulent fluxes are almost all based on the similarity theory. That is, the grid or subgrid mean surface‐layer flow is assumed at equilibrium with the underlying earth surface, and therefore some empirical relations can be used to estimate surface fluxes. In this paper, scale‐dependent estimability of turbulent flux in the unstable surface layer is systematically investigated based on high‐resolution large‐eddy simulation data over a flat and homogeneous domain, representing a typical land surface modeling grid. It is found that turbulent flow in the unstable surface layer inherently fluctuates over a wide range of scales. This kind of fluctuation affects the steady‐state relations between mean atmospheric quantities and underlying earth surface, and hence affects the estimability of surface fluxes. Sensitivity tests show that the relative root mean square error of the estimated surface friction velocity for a subdomain generally increases as the subdomain becomes smaller. The error can be as high as 35% as the subdomain size decreases to the order of the surface layer height. To achieve an error of 10% for all cases, the subdomain size should be at least on the order of the boundary layer height. These findings imply that estimability‐based strategies may be needed for representing subgrid heterogeneity for surface flux estimation in land surface modeling. Plain Language Summary: Flux‐related land surface modeling involves much the representation of subgrid land surface. Land Cover Type (LCT) and Plant Functional Type (PFT) are the two main subgrid land surface representation approaches applied by modern land surface models. The two approaches both use some sort of subgrid "tiling" system. Tiles are defined as spatially aggregation of the area belonging to a land surface type (or category). Applying a novel analysis approach developed in this study and based on high‐resolution large‐eddy simulation data over an ideal domain, representing a typical land surface modeling grid, we find that the multiscale fluctuation of turbulent flow in the unstable surface layer makes the estimability of surface fluxes scale dependent. A subdomain with larger size or sparser distribution tends to achieve higher estimability. It is indicated that to reduce the estimation error to 10% for land surface modeling, the subgrid size should be at least on the order of the boundary layer height. This implies that aggregating small patches into a larger subgrid tile may introduce errors and traditional strategies, such as the LCT and PFT mosaic approaches, are probably not applicable to surface flux estimation. Estimability‐based strategies may need to be developed. Key Points: Multiscale turbulent fluctuations affect local equilibrium in the unstable surface layerFluctuation‐related nonequilibrium in the surface layer yields scale‐dependent surface turbulent fluxUncertainty of surface flux is quantified based on equilibrium‐based classical theory [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose a surface flux estimation formula to account for large eddy effects by keeping the boundary layer depth the only added parameter. We develop a novel way to evaluate the estimation formula by using a set of independent large eddy simulations, in which the vertical extents of largest eddies affecting surface layer are confined in a wide range of depths. It is found that these confined vertical extents hold a significant linear relationship (with slope of ∼1) with the inversely estimated vertical extents of affecting large eddies. This close relationship between the two vertical extents verifies the hypothesis that the boundary layer depth is linearly relevant for accounting for large eddy effects. Moreover, the two vertical extents are found to be comparable in value. This implies that the estimation formula we propose here is likely to be valid and applicable to unstable boundary layer in general. Plain Language Summary: Surface flux estimation is crucial to land surface modeling and numerical weather prediction and climate modeling. We recently revealed that large eddies can greatly affect surface fluxes under unstable conditions. But the large eddy effects are usually neglected in traditional surface flux estimation schemes. Here, we propose a surface flux estimation scheme to account for large eddy effects for land surface modeling. We develop a novel way to evaluate the estimation scheme by using a set of independent large eddy simulations, in which the vertical extents of largest eddies affecting surface layer are confined in a wide range of depths. It is found that these confined vertical extents hold a significant linear relationship (with slope of ∼1) with the inversely estimated vertical extents of large eddies that affect the surface layer. This close relationship between the two vertical extents verifies the hypothesis that the boundary layer depth is linearly relevant to account for large eddy effects. Moreover, the two vertical extents are found to be comparable in value. This implies that the estimation formula we propose here is likely to be valid and applicable to land surface modeling in general. Key Points: Surface momentum flux estimation formula considering large eddy effects in unstable boundary layer is further simplifiedThe simplified surface momentum flux estimation formula reflects the varying vertical extent of largest eddiesThese results are obtained by confining the vertical extents of largest eddies in a wide range of depths in large eddy simulations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plate subduction plays a decisive role in continental tectonics, and subduction history is closely connected to deformation and sedimentation in the overriding plate. When and how the Paleo-Pacific Plate subducted beneath Southeast China in the Mesozoic is debated. Here, we show that provenance data, including detrital composition point counts, palaeocurrent data, and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology from basins in Southeast China, record the timing and process of Paleo-Pacific Plate subduction during the Jurassic and Earliest Cretaceous. The U-Pb dating of detrital zircons from Jurassic samples indicates that the sediments were transported from multiple sources, including intracratonic mountains, tectonic belts and the inferred active continental margin arc that resulted from Paleo-Pacific Plate subduction. The clastic composition and U-Pb dating of Early Cretaceous tuffs suggest that they were sourced from nearby magmatic rocks and the eastern inferred magmatic arc. Based on detrital zircon U-Pb dating, igneous rock isotope, sedimentary, and structural data, we infer that an active continental magmatic arc developed along the coast of Southeast China in the Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (~200 Ma-135 Ma). The westward subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate initiated in the Early Jurassic (~200 Ma) and continued to the Early Cretaceous (~135 Ma). Paleo-Pacific Plate subduction resulted in the uplift of the northern Wuyi Mountain region and eastern South China and controlled the provenance characteristics of the sedimentary basins in Southeast China during the Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supply chain risk management (SCRM) literature is heterogeneous. While much attention has been given to the economic and environmental dimensions, the social dimension has so far received less focus. Thus, this study analyzes the social risks involved in the agri-food supply chains (AFSCs) of Argentina and China by employing an integrated approach. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data, followed by using a combination of three complementary data analysis methods: thematic analysis to identify social risks, total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) to build interrelationships among the identified social risks, and fuzzy MICMAC (cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification analysis) to cluster social risks into four categories. Next, we conducted a comparative analysis between the two countries. Theoretical contributions are mainly threefold. First, we identified various social risks involved in the AFSCs of Argentina and China, including those just touched on by scholars, such as cultural issues, government’s weak monitoring system, the power differential between managers and subordinates, inappropriate disposal of agrichemical containers, and the lack of basic literacy skills. Second, we believe that our study is the first to establish connections among the identified AFSC social risks, which represents the originality of this work. Third, we discover that cultural issues is the key risk that has the highest capability to elicit other social risks involved in the AFSCs. Our work extends scholarship’s knowledge to understand AFSC social risks from the cultural perspective. This study also generates contributions to policymakers, migrant associations, and the government tax departments of Argentina and China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arguments for recognizing autogenic vs. allogenic signals in the stratigraphic record are still far from settled, as is the decoding of unsteady allogenic responses to climate vs. tectonic forcing. We offer the case of late Mesozoic Xuanhua basin in the western Yanshan fold‐and‐thrust belt of North China to make these points. The study area is an intramontane basin that has allowed detailed structural, sedimentological, and provenance analyses in a kilometre‐thick succession (the Tuchengzi Formation) of alluvial fan, fluvial, lake‐delta and lacustrine deposits. Extensive geological mapping provided confidence of near‐basinwide later correlation of strata, revealing two large‐scale upward‐coarsening (CU) successions each 80–240 m thick, with prominent vertical changes from lacustrine through deltaic and fluvial to alluvial fan deposits. Two intervals of thrust‐related growth strata identified in the Tuchengzi Fm suggest that the CU successions were the signals of tectonic uplift and accommodation change related to Likouquan and the Mapu thrusting. In the lower CU succession, there is a stacking (30+) of small‐scale (3–16 m thick) upward‐fining cyclothems that are argued to have been generated by alternating wet‐dry climate cycles. The wet half‐cycle is argued to have initiated with high sediment and water discharge of flood‐generated mass flows into the lake and ended with accumulation of lacustrine mudstones as lake level rose. The lake deposits include the maximum flooding during the wet half‐cycle. The dry half‐cycle was characterized by continued lacustrine deposits, but increased evidence of subaerial exposure (rooting, paleosols, and mudcracks) argued to result from falling of the lake level under dry conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • An anti-sintering Au catalyst was designed by tuning strong metal-support interactions. • One side of Au was encapsulated with an overlayer while the other side was exposed. • The formed cover layer contributed to stabilizing Au NPs. • The bare side provided the active sites for reactions. • The resultant Au catalyst presented a good activity and durability. Supported gold nanocatalysts have been treated as extraordinarily effective catalysts in heterogeneous catalysis field. However, their poor thermodynamic stability in reactions at elevated temperature remains to be resolved for practical applications. The strong metal-support interaction (SMSI), a vital concept in chemical industry, can be applied to design catalysts and enhance their catalytic performances. Herein, we reported a sintering-resistant gold catalyst by anchoring Au nanoparticles at the interface between Fe 2 O 3 and hydroxyapatite, in which one side of the Au nanoparticles was partially encapsulated while the other side was exposed. Owing to the strong metal-support interaction between Au and support, the resultant gold nanocatalyst was anti-sintering and presented remarkable activity and durability after calcination at 600 °C compared with commercial gold catalyst denoted as RR2Fe, providing a promising strategy to stabilize gold catalysts, especially for oxidation reactions at high temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The configuration and kinematics of fold‐thrust belts are essential for clarifying the plate boundary conditions through which ancient orogenic belts evolved. Temporal and spatial variations in extension versus contraction within convergent plate margins are related to changes in plate kinematics and subduction geometry. The Yanshan Mountains, located along the northeastern margin of the North China Craton and bounded by the Central Asian Orogenic Belt to the north and the Pacific subduction zone to the east, underwent multiple phases of intra‐continental deformation during the Mesozoic. The issue of whether early Mesozoic deformation was extensional or contractional has remained controversial. New regional structural mapping and detailed sedimentological investigations, coupled with age constraints provided by zircon U‐Pb geochronology, provide sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to show that shortening and thrust‐top basin systems dominated during the early Mesozoic. Our results show that the Dengzhangzi Basin within the Lingyuan fold‐thrust belt developed during the construction of a major Late Triassic Chapeng antiformal‐stack duplex system, with episodic, east‐vergent forward‐breaking thrusts and subsequent 'beheading' by out‐of‐sequence, top‐to‐east thrusting in the latest Triassic or earliest Jurassic. The neighbouring Guojiadian Basin in the east was generated during top‐to‐SSE sinistral transpression along the Niuyingzi thrust system in the Middle to earliest Late Jurassic. These results support a new model of early craton decratonization involving (a) thrusting along the northern margin of the North China Craton and (b) transpressional deformation in the east driven by the Central Asian Ocean collision and flat‐slab subduction of the Palaeo‐Pacific Plate beneath the East Asian continental margin. Our findings suggest that large‐scale shortening and crustal/lithospheric thickening, triggered by flat‐slab subduction in the North China Craton, were fundamental components of craton decratonization. Subsequent slab roll‐back during the Cretaceous led to lithospheric thinning and crustal extension in the North China Craton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Wangshi Group faithfully records the Late Cretaceous palaeogeographic environment and tectonic evolution of the East Asian continental margin. Here, we reconstruct a four-stage evolution model of the Late Cretaceous source-to-sink system in the northern Jiaolai Basin by multiproxy provenance methods. With statistical and visualization analyses of multiple results and comparisons to the characteristics of potential source regions, the results strongly suggest that (1) the Linjiazhuang Formation (Fm) was mainly sourced from the Qingshan Group volcanic rocks; (2) during the deposition of the Xingezhuang Fm, the Sulu orogenic belt south of the basin was rapidly uplifted and replaced the Qingshan Group volcanic rocks as the primary source area for the basin; (3) during the deposition of the Hongtuya Fm, the tectonic activity on the southern side of the basin weakened, and the Jiaobei area and Qingshan Group volcanic rocks again became primary sources for the basin; and (4) the Jingangkou Fm was sourced mainly from the Jiaobei terrane instead of the Qingshan Group volcanic rocks. The significant change in the main source region of this source-to-sink system during the deposition of the Xingezhuang Fm, from the Jiaobei terrane to the north to the Sulu orogenic belt to the south, suggests that the Sulu orogenic belt experienced rapid uplift in the early Late Cretaceous. The NNW subduction of the western Pacific Plate during the Late Cretaceous may have led to N-S extension in the East Asian continental margin, controlling the deposition of the Wangshi Group in the Jiaolai Basin and inducing the rapid uplift of the Sulu orogenic belt in the early Late Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kinematics of plate tectonics, deformation, and dynamic topography are strong indicators of coupling between plates and the mantle. East Asia is characterized by the presence of an unusually large horizontal slab that lies within the mantle transition zone. How this feature evolved and is linked to plate tectonics, deformation, and topography is poorly understood. Here, we show four‐dimensional geodynamic modeling results constrained by a new deforming plate reconstruction that fits mantle architecture inferred from seismic tomography. We find that the subducted western Pacific slab was progressively torn by the Philippine Sea plate rotating clockwise during the Miocene and that northwestward mantle flow contributed to shaping the horizontal slab during subduction, leading to dynamic subsidence along the East Asia margin. The rather subdued change in dynamic topography, predicted from those models that fit the horizontal slab in the mantle, is consistent with the variation in residual topography, recorded in the stratigraphy, within only about ±200 m over the last 50 Myr during a period of no large marine inundation or retreat. The tectonics and topography of East Asia strongly contrast with those of Southeast Asia and are reflective of slabs ephemerally stagnating in the mantle below East Asia while avalanching into the lower mantle below Southeast Asia. Key Points: Trench‐trench‐trench triple junction shift‐induced tearing of the Pacific slab and contributed to shaping the horizontal slabThe dynamic topography fits with variation in residual subsidence by approximately ±200 m over the last 50 MyrThe subdued topography of East Asia was a response to stagnant slabs in the mantle [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A well‐constrained plate deformation model may lead to an improved understanding of sedimentary basin formation and the connection between subduction history and over‐riding plate deformation. Building quantitative models of basin kinematics and deformation remains challenging often due to the lack of comprehensive constraints. The Bohai Bay Basin (BBB) is an important manifestation of the destruction of the North China Craton, and records the plate kinematic history of East Asia during the Cenozoic. Although a number of interpretations of the formation of the BBB have been proposed, few quantitative basin reconstruction models have been built to test and refine previous ideas. Here, we developed a quantitative deformation reconstruction of the BBB constrained with balanced cross‐sections and structural, stratigraphic and depositional age data. Our reconstruction suggests that the basin formation process was composed of three main stages: Paleocene‐early Eocene (65–42 Ma) extension initiation, middle Eocene‐early Oligocene (42–32.8 Ma) extension climax and post‐Oligocene (32.8–0 Ma) post‐extensional subsidence. The deformation of the BBB is spatially heterogeneous, and its velocity directions rotated clockwise during the basin formation process. The reconstruction supports the interpretation that the BBB formed via strike‐slip faulting and orthogonal extension and that the basin is classified as a composite extensional‐transtensional basin. We argue that the clockwise rotation of the basin velocity field was driven by the counter‐clockwise rotation in the direction of Pacific Plate subduction. The kinematics of the BBB imply that the Pacific Plate may have been sufficiently coupled to the over‐riding East Asian Plate during the critical period of Pacific Plate reorganization. The new reconstruction provides a quantitative basis for studies of deformation processes not only in the vicinity of the BBB, but also more broadly throughout East Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DDS (Data Distribution Service) is an efficient communication specification for distributed parallel computing. However, as the scale of computation expands, high network load and memory consumption consistently limit its performance. This paper proposes a low consumption automatic discovery protocol to improve DDS in large-scale distributed parallel computing. Firstly, an improved Bloom Filter called TBF (Threshold Bloom Filter) is presented to compress the data topic. Then it is combined with the SDP(Simple Discovery Protocol) to reduce the consumption of the automatic discovery process in DDS. On this basis, data publication and subscription between the distributed computing nodes are matched using binarization threshold θ and decision threshold T , which can be obtained through iterative optimization algorithms. Experiment results show that the SDPTBF can guarantee higher transmission accuracy while reducing network load and memory consumption, and therefore improve the performance of DDS-based large-scale distributed parallel computing. • A low consumption automatic discovery protocol for data distribution is proposed. • A new Bloom Filter with optimal thresholds is presented to compress network data. • Mathematical solution method of the optimal thresholds is presented. • FPR in the communication is reduced while ensuring TPR is 1. • Network load and memory consumption in large-scale distributed computing is reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Triassic-Jurassic stratigraphy in the Yanshan fold-thrust belt is dominated by nonmarine deposits, and the division of this stratigraphy remains controversial among geologists. Age results from biostratigraphic and isotope chronological studies are inconsistent, especially for the Dengzhangzi and Guojiadian Basins in the eastern part of the Yanshan belt. We present four new detrital zircon U–Pb isotope datasets for the Triassic-Jurassic stratigraphic units and one for the Permian unit in the basins. The geochronological results show that the andesitic breccia in the Permian strata was deposited at ca. 273.78 ± 1.68 Ma, the Laohugou Formation was deposited in the Anisian-Ladinian Stage, the andesitic lava in the Shuiquangou Formation erupted at ca. 238.56 ± 0.91 Ma, and the conglomerate in the Guojiadian Formation was deposited from ca. 170 ± 5 to 163.0 ± 2.2 Ma. Field observations and facies analyses demonstrate that the Laohugou, Shuiquangou and Dengzhangzi Formations predominantly consist of subaqueous debris flow deposits, subaerial fluvial deposits, and fan delta deposits while the Guojiadian Formation is generally composed of fluvial and subaerial mass-flow deposits that formed in braided channels. Here, we propose a more precise and comprehensive Triassic-Jurassic stratigraphic division scheme based on age constraints and facies analysis. With this new stratigraphic sequence, we compare the Mesozoic stratigraphic units in the study area with those in other basins in the Yanshan fold-thrust belt in terms of the lithological associations, regional unconformities and zircon U-Pb dating results. This comparison indicates that the Indosinian and Yanshanian movements exerted a far-reaching influence on the development and evolution of the Dengzhangzi and Guojiadian Basins in the study area, forming several important regional unconformities and syntectonic conglomeratic units. These new age data on the stratigraphy are of fundamental significance for understanding the Mesozoic tectonic evolution of Yanshan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complex intraplate deformation sequence since the Cretaceous is recorded in the basin–mountain belt along the South China continental margin and provides a critical window to reconstruct the paleostress regime since the Cretaceous and further explore the relationship between the intraplate deformation episodes in South China and the dynamic changes in Izanagi-Pacific subduction. Here, integrating the clues from the field investigation, fault-slip inversion, and zircon U–Pb chronology in four regions along the basin–mountain belt reveals six paleostress regimes on the South China margin, listed in order of decreasing age: E‒W extension (ca. 145-120 Ma), NW‒SE extension (ca. 120-105 Ma), NW‒SE compression (ca. 105-100 Ma), N–S extension (ca. 100-65 Ma), NE‒SW compression (ca. 65-55 Ma), and NE‒SW extension (ca. < 55 Ma). The four extensional regimes controlled regional subsidence and sedimentation, resulting in NW-striking and E–W-striking alignments of Early and Late Cretaceous basins, respectively. In comparison, the two compressional regimes produced two regional unconformities between the Early and Late Cretaceous strata and between the Late Cretaceous and Paleogene strata. Our results suggest that the prevailing Cretaceous extension in South China likely started at ca. 145 Ma, reversed due to short-term compression, and restarted at ca. 100 Ma. By comparing the history of the Izanagi-Pacific plate subduction, we conclude that the dynamic changes in the subduction process have been the primary force driving intraplate deformation in South China since the Cretaceous. • Six stress regimes are recognized by fault-slip inversion in South China. • Four long-term extensional phases and two short-term compressional ones alternated. • The intraplate deformation was caused by dynamic subduction changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northwestward subduction of the Izanagi Plate beneath the eastern Eurasian Plate during the Late Mesozoic caused a series of compressional deformation events in the Yanshan fold and thrust belt (YFTB), but the tectonic deformation timing, tectonic properties and relationship between tectonic uplift and sediment accumulation in the intermontane basins continue to be debated. For this reason, the sedimentology, sediment provenance, and basin structure of the Qianjiadian Basin (QJB) in the northern Beijing region during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous were studied in detail. The results suggest that a fault-propagation fold-type (FPFT) growth structure and growth strata developed on the western edge of the QJB and that the top part of Member 2 and Member 3 of the Tuchengzi Formation are growth strata controlled by the limb rotation mechanism. In two small thrust faults in the QJB, the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation is thrust over the Tuchengzi Formation, and these faults may have controlled the development of the fault-bend fold-type growth strata. An analysis of the "source-to-sink" process suggests that the hanging wall succession of the Shangyi-Pingquan fault (SPF) was the main source area of the Late Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous strata in the QJB. A zircon 206Pb/238U age of 140.8±2.4 Ma for the volcanic rocks at the bottom of the FPFT growth strata represents the timing of the initiation of FPFT growth structure development. The discovery of the FPFT growth structure and growth strata in the QJB indicate that the QJB was an intermontane flexural basin controlled by fold and thrust structures during the early Early Cretaceous. Near the E-W-trending SPF, the NE-SW-trending Qianjiadian thrust fault (QJTF) and two small intrabasinal thrust faults may constitute a unified right-lateral strike-slip system that formed in response to the northwestward flat subduction of the Izanagi Plate beneath the East Asian continent during the Jurassic-Early Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present‐day architecture of subducted slabs in the mantle as inferred from seismic tomography is a record of plate tectonics through geological time. The unusually large slab that lies nearly horizontally above the 660‐km mantle discontinuity beneath East Asia is presumably from subduction of the Pacific plate. Numerical models have been used to explore the mechanical and geophysical factors that contribute to slab stagnation, but the evolution of this horizontal structure is not fully understood because of uncertainties in the plate‐tectonic history and mantle heterogeneity. Here we show that forward mantle‐flow models constrained by updated tectonic reconstructions can essentially fit major features in the seismic tomography beneath East Asia. Specifically, significant tearing propagated through the subducted western Pacific slab as the Philippine Sea plate rotated clockwise during the Miocene, leading to internal slab segmentation. We believe this tearing associated with Philippine Sea plate rotation also affects the horizontal configuration of slabs. Plain Language Summary: The present‐day architecture of subducted slabs in the mantle as inferred from seismic tomography is a record of plate tectonics through geological time. The structure of the mantle below East Asia is dominated by a flat slab which extends more than 2,300 km laterally inland (Liu, Zhao, et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.02.024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.10.012). The origin of this unusual but globally significant flat‐slab structure has been the subject of considerable discussion in the literature through a series of global and high‐resolution seismic inversions. Is this phenomenon caused by unusual regional processes, or have some global mantle processes been overlooked? Here we reproduce this highly unusual flat‐slab structure with a four‐dimensional computational model and argue that this slab is a natural consequence of the plate‐tectonic evolution of East Asia. We provide a solution to this problem through a combination of new plate‐tectonic reconstructions and a 4‐D computational approach that assimilates plate tectonics with the physics of mantle convection. This paper reports a new paradigm for the East Asia margin, where the regional tectonics are characterized by the development of a typical trench‐trench‐trench triple junction, and resultant significant tearing that propagated through the subducted western Pacific slab as the Philippine Sea plate rotated clockwise during the Miocene. Key Points: A new plate reconstruction of East Asia fully depicts the NE migration of a trench‐trench‐trench triple junction since 30 MaThis triple‐junction migration led to the overlapping, tearing, and detachment of subducted slabs in East AsiaLarge–scale ambient mantle flow should have contributed to the formation of the horizontal slab [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the importance of the plate tectonic reconstruction in collecting geological data.

Abstract The Early Cretaceous sedimentary successions in the Jiaodong-Laiyang (Jiaolai) Basin provide valuable information about sediment provenances and tectonic processes. A clear understanding of the provenance development of the Jiaolai Basin along the northern margin of the Sulu orogen and would elucidate the exhumation history of the Sulu orogen during the post-orogenic period. However, the precise age and provenance evolution of the stratigraphy remain ambiguous. Here, we employ multiple provenance proxies – detailed paleocurrent, conglomerate clast counts, detrital composition point counts of sandstone, and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology – to reconstruct the source-to-sink system of the northern part of the Jiaolai Basin. Visual and statistical analyses of the different proxy results and comparison with the signatures of potential source regions reveal that (1) Wawukuang Formation (Fm) (ca. 123 Ma) was mainly sourced from the Guocheng uplift in both the Haiyang and Laiyang regions; (2) Linsishan to Zhifengzhuang Fm (ca. 121 Ma), the Laiyang region was mainly fed by the Jiaobei terrane, while in the Haiyang region, the Guocheng uplift and Sulu orogen were primary sources; (3) Shuinan to Longwangzhuang Fm, the Haiyang and Laiyang regions were linked as a single basin fed by the Jiaobei terrane and Sulu orogen; and (4) Qugezhuang Fm (ca. 114 Ma) was mainly sourced from Early Cretaceous plutons in the Sulu orogen and Jiaobei terrane. Based on the inflection point in the proportion of ages of the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic (UHP) rocks between the Wawukuang and Linsishan Fms, we conclude that the Sulu belt experienced a rapid uplift that resulted in the exposure and erosion of the Jurassic plutons and UHP rocks during ca. 123–121 Ma. In addition, our results show that the denudation processes of the Mesozoic plutons in the Sulu orogen have an obvious temporal sequence: Jurassic plutons first, followed by Cretaceous plutons. Highlights • The depositional age of the Laiyang Group can be constrained to between 123 and 114 Ma. • The second rapid uplift of the Sulu orogenic belt begins at ca. 123–121 Ma since 210 Ma. • The northern part of the Jiaolai Basin underwent a multistage evolution. • The denudation of Mesozoic plutons in the Sulu orogen has an obvious temporal sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inner ear formation requires that a series of cell fate decisions and morphogenetic events occur in a precise temporal and spatial pattern. Previous studies have shown that transcription factors, including Pax2, Sox2, and Prox1, play important roles during the inner ear development. However, the temporospatial expression patterns among these transcription factors are poorly understood. In the current study, we present a comprehensive description of the temporal and spatial expression profiles of Pax2, Sox2, and Prox1 during auditory and vestibular sensory organ development in mice. Using immunohistochemical analyses, we show that Sox2 and Pax2 are both expressed in the prosensory cells (the developing hair cells), but Sox2 is later restricted to only the supporting cells of the organ of Corti. In the vestibular sensory organ, however, the Pax2 expression is localized in hair cells at postnatal day 7, while Sox2 is still expressed in both the hair cells and supporting cells at that time. Prox1 was transiently expressed in the presumptive hair cells and developing supporting cells, and lower Prox1 expression was observed in the vestibular sensory organ compared to the organ of Corti. The different expression patterns of these transcription factors in the developing auditory and vestibular sensory organs suggest that they play different roles in the development of the sensory epithelia and might help to shape the respective sensory structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The timing of the “Yanshanian Movement” and the tectonic setting that controlled the Yanshan fold-and-thrust belt during Jurassic time in China are still matters of controversy. Sediments that filled the intramontane basins in the Yanshan belt perfectly record the history of “Yanshanian Movement” and the tectonic background of these basins. Recognizing syn-tectonic sedimentation, clarifying its relationship with structures, and accurately defining strata ages to build up a correct chronostratigraphic framework are the key points to further reveal the timing and kinematics of tectonic deformation in the Yanshan belt from the Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. This paper applies both tectonic and sedimentary methods on the fold-and-thrust belt and intramontane basins in the Zhangjiakou area, which is located at the intersection between the western Yanshan and northern Taihangshan. Our work suggests that the pre-defined “Jurassic strata” should be re-dated and sub-divided into three strata units: a Late Triassic to Early Jurassic unit, a Middle Jurassic unit, and a Late Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous unit. Under the control of growth fold-and-thrust structures, five types of growth strata developed in different growth structures: fold-belt foredeep type, thrust-belt foredeep type, fault-propagation fold-thrust structure type, fault-bend fold-thrust structure type, and fault-bend fold-thrust plus fault-propagation fold composite type. The reconstructed “source-to-sink” systems of Late Triassic to Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic and Late Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous times, which are composed of a fold-and-thrust belt and flexure basins, imply that the “Yanshanian Movement” in our study area started in theMiddle Jurassic. During Middle Jurassic to early Early Cretaceous times, there have been at least three stages of fold-thrust events that developed “Laramide-type” basement-involved fold-thrust structures and small-scale intramontane broken “axial basins”. The westward migration of a “pair” of basement-involved fold-thrust belt and flexure basins might have been controlled by flat subduction of the western Paleo-Pacific slab from the Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesozoic thrusting within the Yanshan fold-and-thrust belt of North China resulted in a series of fault-bounded intramontane basins whose infill and evolution remain poorly understood. In particular, the bounding faults and adjacent sediment accumulations along the western segments of the belt are almost unstudied. A sedimentological and provenance analysis of the Lower Jurassic Xiahuayuan Formation and the Upper Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation have been mapped to show two distinctive clastic wedges: an early Jurassic wedge representing a mass-flow-dominated, Gilbert-type fan delta with a classic tripartite architecture, and an late Jurassic shoal-water fan delta without steeply inclined strata. The basinward migration of the fan-delta wedges, together with the analysis of their conglomerate clast compositions, paleocurrent data and detrital zircon U-Pb age spectra, strongly suggest that the northern-bounding Xuanhuan thrust fault controlled their growth during accumulation of the Jiulongshan Formation. Previous studies have suggested that the fan-delta wedge of the Xiahuayuan Formation was also syntectonic, related to movement on the Xuanhua thrust fault. Two stages of thrusting therefore exerted an influence on the formation and evolution of the Xiahuayuan basin during the early-late Jurassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of trade credit and quantity discount in supply chain coordination when the sales effort effect on market demand is considered. In this paper, we consider a two-echelon supply chain consisting of a single retailer ordering a single product from a single manufacturer. Market demand is stochastic and is influenced by retailer sales effort. We formulate an analytical model based on a single trade credit and find that the single trade credit cannot achieve the perfect coordination of the supply chain. Then, we develop a hybrid quantitative analytical model for supply chain coordination by coherently integrating incentives of trade credit and quantity discount with sales effort effects. The results demonstrate that, providing that the discount rate satisfies certain conditions, the proposed hybrid model combining trade credit and quantity discount will be able to effectively coordinate the supply chain by motivating retailers to exert their sales effort and increase product order quantity. Furthermore, the hybrid quantitative analytical model can provide great flexibility in coordinating the supply chain to achieve an optimal situation through the adjustment of relevant parameters to resolve conflict of interests from different supply chain members. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the hybrid model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of pediatric voice handicap index (pVHI). Material and methods The original English version-pVHI was translated into Chinese. Parents of 52 children with voice dysphonia and 43 children with no history or symptoms of voice problems were asked to fill the Chinese pVHI questionnaires twice with an interval of 2 weeks. GRB (Grade, Roughness, Breathiness) scale was used for perceptual assessment by two otolaryngologists and one speech pathologist for each child's voice. The internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the test-retest reliability. The Kendall's coefficient of concordance W was used to assess the consistency of GRB scores of 3 voice specialists. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to assess the differences between the dysphonia group and controls. The correlation between pVHI and GRB scores were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results The internal consistency of total score and three subscales scores of Chinese pVHI were 0.788–0.944. The test-retest reliability was 0.631–0.887( P  < .001). The pVHI scores of control group significantly were lower than the pathological group ( P  = .000). The GRB scores of 3 voice specialists have an excellent consistency (W = 0.694–0.807, P  = .000). The pVHI scores positively correlated with GRB assessment ( P  < .01). Conclusions The Chinese version of pVHI had a good reliability and validity. It can be applicable and useful supplementary tool for evaluating parents' perception of their children's dysphonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyperspectral technology can quickly identify hydrothermal altered minerals and can locate the possible hydrothermal/mineralization centres through the variations of the spectral characteristic parameters of some specific altered minerals. In this study, airborne sensors Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI)/Shortwave infrared Airborne Spectrographic Imager (SASI) and visible-shortwave infrared spectrometer FieldSpec4 hyperspectral data were used to study the alteration characteristics to locate the possible hydrothermal/mineralization centres for the Baiyanghe uraniumdeposit, Xinjiang, NWChina. The results showed that the hydrothermal altered minerals mainly included white mica (it is a general term for aqueous silicoaluminate mineral group, andmainly includes muscovite and illite in the text) (Al-rich, Al-median, and Al-poor white mica), montmorillonite, kaolinite, chlorite, carbonate, and ferric iron (Fe2O3, and the ferric iron alteration usually presents red, mainly hematite in the text); and that the alteration had obvious zoning characteristics. The variations in the absorption-peak wavelength of white mica at 2200 nm, SWIR-IC (short-wavelength infrared illite crystallinity, a dimensionless quantity, and it is defined as the absorption-peak depth of illite at 2200 nm divided by the absorption-peak depth of illite at 1900nmon a hull quotient spectrum) of white mica, and acid-base properties revealed that the possible hydrothermal/mineralization centres were located in the northern contact zone between the Yangzhuang rock body and the northern volcanic rocks of the Devonian and in the acidic alteration zone to north of the deposit about 3.0-4.0 km, where there appeared a certain number of uranium mineralization occurrences. These results pointed to the existence of multiple hydrothermal activities and could provide references for periphery uranium exploration and geological origin of this uranium area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance The dried ripe seeds of Nux Vomica ( Strychnos nux-vomica L.), a traditional Chinese medicine, have been used to treat multifarious symptoms. However, the clinical applications of Nux Vomica are limited by its severe toxicity. In this study, Nux Vomica was subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabonomics and pathological examination to determine relevant biomarkers in target organs and to explain the underlying toxicity mechanism. Materials and method Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups of twelve rats. The control group was oral gavaged with distilled water, and two experiment groups were treated with Nux Vomica at a dose of 0.315 and 0.630 g/kg body weight. On days 14 and 21, serum, urine, liver and kidney tissues were collected for histopathological examination, biochemical analysis and 1 H-NMR analysis. Results The metabolites changes of rats treated with Nux Vomica are obviously differ from that of controls. In serum, low-dose group compared with control shows the significantly changes included elevated concentration of glucose, TMAO, and creatine, with decreased lipids, 3-HB, lactate, and unsaturated fatty acid. Change in taurine was only observed in the separation comparison of high-dose group and control. In urine, the variation metabolites included elevations in glucose, creatine, and TMAO as well as decreased lactate, succinate, α-ketoglutaric acid, citrate and hippurate in low-dose group compared with control. Only alanine and creatine were decreased significantly in high-dose group compared with control. Conclusion Nux Vomica induced disruptions in glycolysis, lipid and amino acid metabolism, and toxic effects were aggravated in liver and kidney tissues as dosing time was prolonged. 1 H NMR-based metabonomics combined with biochemical and histopathological methods can be applied to elucidate the toxicity mechanism of Nux Vomica decoction that caused liver and kidney injuries in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The configuration and kinematics of continental deformation and its marginal plate tectonics on the Earth's surface are intrinsic manifestations of plate-mantle coupling. The complex interactions of plate boundary forces result in plate motions that are dominated by slab pull and ridge push forces and the effects of mantle drag; these interactions also result in continental deformation with a complex basin-mountain architecture and evolution. The kinematics and evolution of the western Pacific subduction and northeast Asian continental-margin deformation represent a first-order tectonic process whose nature and chronology remains controversial. This paper implements a “deep-time” reconstruction of the western Pacific subduction, continental accretion or collision and basin-mountain deformation in northeast Asia since 200 Ma based on a newly revised global plate model. We use GPlates software to examine strain recovery, geological and seismic tomography constraints for the western Pacific plate subduction, and sequentially backward rotations of deforming features. The results indicate a NW–SE-oriented shortening from 200 to 137 Ma, a NWW–SEE-oriented extension from 136 to 101 Ma, a nearly N–S-oriented extension and uplift with a short-term NWW–SEE-oriented compressional inversion in northeast China from 100 to 67 Ma, and a NW–SE- and nearly N–S-oriented extension from 66 Ma to the present day. The western Pacific oceanic plate subducted forward under East Asia along Mudanjiang-Honshu Island during the Jurassic, and the trenches retreated to the Sikhote-Alin, North Shimanto, and South Shimanto zones from ca. 137–128 Ma, ca. 130–90 Ma, and in ca. 60 Ma, respectively. Our time-dependent analysis of plate motion and continental deformation coupling suggests that the multi-plate convergent motion and ocean-continent convergent orogeny were induced by advance subduction during the Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous. Our analysis also indicates that intra-continent rifting and back-arc extension were triggered by trench retreat during the Cretaceous and that the subduction of the oceanic ridge and arc were triggered by trench retreat during the Cenozoic. Therefore, reconstructing the history of plate motion and subduction and tracing the geological and deformation records in continents play a significant role in revealing the effects of complex plate motions and the interactions of plate boundary forces on plate-mantle coupling and plate motion-intracontinental deformation coupling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to later tectonic superpositioning and reworking, the South Dabashan arcuate belt extending NW to SE has experienced several episodes of deformation. The earlier deformational style and formation mechanism of this belt remain controversial. Seismic interpretations and fieldwork show that the curved orogen can be divided into three sub-belts perpendicular to the strike of the orogen, the imbricate thrust fault belt, the detachment fold belt and the frontal belt from NE to SW. The imbricate thrust fault belt is characterized by a series of SW-directed thrust faults and nappes. Two regional detachment layers at different depths have been recognized in the detachment fold and frontal belts, and these detachment layers divide the sub-belts into three structural layers: the lower, middle, and upper structural layers. The middle structural layer is characterized by a passive roof duplex structure, which is composed of a roof thrust at the top of the Sinian units, a floor thrust in the upper Lower Triassic units, and horses in between. Apatite fission track dating results and regional structural analyses indicate that the imbricate thrust fault belt may have formed during the latest Early Cretaceous to earliest Paleogene and that the detachment fold belt may have formed during the latest Late Cretaceous to earliest Neogene. Our findings provide important reference values for researching intra-continental orogenic and deformation mechanisms in foreland fold-thrust belts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of crustal deformation and its dynamical mechanisms in the Sichuan-Yunnan region are of interest to many researchers because they can help explain the deformation pattern of the eastern Tibetan Plateau. In this paper, we employ a precise three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model to simulate the crustal deformation in the Sichuan-Yunnan region, southeastern Tibetan Plateau. We investigate the influence of lower crustal flow and rheological variations by comparing the modeled results with GPS observations. The results demonstrate that lower crustal flow plays an important role in crustal deformation in the Sichuan-Yunnan region. The best fitting is achieved when the flow velocity of the lower crust is approximately 10–11 mm/a faster than that of the upper crust. Additionally, crustal rheological properties affect regional crustal deformation. When the viscosity of the middle and lower crust in the South China block reaches 10 22 and 10 23 Pa·s, respectively, the modeled results match observations well, especially for the magnitude of crustal motion within the South China block. Finally, our dynamic model shows that the maximum principal stress field of the Sichuan-Yunnan region exhibits clear zoning, gradually shifting from an approximately east-west orientation in the northern Bayan Har block to southeast in the South China block, southwest in the western Yunnan block, and a radially divergent distribution in the Middle Yunnan and Southern Yunnan blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mantle convection could have a significant effect on basin evolution; however, research quantifying this relationship is controversial. To understand the formation mechanism and evolution of the Cenozoic rift basins in eastern China, we applied the back-stripping technique and strain rate inversion modeling to 119 wells from Sangjiang Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, North Yellow Sea Basin, South Yellow Sea Basin, East China Sea Shelf Basin, and four basins within the northern South China Sea margin. The modeled results can be used to reconstruct the tectonic subsidence history and further assess the potential subsidence mechanisms of eastern China. Residual subsidence is defined as the difference between the theoretical and observed tectonic subsidences. Our results show that the residual subsidence since 20 Ma in eastern China generally increases from ∼100 to 300 m in terrestrial areas to ∼1.2–1.8 km on the continental shelf. Our observed residual subsidence is generally consistent with the present-day dynamic topography that is predicted from mantle flow models, and it is associated with a stagnant slab within the mantle that has been observed by seismic tomography. The migration pathway of the residual subsidence since 20 Ma is consistent with the movement direction of the Pacific and Philippine plates. Therefore, we suggest that the residual subsidence might be a dynamic subsidence induced by a negative buoyancy of the sinking slab in the deep mantle beneath eastern China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detrital zircon geochronology and geochemistry have become the primary methods for reconstructing the Earth's tectonic and surficial processes over geologic time. The compilation and dissemination of detrital zircon data are essential to facilitate rapid, innovative, and reliable studies and to drive new research discoveries. To this end, we present EaDz, a new web-based, relational database for detrital zircons from East Asia, which includes geochronological, geochemical, petrological, and stratigraphic datasets. The EaDz currently contains 7083 rock samples representing 570,092 U–Pb ages, 77,394 Lu–Hf isotopes, 35,045 trace elements, and 1773 oxygen isotope data entries. Within the EaDz database, 71% of the samples are siliciclastic rocks, followed by 16% metasedimentary rocks, 6% modern sediments, and 7% other rocks. The database is intended to serve as a repository for new and existing detrital zircon data and a platform for the visualization and analysis of detrital zircon data. Through a publicly accessible interactive website, EaDz allows simultaneous data retrieval, analysis, and visualization in the cloud. Additionally, EaDz provides a means for combining the detrital zircon data with global plate reconstruction models - thus providing deep-time dynamic reconstructions of detrital palaeolocations. As such, the EaDz provides a powerful resource for applications in paleogeography reconstruction, plate tectonic reconstruction, and crustal-mantle evolution. The database will continue to be developed and improved. We encourage users to collaborate on data compilation by submitting data through the website or contacting corresponding authors directly after their data is published. • A web-based, relational database for detrital zircons from East Asia is presented • EaDz compliles geochronological, geochemical and stratigraphical data of East Asia • EaDz offers the most popular visualization and analysis tools for detrital zircon data • The EaDz database will continue to be developed and improved [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stoichiometric reaction of bis-phenolate ligands with AlMe3 afforded zwitterionic aluminum complexes Al1-Al3, which were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The solid state structure of Al2 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which revealed a dinuclear feature. Two Al centers were bridged by two ligands and thus formed an unusual large 24-membered-ring metallacycle. In the presence of BnOH, Al1-Al3 were efficient for the ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone in a controlled manner, and the efficiency was affected by substituents on the ligands. The polymerizations exhibited a feature of immortal catalysis with an excess of BnOH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the transitional period between the Middle and the Late Triassic, the Indochina orogeny caused two tectonic events in South China: (1) the formation and uplift of the Qinling-Dabie orogenic belt along the northern margin of the South China Plate, due to its collision with the North China Plate; and 2) the development of a 1300-km-wide intra-continental orogen in the southeastern part of the South China Plate, which led to a northwestward movement of the foreland thrust-fold zone. These tectonic events resulted in the ending of the Yangtze Platform, and were a stable paleogeographic factor from the Eidacaran to the end of the Middle Triassic. This platform was characterized by the widespread development of shallow-water carbonates. After the end of the Yangtze Platform, the upper Yangtze foreland basin (or Sichuan foreland basin) was formed during the Late Triassic and became a accumulation site of fluvial deposits that are composed of related strata of the Xujiahe Formation. In western Sichuan Province, the Xujiahe Formation overlies the Maantang Formation shallow-water carbonate rocks of the Xiaotangzi Formation siliciclastic rocks (from shelf shales to littoral facies). The sequence-stratigraphic framework of the Upper Triassic in the upper Yangtze foreland basin indicates a particular alluvial architecture, characterized by sequences composed of (1) successions of low-energy fluvial deposits of high-accommodation phases, including coal seams, and (2) high-energy fluvial deposits of low-accommodation phases, including amalgamated river-channel sandstones. The spatial distribution of these fluvial deposits belonging to the Xujiahe Formation and its relative strata is characterized by gradual thinning-out, overlapping, and pinching-out toward both the east and south. This sedimentary record therefore expresses a particular sequence-stratigraphic succession of fluvial deposits within the filling succession of the foreland basin. The sequence-stratigraphic framework for the Upper Triassic in the Upper Yangtze region provides a record of the end of the Yangtze Platform and the formation of the upper Yangtze foreland basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-surface heterogeneity occurs on many scales, but its inclusion remains an unsolved problem in land-surface and atmospheric boundary-layer schemes for weather and climate models. We investigate the propagation of land-surface heterogeneity in a convective boundary layer using an atmosphere and land-surface coupled large-eddy model. Simulations are made for land surfaces of different heterogeneity scales and a uniform land surface. A multi-scale analysis is carried out and it is found that while domain-and-time averaged fluxes and state variables are not sensitive to land-surface heterogeneity, atmospheric patterns are. Close to the surface, atmospheric patterns are dominated by land-surface forced patterns; away from the surface, “eigen” patterns dominate and forced patterns reemerge for large averaging times. While small-scale land-surface features are more rapidly destroyed by turbulence, large-scale features can persist over hundreds of meters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mesozoic northern Yangtze foreland basin system was formed by continental collision between the North China and South China plates along the Mianlue suture. Synorogenic stratigraphic sequences of Late Triassic to Early-Middle Jurassic age were developed in the northern Yangtze foreland basin. The upper Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation consists mainly of thick-bedded terrestrial successions that serve as the main body of the basin-filling sequences, suggesting intense tectonism in the peripheral orogeny of the foreland basin. Laser-ICP-MS U-Pb analysis of 254 detrital zircon grains from sandstone samples and several published Lower-Middle Jurassic samples, detrital compositions, petrofacies, and paleocurrent reconstructions in the northern Yangtze foreland basin indicate that discrete source areas included the Qinling-Dabieshan ranges and the Mianlue suture zone to the north, and the South China plate to the south. The stratigraphic succession and sediment provenance of the foreland basin imply that the early Mianlue oceanic basin, magmatic arc, and nonmarine molasse foreland basin during the period of deposition were modified or buried by the subsequent continent-continent collision between the North China-Qinling-Dabieshan plate and the Yangtze plate during the Jurassic, which followed the oblique amalgamation between these plates during the Middle-Late Triassic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N,N′-Bis(2,6-R-phenyl)-2,6-pyridinedicarboxamides (L: R = Cl, L1; R = F, L2; R = H, L3; R = Me, L4; R = Et, L5; R = iPr, L6) were designed as neutral ligands, and the corresponding nickel complexes LNiBr2 (Ni1–Ni6) were synthesized as precatalysts for ethylene oligomerization. All new ligands were fully characterized by NMR, and FT-IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis, while the nickel complexes were examined using FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The coordination mode of the ligand with nickel in complexes Ni5 and Ni6 was tridentate (O^N^O), as established by single crystal X-ray diffractions. All the nickel complexes Ni1–Ni6 were tested for ethylene oligomerization with different alkylaluminum compounds as cocatalysts, and diethylaluminum chloride (Et2AlCl) was proved to be the most effective. Upon activation with Et2AlCl, all nickel complexes showed high catalytic activity (up to 7.55 × 105 g mol−1 (Ni) h−1 atm−1) with good selectivity for α-C4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmosphere-land interactions simulated by an LES model are evaluated from the perspective of heterogeneity propagation by comparison with airborne measurements. It is found that the footprints of surface heterogeneity, though as 2D patterns can be dissipated quickly due to turbulent mixing, as1D projections can persist and propagate to the top of the atmospheric boundary layer. Direct comparison and length scale analysis show that the simulated heterogeneity patterns are comparable to the observation. The results highlight the model's capability in simulating the complex effects of surface heterogeneity on atmosphere-land interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluid dynamical and numerical modelling predicts a large-scale regional domal uplift prior to basalt eruptions in large igneous provinces, which can be readily measured when a plume head rises below a shallow marine sedimentary basin. Research on the sedimentology, biostratigraphy, and isotopic chronology of the Emeishan large igneous province demonstrates that the sedimentary environment in the Maokou stage is not uniform carbonate platform facies, but rather sedimentary facies with a north–south linear alignment and west–east different distribution controlled by the syn-depositional normal faulting of the Changhai and Xiaojiang faults, which are the result of underwater dynamic uplift induced by deep mantle activity. The dynamic uplift started in the Maokou stage. Thus, thinning of the Maokou limestone was the product of the difference in the initial depositional thickness caused by the underwater uplift and post-depositional surface uplift and erosion, but post-depositional uplift was much less than kilometre scale. Sedimentary facies differentiation and tectonic–sedimentary evolution in the Maokou stage provide a constraint for the time of the initial eruption and eruption environment before and during the Emeishan basalt eruption. Small-scale magmatic activity might have already begun in the middle of the Maokou stage, whereas submarine and terrestrial sedimentary environments coexisted before and during Emeishan basalt eruption. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

To understand the formation mechanisms and evolution of the Songliao Basin, we applied backstripping and strain rate inversion methods to 20 wells and reinterpret two seismic sections in the Songliao Basin. The obtained data were used to reconstruct the tectonic subsidence history and further assess the potential subsidence mechanisms of this area. The predicted post-rift subsidence based on the uniform stretching model that followed earlier lithospheric thinning events was much lower than the subsidence provided by backstripping. The anomalous subsidence during the post-rift stage was between 200 m and 800 m in the Songliao Basin, and the depocenter of anomalous subsidence moved eastward between ca. 110 and 80 Ma before returning to the west between ca. 80 and 65 Ma. Regional variations in the subsidence rates suggest a possible deficit in the negative buoyancy (mantle loading) that is induced by the sinking slab beneath the Songliao Basin. In addition, the anomalous post-rift subsidence was primarily driven by downward drag pressure from the subducting western Izanagi slab and asthenospheric mantle flow beneath the Songliao Basin. The basement rifting in the Songliao Basin during the early Cretaceous and the normal faulting that occurred during the post-rift stage resulted in a secondary contribution to the anomalous post-rift subsidence. Unlike the Songliao Basin, several early Cretaceous rift basins south of the Yanshan Belt were only filled during the syn-rift subsidence, and the anomalous post-rift uplift of the Yanshan belt was driven by deep mantle flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Chronic pharyngitis (CP) is a common disease, which has a long duration and a wide range of onset. Anxiety is considered to be a common complication in patients with CP. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anxiety level and potentially influencing factors in patients with CP, to provide insights for the management of anxiety in patients with CP. Methods: A total of 104 adult patients with CP meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled from a single center in Wuhu, China between October 2015 and December 2016. A Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) was used to measure the status of anxiety. The relationship between SAS scores and illness period in patients with CP was analyzed by Pearson correlation test. Univariate analysis and binary logistic regression analysis were performed to analyze the risk factors of anxiety in patients with CP. Results: The average SAS score of 104 patients with CP was (44.17 ± 8.38), including 82 cases (78.85%) without anxiety and 22 cases (21.15%) with anxiety. Moreover, the illness period was found to be positively related to SAS scores in patients with CP (r = 0.378, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the results of univariate analysis showed that there were significant differences in anxiety state among CP patients with different age, illness period, source of treatment payment, and marital status (P < 0.05). Additionally, the results of binary logistic regression analysis showed that age, source of treatment payment, and marital status were the independent risk factors affecting the anxiety status of patients with CP (P < 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggested that CP patients with advanced age, self-pay, and unmarried status had higher risk for anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solvothermal reaction of nitrate salt with a multifunctional organic ligand, 2-(p-tert-butylphenyl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid (p-H3BuPhIDC), leads to a novel 1-D helical chain coordination polymer, {[Ni4(μ2-p-HBuPhIDC)4(H2O)4]·H2O}n(1), which has been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The thermal and photoluminescent properties of polymer 1 have been investigated as well. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The southern Qinling–Dabieshan foreland fold-thrust belt is a key region in which to investigate the continental–continental collision between North China and South China. We provide structural evidence of a diachronous dextral strike-slip thrusting deformation from the Middle Triassic in the east to the late Late Triassic in the west, which indicates a northwestward oblique subduction and suturing of the South China plate under the North China–Qinling–Dabieshan plate. We also identify a later phase of intracontinental deformation that included an orthogonal intracontinental collision and south-vergent thrusting during the Early and Middle Jurassic, indentation of South China into the Qinling–Dabieshan Orogen and arc-shaped extrusions of the southern Qinling–Dabieshan foreland fold-thrust belt from the Late Jurassic to the Cretaceous. Our results reveal that the long-term intracontinental collision rotated clockwise in a northwest–southeast-vergent direction in the Late Triassic to northeast–east–southwest–west-vergent in the Late Cretaceous. This collision may have been driven by a north-vergent subduction of the Meso-Tethys Ocean in the south, west-vergent subduction of the Izanagi plate in the east, and south-vergent compression of the Eurasia plate in the north. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The northern Yangtze foreland basin system was formed during the Mesozoic continental collision between the North and South China plates along the Mianlue suture. In response to the later phase of intra-continental thrust deformation, an extensive E–W-trending molasse basin with river, deltaic, and lake deposits was produced in front of the southern Qinling–Dabieshan foreland fold-and-thrust belt during the Early–Middle Jurassic (201–163 Ma). The basin originated during the Early Jurassic (201–174 Ma) and substantially subsided during the Middle Jurassic (174–163 Ma). A gravelly alluvial fan depositional system developed in the lower part of the Baitianba Formation (Lower Jurassic) and progressively evolved into a meandering river fluvial plain and lake systems to the south. The alluvial fan conglomerates responded to the initial uplift of the southern Qinling–Dabieshan foreland fold-and-thrust belt after the oblique collision between the Yangtze and North China plates during the Late Triassic. The Qianfoya Formation (lower Middle Jurassic) mainly developed from shore-shallow lacustrine depositional systems. The Shaximiao Formation (upper Middle Jurassic) predominantly consists of thick-bedded braided river delta successions that serve as the main body of the basin-filling sequences. The upward-coarsening succession of the Shaximiao Formation was controlled by intense thrusting in the southern Qinling–Dabieshan fold-and-thrust belt. Palaeogeographic reconstructions indicated an extensive E–W foredeep depozone along the fold-and-thrust belt during the Middle Jurassic (174–163 Ma) that was nearly 150 km wide. The depozone extended westward to the Longmenshan and further east to the northern middle Yangtze plate. The northern Yangtze foreland basin was almost completely buried or modified by the subsequent differential thrusting of Dabashan and its eastern regions (Late Jurassic to Cenozoic). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The North Dabashan thrust belt, which is located in South Qinling, is bounded by the Ankang fault on the north and the Chengkou–Fangxian fault on the south. The North Dabashan thrust belt experienced multiple stages of structural deformation that were controlled by three palaeostress fields. The first structural event (Middle Triassic) involved NNW–SSE shortening and resulted in the formation of numerous dextral strike-slip structures along the entire Chengkou–Fangxian fault zone and within the North Dabashan thrust belt, which suggests that the South China Block moved to the NW and was obliquely subducted under the North China Block. The second structural event (Late Triassic–Early Jurassic) involved NE–SW shortening that formed NW–SE-trending structures in the North Dabashan thrust belt. The third structural event (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous) involved ENE–WSW or nearly E–W shortening and resulted in additional thrusting of the North Dabashan thrust belt to the WSW and formation of the WSW-convex Chengkou–Fangxian fault zone, which has an oroclinal shape. Owing to the pinning of the Hannan massif and Shennongjia massif culminations, numerous sinistral strike-slip structures developed along the eastern Chengkou–Fangxian fault zone and were superimposed over the early dextral strike-slip structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric circulations bring moisture from above the ocean to the high mountains of the western Tibet Plateau (TP), thus wind variability is of great importance to the water cycle centered on the western TP. This study therefore examines the leading modes of the wind fields over the western TP. We use the multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MV-EOF) analysis method to detect the dominant wind patterns above the western TP. This method extracts the leading modes of combined meridional and zonal wind variability at 200-hPa in the region of 22° N–50° N, 50° E–92° E. We find the first leading mode of the combined zonal and meridional wind field in the annual mean and in most seasons (spring, summer and autumn) over the western TP shows high similarity to the Western Tibetan Vortex (WTV), a large-scale atmospheric vortex-like pattern recently recognized over the western TP. In winter, the WTV, however, is closer to the second leading mode. We estimate the sensitivity of our results by changing the domain of the MV-EOF analysis region surrounding the western. We find the influence of the WTV is less sensitive to analysis location around the western TP. In short, the WTV generally represents the first leading mode of the wind field in most seasons over the western TP. This study augments our knowledge on wind variability over the western TP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three coordination polymers [Zn(μ3-HNIDC)(CH3OH)]n(H3NIDC = 2-(2-naphthyl)-1H-imidazole-4,5-dicarboxylic acid) (1), [Mn(μ2-HNIDC)(4,4′-bipy)]n(4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) (2) and [Mn2(μ2-HNIDC)2(phen)2]n(phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) (3) have been solvothermally synthesised and structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analyses, thermal analyses and IR spectra. Polymer1displays a three-dimensional open architecture with one-dimensional (1D) channels. Polymer2exhibits a sheet structure containing infinite rectangles. Polymer3presents a 1D wave chain structure. The solid-state photoluminescence of1has been investigated as well. Three Zn and Mn(II) imidazole dicarboxylate-based coordination polymers have been hydrothermally prepared and structurally characterised by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The thermal and solid-state photoluminescence properties of the three polymers have been determined as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conclusions: Both electrical response function and mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) types 2X, 1, and Neonatal of bilateral posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle changed after denervation or reinnervation in canines. Objectives: There is a need to investigate the electrical response function MyHC alteration of denervation or reinnervation in the bilateral PCA muscle of large animals. Methods: MyHC isoforms expression profile and PCA muscle function outcome were detected by real-time reverse transcribed-polymerase chain reaction and muscle response to functional electrical stimulation, 9 weeks after denervation and reinnervation with ansa-recurrent laryngeal nerve anastomosis in dogs. Results: Denervation produced up-regulation of MyHC-1 and MyHC-Neonatal messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression. Reinnervation caused a decrease of MyHC-2X mRNA expression. The electrical voltage threshold of vocal fold movement and maximum abduction of denervation were greater than that of the reinnervated or control group. The denervated vocal abduction maximum of response to electrical stimulation was less than that in reinnervation or control groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The United States Cretaceous Western Interior Basin has long been considered a foreland basin, driven by the Sevier thrust and associated basin sediment loads. However, flexural studies demonstrate that this effect exists only within a narrow band in front of the thrust belt. Most of the basin appears to be due to mantle flow-induced dynamic subsidence associated with Farallon plate subduction. Here we show how the components of evolving long-wavelength dynamic subsidence and flexural subsidence created the accommodation space and controlled the stratigraphy across the western United States, based on a correlated stratigraphic section across central Utah and Colorado. These backstripped subsidence data reveal the dynamic-topography driven nature of the Western Interior Basin. The results seem to support that the depocenters track the trough of dynamic subsidence with ca. 18 Myr cycles through time and space and the stratigraphic patterns of large-scale progradation, eastward migration of depocenter, and regional clinoform-like downlap are related with the dynamic subsidence. Interpretation of these data also provides more insights into the repeated, ca. 2 to 6 Myr cycles of thrust-induced subsidence in front of the thrust belt, which control the local eastward progradation of the sand bodies from the thrust belt. The dynamic, flexural subsidence and eustatic sea level changes interacted and controlled the timing and distribution of unconformities. Our work shows how the stratigraphy precisely records the timing, patterns and position of dynamic versus flexural subsidences, and that combination of such data leads to important geophysical discoveries and supplies strict constraints for geodynamic modeling. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Tobacco is a complex chemical matrix. The analysis of trace alkaline flavors in tobacco is very difficult because of the limited peak capacity of monodimensional GC. In the present study, a home-assembled twin-oven GC- GC- MS system, with MS detection in both dimensions, has been applied to the analysis of 20 alkaline volatiles in a variety of cut-tobacco samples. By transferring nine and six heart-cuts from the first apolar column to the second polar column in two separate runs, the potential mutual interference of adjacent isomeric targets and the complex matrix could be removed. For comparative purposes, a systematic comparison of both quantification and qualification results for the cut-tobacco sample as quality control was conducted between GC- GC- MS and GC- MS. The results showed that GC- GC- MS provided higher accuracy in peak assignment and quantification. And in GC- MS, the interferences of co-elution had caused both low matched similarity in peak assignment and false-negative/-positive results in quantification for some targets. Advantages of the developed GC- GC- MS method in the analysis of alkaline flavors are its high resolving power, reliability, and simplicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model is developed for the large-eddy simulation (LES) of heterogeneous atmosphere and land-surface processes. This couples a LES model with a land-surface scheme. New developments are made to the land-surface scheme to ensure the adequate representation of atmosphere-land-surface transfers on the large-eddy scale. These include, (1) a multi-layer canopy scheme; (2) a method for flux estimates consistent with the large-eddy subgrid closure; and (3) an appropriate soil-layer configuration. The model is then applied to a heterogeneous region with 60-m horizontal resolution and the results are compared with ground-based and airborne measurements. The simulated sensible and latent heat fluxes are found to agree well with the eddy-correlation measurements. Good agreement is also found in the modelled and observed net radiation, ground heat flux, soil temperature and moisture. Based on the model results, we study the patterns of the sensible and latent heat fluxes, how such patterns come into existence, and how large eddies propagate and destroy land-surface signals in the atmosphere. Near the surface, the flux and land-use patterns are found to be closely correlated. In the lower boundary layer, small eddies bearing land-surface signals organize and develop into larger eddies, which carry the signals to considerably higher levels. As a result, the instantaneous flux patterns appear to be unrelated to the land-use patterns, but on average, the correlation between them is significant and persistent up to about 650 m. For a given land-surface type, the scatter of the fluxes amounts to several hundred W $$\text{ m }^{-2}$$, due to (1) large-eddy randomness; (2) rapid large-eddy and surface feedback; and (3) local advection related to surface heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]